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At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

A program to control an outbreak of hepatitis A in Alaska by using an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine.

OBJECTIVE: To stop an epidemic of hepatitis A in rural Alaska by mass immunization of susceptible persons with 1 dose of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. DESIGN: Nonrandomized, uncontrolled trial. Hepatitis A vaccine was offered to all persons in susceptible age groups in villages with documented cases of hepatitis A. Immune globulin was not offered at the time of vaccination. SETTING: Twenty-five rural communities located in interior Alaska and along the northwest coast of the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean. PARTICIPANTS: Persons without a history of acute hepatitis A in age groups selected by applying results of a previous serosurvey conducted on serum collected before the epidemic. INTERVENTION: One dose of a formalin-inactivated hepatitis A vaccine was given to each participant. Adults 20 years of age and older received 1440 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units and persons younger than 20 years received 720 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units. Prevaccination and postvaccination levels of antibody to hepatitis A IgG were obtained from 136 participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: An active surveillance system was established to detect persons with symptomatic illnesses compatible with hepatitis A; persons who met the illness criteria were tested for antibody to hepatitis A IgM. One area (the Kotzebue region), where all communities were offered vaccine, was selected for intensive surveillance and analysis. RESULTS: During the 12-month period before the vaccine trial, 529 cases of icteric hepatitis A were reported, and 443 were confirmed to be positive for antibody to hepatitis A IgM. Hepatitis A vaccine was administered to 4930 persons, 3517 of whom were younger than 20 years. After vaccination began, 237 persons positive for antibody to hepatitis A IgM were identified during a 60-week surveillance period; 46 were vaccines and 191 were unvaccinated susceptible persons. In the Kotzebue region, in communities in which more than 80% of persons considered susceptible were vaccinated, the outbreak ceased in 4 to 8 weeks, whereas in 1 large community in which less than 50% of susceptible persons were vaccinated, the outbreak continued for more than 50 weeks. More than 90% of seronegative persons developed antibody to hepatitis A IgG 3 to 4 weeks after vaccination. CONCLUSION: This trial suggested that by providing both short-term and long-term protection, hepatitis A vaccine used without immune globulin halted an established epidemic of hepatitis A in rural Alaska.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Linkage of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with frontotemporal dementia to chromosome 9q21-q22.

CONTEXT: Occasionally, 2 or more major neurodegenerative diseases arise simultaneously. An understanding of the genetic bases of combined disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), will likely provide insight into mechanisms of these and related neurodegenerative diseases. OBJECTIVE: To identify loci that contain genes whose defects cause ALS. DESIGN: A genome-wide linkage analysis of 2 data sets from an ongoing study begun in the mid-1980s at 4 university research centers. SUBJECTS: An initial subset of 16 families (549 people) potentially informative for genetic analysis, in which 2 or more individuals were diagnosed as having ALS, identified from a Boston data set of 400 families and 4 families potentially informative (244 people) subsequently identified from a Chicago data set of more than 300 families to test a hypothesis based on findings from the Boston families. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Linkage calculations assuming autosomal dominant inheritance with age-dependent penetrance (a parametric logarithm-of-odds [lod] score of 1.0 or greater required for further study of a potential locus); crossover analysis involving the ALS-FTD locus. RESULTS: In a set of families in which persons develop both ALS and FTD or either ALS or FTD alone, a genetic locus that is linked to ALS with FTD located between markers D9S301 and D9S167 was identified on human chromosome 9q21-q22. Families with ALS alone did not show linkage to this locus. Crossover analysis indicates this region covers approximately 17 cM. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that a defective gene located in the chromosome 9q21-q22 region may be linked to ALS with FTD. JAMA. 2000;284:1664-1669.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Further validation of the Psychological Maltreatment Inventory.

This study attempted to provide further validation of the Psychological Maltreatment Inventory (PMI). The PMI was found to be correlated with scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for females but not males. Four separate ANOVAs were run with parent gender and respondent gender as independent variables and the total PMI score along with three factor subscale scores as separate dependent variables to determine the effects of both parent and respondent gender on PMI scores. Fathers were found to have significantly higher PMI scores than mothers, and post hoc tests indicated that male respondents view their fathers as more hostile rejecting than their mothers.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The variable manifestations and contextual meanings of anorexia nervosa: two case illustrations from Hong Kong.

This paper discusses two Chinese anorexic patients with contrasting clinical presentations. Notwithstanding their difference with respect to the presence of the intense fear of becoming fat, their food refusal might arise from a similar sense of powerlessness which exaggerated rigid self-control and hampered self-definition at a critical phase of personal development. In order that early recognition and meaningful treatment may be facilitated, more attention to the variable manifestations and situated meanings of anorexia nervosa in different cultures is emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Improving the body image, eating attitudes, and behaviors of young male and female adolescents: a new educational approach that focuses on self-esteem.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the effect of an interactive, school-based, self-esteem education program on the body image and eating attitudes and behaviors of young male and female adolescents following the program and after 12 months. METHOD: All 470 eligible students (63% female) aged 11-14 years volunteered to participate. The intervention group students participated in the program, whereas the control group students received their scheduled personal development and health class. RESULTS: The program significantly improved the body satisfaction of the intervention students and significantly changed aspects of their self-esteem; social acceptance, physical appearance, and athletic ability became less important for the intervention students and more important for control students. Female intervention students rated their physical appearance as perceived by others significantly higher than control students and allowed their body weight to increase appropriately by preventing the age increase in weight-losing behaviors of the control students. One year after the intervention, body image and attitude changes were still present. These findings also held for the 116 students (63% females) with low self-esteem and higher anxiety, who were considered at risk for the development of eating disorders. These students also had significantly lower drive for thinness and greater body satisfaction following the intervention and the decreased importance of physical appearance to their self-esteem was present at 12 months. Control at-risk students significantly decreased their body weight, whereas the weight of the intervention at-risk students significantly increased. The intervention program was effective, safe, having no effect on measures of students' anxiety or depression, and was rated highly by students. DISCUSSION: This is the first controlled educational intervention to successfully improve body image and to produce long-term changes in the attitudes and self-image of young adolescents. This new approach to prevent the development of eating disorders by improving self-esteem may be effective, particularly if reinforced by teachers and family.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Theme of current journal issue: anxiety disorders across the lifespan.

