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PubMed1989

A computerised medical manpower database--an assessment of its value in medical education.

The development of a computerised medical and dental manpower database for medical education in the West of Scotland is described. The purpose of the database is to provide the West of Scotland Committee for Postgraduate Medical Education with information on the career patterns of doctors and dentists, and to assist in the planning of training. Data collection is from a wide variety of sources and confidentiality and security are paramount. A standing committee, representing all professional interests, has been central to the development of the database. It has acted as policy-maker and adviser, and has been concerned with the way in which the data is used. At each stage in the development, this committee has been fully consulted. The data collected is both of a personal and professional nature and is validated annually by sending a copy of the data to each doctor or dentist for checking. This has highlighted some deficiencies in the data, which now contains information on over 6,000 doctors and dentists. Requests for information from the database are carefully scrutinised by the standing committee before the data is released.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed1989

[Survey of what dental students feel regarding their profession (3). The relation with their self concept].

The present survey was undertaken to find out how dental student feel about their profession and what type of the self concept they have. The subjects were 263 students in the 5th and 6th grades of dental school, Aichi-Gakuin University. The pattern of self concept as dental students or dentists was classified into three types, based on a survey of twenty statements test. These types were positive, negative and neutral. The results were as follows: 1. In both the 5th and 6th grades, statements about "present satisfaction as a dental student", in the 5th grade, "progress of university entrance examination", and in the 6th grade, "feelings about the scholastic side of dentistry", were strongly related to their type of self concept. But in both the 5th and 6th grades, there were few related statements about "the motive for entering the dental school" and "occupational choice after graduation". 2. In the result of the multivariate analysis Discriminant Analysis by the Second Class of Hayashi's Quantifying Theory, those students who were graded as "positive" had the following characteristics: (1) Regarding entrance examinations, they took only one examination for dental school when they entered. (2) When choosing dentistry as their occupation, they had not thought of it as a "self supporting occupation" or "occupation of high social standing". (3) Their present interest is learning about dentistry. (4) After their graduation from dental school, they would like to be professional dentists or, a practicing dentists or students of clinical dentistry in the hospital of the dental school.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perceptions associated with dentists' decisions to report hypothetical cases of child maltreatment.

The purpose of this study was to examine case-specific perceptions associated with dentists' decisions to report hypothetical cases suggestive of child maltreatment. Surveys were mailed to 500 general dentists (GDs) in Georgia and all 200 pediatric dentists (PDs) in Georgia and Florida. The GDs were chosen from a pool of 1500 by a stratified randomization scheme. Each survey contained two brief vignettes suggestive of, but not conclusive for, child neglect and abuse. Identical questions followed each vignette that were designed to assess five perceptions of the incident and whether the respondent would be likely to report the case. Responses were received from 185 GDs (37%) and 103 PDs (51.5%), for a total of 288 (41.1%). A majority of respondents considered each vignette to be serious, but only a minority believed that they were required to report the neglect (7.3%) and the abuse (33.7%) vignettes. The percentages of likely reporters of the neglect (n = 28) and abuse (N = 103) vignettes were 9.7 and 36%, respectively. No significant differences were noted in the response patterns of GDs and PDs. Decisions to report child maltreatment described in the vignettes were associated with perceptions of 1) the seriousness of the incident, 2) the incident being defined as neglect or abuse, and 3) a requirement to report. The possibility that a maltreatment report would have a negative impact on the child was associated with a decision not to report. The perception that a report would have a negative impact on the family was common among likely reporters and nonreporters.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1995

The impact of recent changes in the epidemiology of dental caries on guidelines for the use of dental sealants: clinical perspectives.

