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At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Cognitive intrusions in a non-clinical population. II. Associations with depressive, anxious, and compulsive symptoms.

The relationships between experimental dimensions of cognitive intrusions and depressive, anxious, and compulsive symptoms were studied among 125 university students. The students completed a questionnaire describing and evaluating seven cognitive intrusions and inventories of depressive, anxious, and compulsive symptoms. Principal component factor analysis on the 14 cognitive intrusion questionnaire dimensions identified five factors that were interpreted as general distress, evaluation, control, diversity and attention. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that effortful strategies in response to cognitive intrusions, general distress and diversity were predictors of both Beck Depression and Beck Anxiety Inventory scores. The evaluation factor consisting of perceived responsibility, disapproval and guilt ratings was also associated with depression and was the only significant predictor of Compulsive Activity Checklist scores. The control factor, consisting of items describing successful application of response strategies, was negatively related to BAI scores. The results are discussed as providing support for Salkovskis' formulation of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Compulsive checking behaviors in generalized anxiety disorder.

Recent evidence suggests that a relationship exists between worry, the central feature of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and compulsive behaviors, particularly compulsive checking. In this article we report the results from two studies. The first study assessed the frequency of obsessions and compulsions in 107 principally diagnosed GAD clients. The second study examined levels of alexithymia in analogue samples of GAD checkers (n = 31), GAD noncheckers (n = 30), and non-GAD nonchecking controls (n = 27) using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (Bagby, Parker, & Taylor, 1994). The results from these studies suggest that compulsive behaviors in the form of compulsive checking is more common in GAD than previously expected and that such behaviors in GAD may act as an additional mechanism by which affective experiences are avoided.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Metergoline blocks the behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of orally administered m-chlorophenylpiperazine in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The pharmacological probe, meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP), administered orally to patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been shown to induce an acute exacerbation in OCD symptoms as well as an exaggerated anxiogenic response in comparison with controls. The mechanism of m-CPP's behavioral effects in humans remains controversial. To further study m-CPP's actions in OCD patients, we completed a series of double-blind pharmacological challenges in 12 OCD patients. Six OCD patients received four separate challenges: placebo, metergoline, m-CPP, and metergoline plus m-CPP; the second group (n = 6) received metergoline and metergoline plus m-CPP in separate challenges. OCD patients receiving placebo or metergoline alone failed to show evidence of significant changes on any of the behavioral rating scales, in contrast to the patients who received m-CPP alone who exhibited significant increases in anxiety and OCD symptoms. However, the 12 OCD patients who received pretreatment with metergoline before m-CPP experienced no significant changes from baseline OCD symptoms or other behavioral changes. m-CPP's ability to elicit elevations in plasma prolactin was blocked by metergoline pretreatment. Metergoline's ability to block m-CPP's effects on behavior and plasma prolactin lends further support to a serotonergic mediation of m-CPP's effects, including its elicitation of OCD symptoms.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

[Psychological aspects of Prader-Willi syndrome. Results of a parent survey].

Forty-six parents of children and adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome reported on the social and emotional behavior of their children and on parenting stress. Standardized questionnaires were used, e.g. a German behavioral questionnaire for preschool children and the Child Behavior Checklist. The results showed a high frequency of problem behaviors, including stubbornness, temper tantrums, obsessions and underactivity. In comparison to age norms, 40% of the preschool children were socially immature and 20% had social adaptation problems. Among the school-age children 70% had social adaptation problems. More than 70% of the mothers reported a high level of parenting stress and are in need of psychological counseling.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Process-outcome analysis in computer-aided treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The study purpose was to examine dose-response relationships between behavior on a computer-delivered treatment program and outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and to report the use of human-computer interactions (HCIs) as a process measure in psychotherapy research. Thirteen OCD patients completed three 45-minute sessions at weekly intervals on an interactive computer program which provided vicarious exposure and response prevention for OCD. The scenario modeled exposure to dirt for the treatment of a hand-washing ritual. HCIs were recorded and analyzed to provide a detailed description of the behavioral strategies used. The relationship between subject characteristics, process measures, and outcome was examined. Across the three computer treatment sessions, all subjects showed a marked increase in vicarious exposure behavior, that is, enacting a hand-dirtying behavior sequence on the interactive computer program. Some subjects enacted hand-washing, although this decreased across sessions. A higher amount of vicarious hand-dirtying behavior predicted symptom reduction on the Padua Inventory (PI). Higher National Adult Reading Test (NART) scores, an intelligence measure, predicted more enactments of hand-dirtying behavior, but the relationship between hand-dirtying and outcome remained significant after controlling for NART scores. We conclude that HCIs are a novel and objective process measure that may aid in clarifying specific treatment factors. The relationship between hand-dirtying and outcome suggests a likely increased benefit from higher treatment dosages.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Clomipramine-induced urinary dysfunction in an obsessive-compulsive adolescent.