The papers presented in this issue of Anxiety document various aspects of vulnerability to, and consequences of, anxiety disorders in subjects from different periods of the lifespan. Several themes are represented in one or more of these studies, (1) effects of anxiety disorders on quality of life, (2) effects on presentation and outcome of comorbid depression, and (3) the role of learning processes and early experiences, including abuse, attachment disturbances and personality disorders, in the ongoing predilection to anxiety disorders. We encourage clinicians and researchers to take a life course perspective in working with anxiety disorder patients, in order to better understand, prevent and treat these debilitating conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Concomitant conjugal gliomas with similar histologic features.

Conjugal tumors are rarely reported; but nevertheless, raise important questions of possible etiologic factors. In this report, the presentation of grade 2 gemistocytic astrocytomas in an unrelated married couple in their early thirties within 18 months of each other is described. In both cases the left frontal region of the brain was involved and histologically the tumors were very similar. Although there are no accurate figures on the true incidence of gliomas, an estimate can be derived from reliable epidemiologic studies of primary brain tumors as a whole. Using such data, it is calculated that the risk of two designated persons developing a grade 1 to 2 astrocytoma while in the fourth decade within the same year is approximately 1 in 30 billion (10(9)) and, for this couple, over a period of 15 years, at least 1 in 185 million. No specific causative environmental factors were identified in the patients, and results of conventional tests for viral and other infections were negative. It is postulated that apart from remote chance, such conjugal lesions implicate the action of an environmental agent. In the absence of other factors, involvement of a slow, unconventional virus is a possibility that must be strongly considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

EPI and IPAT anxiety scale performance in young women as related to breast feeding during infancy.

Performance of female first-year psychology students on the EPI and IPAT anxiety scale were examined in relation to length of breast-feeding during infancy. Ss who never were breast fed scored significantly higher on the IPAT scale and the EPI neuroticism dimension than breast-fed Ss irrespective of duration. The results were discussed in the light of future investigations of mother-child relationships.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1982

Compatibility of self-actualization and anxiety.

Dabrowski's (1972) theory of positive disintegration argues that anxiety appears to be the dynamic of self-actualization. A study to assess this hypothesis (Wilkins, Hjelle, & Thompson, 1977) reported that self-actualization was incompatible with chronic, debilitating or neurotic anxiety. The current study further examined the empirical and conceptual relation between anxiety and self-actualization. A measure of self-actualization (the POI) and two measures of anxiety were taken from Ss (N = 126). Thirty-three items from the POI were found to be measures of anxiety and were scored negatively for self-actualization. Removal of anxiety items and rescoring of the POI yielded self-actualization measures that were related positively to anxiety test scores. The results indicate that the POI theoretically is biased against anxiety, the conclusion of Wilkins et al. is not necessary, and Dabrowski's theory remains viable.

Achievement↗
PubMed1983

Dimensions of self-actualization and posttreatment alcohol use in fully and in partly recovered alcoholics.

Contacted 46 alcoholics 1 year upon discharge from a residential treatment program based primarily on transactional analysis. Twenty-five reported to be fully abstinent for the 1-year follow-up, and the other 21 reported that they were not drinking heavily. Correlational analysis of the relationship of reported alcohol use to responses on the Personal Orientation Inventory at the 1-year follow-up suggested that the abstinent persons had somewhat higher self-esteem and were slightly freer in expression of feelings.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Social avoidance and distress: its relationship to self-confidence, and needs for affiliation, change, dominance, and deference.

Introductory psychology students (N = 289) completed questionnaires to assess levels of Social Avoidance and Distress (SAD), as well as scales to measure self-confidence (S-Cfd), need for Affiliation (nAff), need for Change (nCha), need for Dominance (nDom), and need for Deference (nDef). As a function of SAD, significant differences were revealed on all dependent measures. Persons who exhibited higher levels of SAD had lower levels of S-Cfd, nAff, nCha, and nDom, while they exhibited higher levels of nDef. People distressed by social interaction are likely to be less self-confident and to exhibit lower needs for affiliation, change, and dominance, while they exhibited a stronger need to defer to others' judgments and opinions.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

"Mental imbalance" and the prediction of recurrent delinquent behavior.

Cognitive and personality patterns of 84 court-referred adolescents were examined to identify predictors of recurrent delinquent behavior. Continued behavioral problems at follow-up were more likely in adolescents with discrepancies between Verbal and Performance IQ or large differences between "neurotic" and "psychotic" scale elevations on the MMPI. Positive outcomes were most likely for adolescents who could be described as "mildly neurotic." Combining the discrepancy scores from the intelligence and personality tests with other background variables in a Bayesian conditional probability model resulted in accurate predictions of later behavior for 81% of the sample. These findings suggest that imbalances in cognitive and personality development may limit a delinquent adolescent's ability to interact appropriately with the environment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