When used properly, sealants result in improved dental health. However, their use on all occlusal tooth surfaces for preventive reasons will result in wasted dental care resources. To optimize the preventive effects of sealants, a delivery model should be initiated that uses specially trained dental hygienists or dental assistants who visit schools to explain oral health-related issues, conduct visual inspections of clinical oral health status, identify patients at risk for dental caries, and generate a central database for program operation. When a high-risk patient is identified, auxiliary personnel could place sealants and recall the patient for a new visual inspection six months later. If caries is suspected at that time, the patient could be sent to a dentist for additional treatment. To offset the negative effects caused by overutilization of sealants, their usage should be divided into two categories. First, a preventive option should be available, and the fee for use of sealants in this option should be lower compared to the fees used today. By using specially trained auxiliary personnel to place such sealants, the fee could be kept reasonably low. Second, a sealant treatments option that targets treatments of incipient lesions also should be available. The fee for such a treatment should be close to that of the traditional occlusal restoration, and the application should be by a dentist. By using such a fee structure based on market forces, one would expect that sealant usage would increase among patients suffering from early carious lesions, while the usage of preventive sealants would remain the same or decline. This utilization pattern for dental sealants would contribute to improved efficiency of sealant usage in the treatment of dental caries, particularly at a time when caries frequency is declining. The improved efficiency could release dental care resources that should be used to target risk groups with improved education in dental health. By using such a strategy, the long-term effect would be not only the placement of fewer restorations, but an improvement in dental health among adolescents and adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Inequalities in the pattern of dental delivery in South Africa.

The pattern of dental delivery of three groups of private general practitioners were evaluated. The first group consisted of dentists who charged fees based on the National Schedule of the Dental Association of South Africa, the second charged fees at the recommended Scale of Benefit and served an urban population, while the last group served township dwellers at the Scale of Benefits. In each case, sequential claims of 500 medical scheme members were evaluated for ten randomly selected dentists within each group. Uni- and multivariate analyses revealed significant differences between these groups which centred on the use of cast restorations, bleaching of vital teeth and treatment of diseases of the oral mucosa. Because these differences do not conform to documented differences in dental needs between the two groups, it is concluded that other non-clinical factors influence the delivery of private dentistry.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence of smoking among adult American Indian clinic users in northern California.

BACKGROUND: The American Indian Cancer Control Project is a 5-year program funded by the National Cancer Institute designed to promote smoking cessation among adult Indians living in Northern California. This article describes the result of our smoking prevalence survey. Our Indian-specific program combines the physician's anti-smoking message with the efforts of Indian Community Health Representatives, who have access to the Indian patients' families and communities. The study sites consist of 4 urban and 14 rural American Indian clinics in Northern California. This article reports on the results of the smoking prevalence study conducted in the first phase of the project. METHODS: A total of 1,369 adult Northern California Indian patients at 18 Indian health clinics completed a questionnaire designed to assess smoking rates and patterns as well as health problems. Participants were adult American Indians attending 1 of 18 Indian health care clinics in Northern California during 1991. The participants included patients waiting for appointments with the clinic physician, dentist, and nurses. RESULTS: Forty percent (37.35, 42.64; 95% confidence interval) of the adult population in the sample smoke cigarettes; they hold lenient attitudes toward smoking and began smoking at an early age. These patients rate obesity as the No. 1 health problem, followed by high blood pressure, arthritis/rheumatism, and problems with alcohol. The survey also found that the highest smoking rate was among the Sioux (62%), a non-California tribe. This was followed by high rates among native California tribes: Maidu (46%), Pit River (39%), Pomo (38%), Hupa (37%), and Yurok (32%).

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Tooth mortality in an adult rural population in Kenya.

This paper reports on the pattern of tooth loss in a random sample of 1131 adults aged from 15 to 65 years in a rural area of Kenya in which access to formal dental care is minimal. We found that the majority of the population retained most of their dentition in a functional state even up to the age of 65 years: In all age groups, more than 50% had at least 26 teeth present, and more than 90% had at least 16 teeth present. The prevalence of edentulousness was less than 0.3%. The principal cause of tooth loss in all age groups was caries, and this was true for all tooth-types except incisors, for which periodontal disease was the main cause of tooth loss. The cultural practice of removing lower central incisors was observed only in those over 40 years of age. More teeth were lost due to caries among women than among men, while the reverse was true for teeth lost due to periodontal diseases. In view of the fact that most people retain most of their teeth throughout life, it is suggested that the most appropriate strategies for dental health care in this population should be those promoting self care, rather than the introduction of a formal treatment-oriented approach provided by dentists.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Cerec 3.