Two episodes of urinary retention occurred in a 15-year-old male following administration of clomipramine given for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Improvement of behavioral symptoms along with side effects was clearly correlated with clomipramine dosage. Severity of side effects, and their resistance to bethanechol and to phenoxybenzamine, necessitated a complete withdrawal of clomipramine. This case demonstrates that clomipramine-induced urinary retention is not limited to older individuals. Possible involvement of noncholinergic and nonadrenergic mechanisms in this adverse drug reaction is suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Exposure therapy for phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorders.

When abnormal fears or excessively compulsive behavior begin to rule a person's life, the consequences can be devastating to both patient and family. But three quarters of cooperative patients can be restored to normal functioning through a form of therapy based on exposing the patient continually to the stimuli that evoke symptoms until they can be tolerated and the phobic or compulsive behavior dissipates.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Lack of seasonal variation in pediatric lumbar cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter metabolite concentrations.

Seasonal variation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monoamines, particularly 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) has been reported for psychiatrically ill and normal adults. Circannual variability was examined for a group of 72 children (mean age = 159.4 +/- 40.3 (SD), range 77-238 months), with a primary diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) (attention deficit disorder, oppositional disorder and/or conduct disorder), from whom CSF had been obtained systematically. There were no seasonal differences in mean concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), HVA, or 5-HIAA, either for the group as a whole, for the separate diagnostic (OCD vs DBD) categories or for the pre-pubertal subgroup. Log-corrected HVA concentrations for the Tanner IV and V subgroup differed by season with summer concentrations less than those of fall (P = 0.06) and winter (P = 0.005). The results suggest that pubertal changes may play a role in any expression of circannual variability.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Obsessive-compulsive disorder in the child and adolescent: developmental aspects and therapeutic strategies].

The obsessive-compulsive disorder has only recently been recognized as a specific pathological entity in children, despite the fact that the first descriptions of pediatric manifestations date back to the beginning of this century (P. Janet, 1903) with further reports having been published regularly since that time. The first assessment of the complete epidemiologic, clinical and functional repercussions of the obsessive-compulsive disorder was reported by the Pediatric Psychiatric Group of the NIMH (Pr Judith Rapoport); of their various publications, one is well known in France: The Child who Couldn't Stop Washing (17). Among possible reasons for this delayed recognition are the special conditions for diagnosis and the frequent underestimation of its importance by the family, and sometimes by doctors. This underassessment could be due to confusion between the normal developmental rituals which are frequently seen between the ages of 3 and 5 years, and which do not cause any particular handicaps, and a more severe symptomatology which interferes with normal academic and social adaptation, presenting a substantially worse long-term prognosis. Having recognized the disorder, questions have arisen as to its possible linkage with the form seen in adults. There are numerous convergent argument suggesting a certain long-term persistence of this disorder throughout development and later life: 1) the relative stability of the incidence and prevalence of the disorder; 2) phenomenologic and developmental similarities; 3) most recently, comparable efficacy of treatments for pediatric and adult obsessive-compulsive disorder, whether by the behavioral modification approaches or by pharmacologic treatment, notably with the serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (clomipramine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Inhibition of eating behavior: negative cognitive effects of dieting.

This study tested the hypothesis that dieters would score higher than nondieters in terms of food rumination. Two hundred and thirty one college undergraduates completed the Eating Obsessive-Compulsiveness Scale (EOCS) and responded to a questionnaire that inquired about dieting status. Subjects also completed measures that tapped neuroticism and social desirability. Results showed that current dieters were significantly more obsessed with thoughts of eating and food than were nondieters. Neither dieting status nor EOCS scale scores were related to neuroticism or social desirability. These results are consistent with previous theory and research suggesting that inhibition of appetitive behaviors can have negative cognitive effects. Moreover, they indicate a potential target for therapeutic intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The validity of instruments measuring tic severity in Tourette's syndrome.

By using four different scales that measure tic severity in Tourette's syndrome, three independent judges concurrently evaluated their validity and interjudge reliability in 20 affected individuals. The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, Tourette's Syndrome Severity Scale, Tourette's Syndrome-Clinical Global Impression Scale, and the Hopkins Motor and Vocal Tic Scale were equally effective in determining overall severity and showed good interrater reliability. Both historical information and direct observation of the subject were shown to have a significant contribution towards the overall assessment of tic severity. With all instruments, tic symptom ratings were shown to be independent of those for either attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder. A 67% incidence of behavioral problems and social difficulties was identified by the Child Behavior Checklist. Nevertheless, associations with tic severity were limited to areas showing interference with social relationships and school adjustments. These results extend the understanding of Tourette's syndrome severity scales and provide additional information necessary for the development of a unified rating scale.

Adolescent↗