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PubMed1984

The roles of target and eye motion in the production of the visual shift in prism adaptation.

Two experiments, with a total of 48 Ss, were performed to evaluate the possible determinants of the visual shift (VS) in prism adaptation. In Experiment 1 the effects of target movement and pursuit eye movements on resultant visual adaptation were investigated. Maximal VS was produced when both of these conditions were present. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine whether hypnotic anesthesia in and around the eyes and eye muscles reduces feedback from eye-position sensations and, consequently, the magnitude of the VS. This manipulation proved to be successful and virtually eliminated the production of VS. The results of the two experiments helped to identify two factors that contribute to the production of the VS: the presence of visual target movement during prism exposure and the accompanying eye movement which produces a change in the felt position of the eyes during target tracking.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed1990

Recognition of altered shapes by hearing and hearing-impaired subjects.

In the present study, we explored whether mental transformation or feature detection is involved in visual processing of shape recognition; another purpose was to compare the visual processing of hearing subjects with that of hearing-impaired subjects. Deprivation of hearing, according to Myklebust (1964), impedes perceptual functioning in some respects and enhances such functioning in other respects. An experiment was conducted using two-dimensional random shapes under similarity transformations in Euclidean space. Reaction time served as the behavioral measure. The analysis of variance results showed significant main effects of orientations, isometries, and shapes, but not of groups and sizes. There were significant linear trends for orientations and sizes. Both groups demonstrated mental isometric transformation.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Effects of a memory aid of the three types of conservation in institutionalized retarded children.

Qualitative identity, quantitative identity, and equivalence conservation were assessed in 60 retarded boys and girls in three groups (MAS 5.4,6.3, and 7.5)9 Half of the Ss were provided a memory aid while the other half were not. The memory aid did not facilitate conservation on any of the tasks. The order of task difficulty found was qualitative identity, quantitative identity, and equivalence conservation. These data were discussed in terms of memory deficits and factors contributing to conservation and M.A.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed2001

Calibration and alignment are separable: evidence from prism adaptation.

In 2 prism adaptation experiments, the authors investigated the effects of limb starting position visibility (visible or not visible) and visual feedback availability (early or late in target pointing movements). Thirty-two students participated in Experiment 1 and 24 students participated in Experiment 2. Independent of visual feedback availability, constant error was larger and variable error was smaller for target pointing when limb starting position was visible during prism exposure. Independent of limb starting position visibility, aftereffects of prism exposure were determined by visual feedback availability. Those results support the hypothesis that calibration is determined by limb starting position visibility, whereas alignment is determined separately by visual feedback availability.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Visuokinesthetic realignment in a video-controlled reaching task.

The authors investigated the accuracy of horizontal pointing movements toward a visual target viewed on a vertical video monitor; the view included a directional distortion between perceptual and action spaces. Although accurate coding of the movement vector in a relative (visual) system of coordinates has been found to occur when there is a prismatic perturbation, provided that the hand and the target are continuously visible, such accurate performance has never been reported for video-controlled situations with larger deviations. To evaluate whether visual relative coding is task specific or depends on the magnitude of the induced misalignment, the authors manipulated the intensity of directional perturbation (10 degrees or 40 degrees) in a video-controlled task. Whatever the directional bias, participants (N = 40) were initially inaccurate but adapted quickly within a few trial rehearsals, with a concomitant recalibration of segmental proprioception. In contrast with prism studies, relative coding of the hand-to-target vector seemed not to be operative in video-controlled situations, suggesting that target location is specified in an egocentric system of reference that includes hand-related proprioceptive signals, despite the presence of a (consciously) detected misalignment between visual and kinesthetic systems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Dual prism adaptation: calibration or alignment?