Generally, there are more wishes than technical solutions. In this context, we regard it as one of our primary tasks to constantly respond to your demands and implement them as far as the currently achievable and economically feasible state of the art allows us to. Against this background, we are especially proud of being able to present our new Cerec devices to you following a challenging but successful development and test phase: Cerec 3, the modular CAD/CAM system which flexibly meets the demands of your practice (Fig 1) Cerec Scan, the economy model for working indirectly (Fig 2), and Cerec Link, the connection software that provides all Cerec 2 users with the advantages of the new Cerec 3 software and enables concurrent designing and milling. Cerec 3, Cerec Scan, and Cerec Link now stand next to the Cerec 2, the compact CAD/CIM unit which accompanies many of you in your daily work and makes possible tooth-conserving, biocompatible, natural-looking restorations of long-lasting ceramic materials for a wide spectrum of indications and economic efficiency. The new members of the Cerec product family show significant new developments and many specifics, enabling you to meet many of your individual demands. In addition, they provide the new platform for further developments in the coming years, which we would like to start working on with you right away in the pioneering spirit of progressive dentists.

Ceramics↗
PubMed2003

Patterns of endodontic care for a Washington state population.

Endodontic care, provided by 3,402 dental offices, was assessed from claims data maintained by the Washington Dental Service for 1999. Approximately 5.7 million dental procedures were provided to 880,317 patients by 2,796 general practitioners, 105 endodontists, and 494 other specialists. Of all dental services, 63,321 (1%) were endodontic procedures involving 52,911 (6%) patients. General dentists, endodontists, and other specialists performed 64.7%, 33.7%, and 1.6% of endodontic procedures, the majority of which were root canal therapy. The most frequent tooth types treated by root canal therapy were mandibular first molars (17.0%), maxillary first molars (15.2%), mandibular second molars (11.8%), maxillary second bicuspids (10.3%), maxillary second molars (9.1%), maxillary central and lateral incisors (8.8%), and mandibular second bicuspids (8.0%). Direct and indirect pulp caps by generalists and conventional retreatment and surgical therapy by endodontists made up the majority of the remaining endodontic services. Men had a greater procedure rate than women for most endodontic procedures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Survey of dental implant practice.

Research advances in oral implantology have led to the development of several implant systems and to an increasing utilization of oral implants by dental practitioners. The purpose of this study was to conduct a survey of dental practitioners using implants in their practices, in order to determine their educational qualifications, to profile their practice in implants, and to evaluate the outcomes of implant therapy. The typical general practitioner in this study received dental implant training mainly from continuing education courses sponsored by a dentist experienced in implantology, spent 12 months or more in receiving formal instruction/training in implant dentistry, practiced state-of-the-art dental implantology, provided both surgical and restorative phases, used an endosseous implant system most of the time, and presented 5- and 10-year success rates of more than 90% for dental implant therapy. No clinically significant correlations were found between the 5- and 10-year success rates and the nature of the dental implant training, the amount of time spent for instruction and training in implant dentistry, or the type of dental implant system used.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Utilization of radiographs for a state dental board examination.

A survey of 97 dentists who had recently taken a state dental board examination was completed to document the use of radiographs for the screening and treatment of their patients. The response rate was 53%. Candidates spent on average 14.25 hours screening a mean of 18 patients to identify the dental pathoses necessary to take the examination. Candidates took a mean of 28.9 (+/- 25.8) radiographs for screening purposes and during the examination with a range of 3 radiographs to a maximum of 141 radiographs. Time in practice and specialty status did not affect the total number of radiographic exposures made. The majority of radiographs taken (53%) were unlikely to be used in the direct care of the patient's dental needs. The results of this survey indicated that efforts to minimize administrative radiographs should be increased.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Awareness and attitudes toward hepatitis B among Malaysian dentists.