Dual adaptation to different amounts or directions of prismatic displacement, or both, can be acquired and maintained with little mutual interference. Associative recalibration of the regional task- or workspace, contingent on differentiation of distinguishing sensory information, can explain such adaptation. In contrast, nonassociative realignment restores dimensional mapping among spatial representations. Methods for measuring the separate contributions of those 2 kinds of prism adaptation are identified in the present article. On the basis of a critique of dual-adaptation studies, the authors suggest that recalibration can explain the data but that the method used in those experiments confounded realignment and might have obscured the effectiveness of dual-calibration training.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1976

Personality discriminants of cognitive perception abilities.

Discriminant analyses, using California Psychological Inventory scores, age, and Miller Analogies Test scores, were run on groups of graduate students in counselor training who were high or low on perceptual-cognitive tasks. Twenty male and 23 female Ss watched videotaped sessions in which each of two male and two female expressors talked for three minutes about each of three prescribed subject areas. Perceiver Ss then reacted to a semantic differential as they thought the expressors had previously reacted. Absolute difference scores were established for each S in each of three cognitive dimensions for each expressor sex, and a summary score was also established. Analyses were run on each of these seven scores. Implications for further research and for potential use of the phenomenon were discussed.

Cognition↗
PubMed1996

Mental constructs and the cognitive reconstruction of the Berlin wall.

In this study of how to change people's conceptions of certain facts (i.e., the position of the Berlin Wall), a surprising psychological phenomenon was discovered. In the trial test, instead of designing a wall to enclose West Berlin, most people described and drew a short and straight wall that divided the city from north to south. Two methods were created, based on two general information-processing components involved in problem solving, to study how people might repair their misconceptions by themselves. The do-it-yourself method consisted of providing people with the task of thinking about how to build the wall and then drawing it, instead of just asking them to draw it. The distance-to-goal evaluation method consisted of asking the participants how the wall they had drawn would actually prevent passage from East Germany to West Berlin. The results showed that both methods had important effects in repairing misconceptions, but improvement in performance with the distance-to-goal method was less significant for those participants who were first provided the task of thinking about how to build the wall. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that awareness of functional properties plays an important role in structuring and restructuring mental constructs.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Anxiety and the prediction of task duration: a preliminary analysis.

In this study the author explored the relationship between anxiety and predicting task duration. He hypothesized that individuals scoring high on anxiety would predict that more time would be needed to complete a task. Students (N = 198; 80 men and 118 women) enrolled in psychology classes completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State (STAI; C. C. Spielberger, 1983) and estimated the amount of time needed to complete a reading passage. A multiple regression analysis indicated that higher anxiety was associated with a prediction that more time would be needed to complete a task. Directions for future research are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Time perspective: temporal extension, time estimation, and impulsivity.

It has been proposed that time perspective is an important variable that can, in part, explain the differences between people in terms of the development of self-control. One corollary of this position is that time perspective is somehow related to systematic biases in the way people perceive the passage of time. Such a bias may or may not be augmented by an association between time perspective and impulsivity. Two studies were conducted using measures of temporal extension, time estimation, and impulsivity. In general, no consistent effects were found. Neither time perspective nor impulsivity was related to any characteristic pattern of errors. In the second study, time perspective (mediated by age) was associated with predicting very brief time estimation scores, but not longer time estimation periods. It was concluded that whatever the mechanism might be that underlies the purported effect between time perspective and self-control, it is not related to a differential ability to perceive time moving more or less quickly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Time and Schizophrenia.

It is possible, albeit reductionistic, to consider the many dysfunctions of reality testing found in schizophrenia as manifestations of a defective time sense. This perspective on schizophrenic discourse, for instance, permits a new grasp of "schizophrenic logic" and a novel approach to therapeutic interpretation. The present paper describes the use of time-related interventions in the psychotherapy of a schizophrenic patient. Several aspects of time sense are outlined. Under each heading are examples from the psychotherapy of Carrie, demonstrating her idiosyncratic notion of that particular temporal concept. Interpretations are aimed at clarifying the cognitive assumptions underlying the patient's expressions.

Female↗