A questionnaire was mailed to 1217 dentists whose names appear in the Dentist Register of 1987 in order to assess their awareness and acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine and their pattern of glove usage. Almost all the respondents (99.6%) were aware of the availability of the hepatitis B vaccine yet only 44.8% have received the vaccine. This is in spite of the fact that the majority (61.2%) of the vaccine non-acceptors have no reservations concerning the vaccine. About 71% and 63% of the vaccine-acceptors and non-acceptors respectively believed that the risk of their contracting hepatitis B was high or very high. About 22% of the vaccine non-acceptors never used gloves when treating patients as compared to 9% among vaccine acceptors. Overall, about 78% of the respondents have experienced needleprick injuries in the 3 years preceding the survey.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

The working patterns and retirement plans of general dental practitioners in a Midlands Health Authority.

INTRODUCTION: With the problems of access to NHS primary dental care services in the last few years attention has focused on manpower considerations for dentistry. MATERIALS AND METHOD: This paper presents the results of a simple survey of general dental practitioners in South Staffordshire. RESULTS: The response rate was 88%. Most dentists (76%) reported working over 30 hours a week. A small number reported working more than 50 hours a week. Woman dentists were more likely to report working fewer than 31 hours a week. Younger male dentists tended to work longer hours than older male dentists, whereas younger women dentists tended to work fewer hours than older women. The reported retirement plans suggested that around 16% of dentists in their 40s and 50s were planning to retire before 60. CONCLUSION: The findings add weight to the view that woman dentists tend to work fewer hours but studies of cohorts are required to examine the impact of premature retirement and the reasons behind this apparent gender difference.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Use of 'rapid' processing techniques by a sample of British dentists.

Knowledge of current practices amongst general dental practitioners (GDPs) is important in planning postgraduate and undergraduate teaching curricula and in ensuring the relevance of clinical research. A number of methods are available to dentists for the rapid production of intraoral radiographic images, including concentrated and monobath chemistry. No current data exists about the use of such 'rapid' systems in the UK. The aim of this study was to obtain this data, including the relative popularity of the different systems. A questionnaire on 'rapid' processing of radiographs was distributed to all 855 GDPs in four Family Health Services Authorities in North West England. Responses were received from 326 GDPs (38.1%). 29.4% of GDPs used some kind of 'rapid' system, with 'packet processed' films being the most popular. 6.1% of all GDPs used 'rapid' systems routinely, while the remainder used them for specific situations, typically emergencies and endodontics.

England↗
PubMed2005

An exploratory study on cultural variations in oral health attitudes, behaviour and values of freshman (first-year) dental students.

OBJECTIVE: To identify similarities and differences in oral health attitudes, behaviour and values among freshman dental students. DESIGN: Cross-cultural survey of dental students. SETTING: 18 cultural areas. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: 904 first-year dental students completed the Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU-DBI) translated into their own languages. Individual areas were clustered by similarity in responses to the questions. RESULTS: The first group displayed an 'occidental-culture orientation' with the exception of Brazil (Cluster 1 comprised: Australia, United Kingdom, Ireland, Belgium and Brazil, Cluster 2: Germany, Italy, Finland and France). The second group displayed an 'oriental-cultural orientation' with the exception of Greece and Israel (Cluster 3 comprised: China and Indonesia, and Cluster 4: Japan, Korea, Israel, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand and Greece). Australia and United Kingdom were the countries that were most alike. Ireland was the 'neighbour' to these countries. Greece and Malaysia had similar patterns of oral health behaviour although geographic conditions are very different. Although it was considered that in Hong Kong, occidental nations have affected the development of education, it remained in the oriental-culture group. Comparison with the data from the occidentals indicates that a higher percentage of the orientals put off going to the dentist until they have toothache (p < 0.001). Only a small proportion of the occidentals (8%) reported a perception of inevitability in having false teeth, whereas 33% of the orientals held this fatalistic belief (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Grouping the countries into key cultural orientations and international clusters yielded plausible results, using the HU-DBI.

Asia↗
PubMed1999

Determining dental checkup frequency.

BACKGROUND: The authors assessed the dental checkup frequency of adults living in the Detroit tricounty area and identified demographic, access and subjective factors associated with visits to a dentist made not because of a dental problem. METHODS: Data are from a 1994 probability-based sample of adults who were interviewed and received an in-home oral examination. The authors used the variables of age, sex, education level, income level, dental insurance status, usual place for care, objective measures of oral health, and subjective assessments of health, pain and dental anxiety to predict the frequency of dental checkups. RESULTS: The authors found that differences in dental checkup behavior were related to demographics, access to dental care, subjective ratings of oral and general health and other self-assessments, and clinical parameters of oral health. In multiple logistic regression analysis considering all variables simultaneously, sex, income, having a usual place for care and level of dental care anxiety were found to be associated with having dental checkups. The authors determined the statistical significance level at P < .05. CONCLUSIONS: A total of 69.7 percent of the study population reported having had a dental checkup at least once a year in the past five years. The authors found that four factors associated with infrequent dental checkups: being male, having lower income levels, not having a usual place for care and being anxious about receiving dental care. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Dental health professionals should consider the correlates of dental checkup frequency identified in this study and the usefulness of proposed strategies to increase and sustain regular preventive visitation patterns in their own patient populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The knowledge and practices of oral hygiene methods and attendance pattern among school teachers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to find out the knowledge and practices of oral hygiene methods among primary and secondary school teachers in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). METHODS: The study was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire. Four hundred and seventy teachers, male 236 (50.2%) and female 234 (48.8%) responded with a response rate of 85.5%. The study was conducted during October to December 2001 at primary and secondary schools in Riyadh City, KSA. RESULTS: Almost 86% of male and 90% of female teachers felt that dental caries is due to the wrong method of tooth brushing, while sugar and sugary drinks were considered the main factor by 90% of male and 98% of female teachers. Seventy-five percent of male and 72% of female teachers considered irregular tooth brushing a cause of gums disease with 32% of male and 39% of female teachers not knowing details with regards to microbial relationship of gum disease. Tooth brushing preference was common among 45% male and 49% female teachers due to perceived effect of better cleaning, while almost an equal percentage of male and females (62%) used miswak due to Sunnah. Thirty-three point five percent of female teachers brushed 3 times a day as compared to 19% male teachers. On daily basis brushing 3 times, a day was common among >5000 SR monthly income group. Male teachers preferred horizontal tooth brushing (40%) while female teachers preferred circular tooth brushing (45%). Miswak was more commonly used by male teachers as compared to female teachers. Female school teachers had a higher income as compared to male schoolteachers. Thirty-two percent of females and 28% of male teachers were regular attendees to the dentist. Males were more satisfied by their oral health as compared to female teachers and 56% of male and 63% of female teachers visited the dentist only on having pain (toothache). CONCLUSION: It is concluded that there is much resemblance in knowledge and practice of oral hygiene habits among male and female schoolteachers and there is a need to enhance their knowledge regarding oral health and disease. Both need more awareness regarding oral health promotion to have a positive role in school oral health education for their students in collaboration with oral health care workers.

Faculty↗
PubMed1985

A survey of retired dentists in the United States. Council on Dental Practice.

This paper reports on the results of a national survey of retired dentists carried out in the winter and spring of 1984. More than eight in ten of the respondents were general practitioners. Most retirees are between the ages of 60 and 69, married, and report their overall health at retirement to be excellent or good. As do retired scientists, dentists find intrinsic gratification in the work role, but apparently accept retirement as part of the life cycle. Retired dentists have income substantially greater than retirees in general. As is the case for the greater majority of older Americans, Social Security provides an important income support for respondent dentists. However, the primary source of retirement income for dentists comes from savings and investments. One of three retired dentists reports net worth in 1984 as between $200-$499,999. Retired dentists are well adjusted to retirement. Overall, most dentists report high satisfaction with retirement to date. Additional leisure time for hobbies, flexibility in owning one's time, and social activities with family and friends seem the main contributors to this satisfaction. Investment planning, health assessment, enthusiasm for outside interests, and personal preparation for retirement with a spouse are reported as important in retirement planning. Retirement is not a satisfying experience for all dentists. Some do report experiencing uselessness and depression. A still smaller proportion report feelings of loneliness and inadequacy. As is the case for older people in general, solitary activities including reading, watching television, and gardening are important for retired dentists. Most older people attempt to retain activity patterns and preferences developed earlier in life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Activities of Daily Living↗