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PubMed1993

[Association between participation in health check and visiting medical facilities in residents in a rural town].

Participants in a community secondary prevention action sponsored by the local government were compared with non-participants with respect to utilization of medical facilities for medical examinations. The study sample consisted of 1,013 males and 1,042 females aged 40 years or over, in a rural town in Kyoto prefecture, who were members of the National Health Insurance. Data from National Health Insurance records, such as date of consultation and type of medical examinations, were analyzed. The secondary prevention action sponsored by the town consisted of a multiphasic health check for circulatory or other chronic diseases, and screenings for tuberculosis and cancers of the stomach, lung, breast and cervix. Medical examinations included urine test, blood cell count, electrocardiography, laboratory tests for serum transaminases, serum glucose, and fecal occult blood, X-ray or endoscopy of the stomach, chest X-ray, mammography, and cervical cytology. Results of the study showed that those who attended the town sponsored secondary prevention action were more likely to utilize local medical facilities, and those who did not participate were likely to visit facilities outside the town. Medical facilities, both local and outside the town, had a larger proportion of examinations corresponding to health examinations or stomach cancer screening than the town office, however, the town office had a larger proportion of lung or cervical cancer screening. The health examination and stomach cancer screening in the town office, and in the medical facilities appeared to be redundant while lung and cervical cancer screening were complemented tests at medical facilities. When these examinations are targeted as modifying factors in the natural history of diseases, consideration should be given to both the records of secondary prevention actions as well as medical records of other medical facilities that may be utilized.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Growth rate of primary single hepatocellular carcinoma: determining optimal screening interval with contrast enhanced computed tomography.

To determine the optimal screening interval for detecting small (< 20 mm) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a high-risk group using multiphase contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT), we evaluated the growth rate of primary single HCC. Forty-nine primary single HCC cases were reviewed. CECT screening was performed more than two times preceding to the diagnosis in 29 cases, and HCC nodule was identified at least two times in 22 cases. The initial nodule sizes ranged between 3 and 30 mm. Doubling time of tumor volume ranged from 34.8 to 496.4 days, with a geometric mean of 93.5 days, and a 95% lower threshold value of 27.1 days. It means that HCC will not double in diameter within 3 months. Therefore CECT screening at intervals of 3 months will detect new nodules at 10-20 mm in size and CECT screening at intervals of longer than 3 months will detect new nodules but they might be larger than 20 mm in size.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Psychologic profiles of and sexual function in women with vulvar vestibulitis and their partners.

OBJECTIVE: To compare psychologic profiles of women with vulvar vestibulitis and their partners with a normal population, and to identify sexual dysfunction in women and their partners. METHODS: Forty-three women with vulvar vestibulitis and 38 partners, recruited from a gynecology outpatient clinic, completed the Symptom Check List-90, the Short Dutch Version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Maudsley Marital Questionnaire, and the Questionnaire for Screening Sexual Dysfunctions. RESULTS: The women with vulvar vestibulitis scored significantly higher on the somatization and shyness subscales than a normal population. They didn't differ in respect to their current level of psychologic distress, extraversion, risk of psychopathology, and marital satisfaction. Their partners had significantly lower scores for psychopathology than a normal population. They didn't differ from a normal population in respect to their level of psychologic distress, extraversion, shyness, somatization, and marital satisfaction. Women with vulvar vestibulitis reported more frequent problems and higher distress with genital pain, lubrication, sexual arousal, and negative emotions in the sexual interaction with the partner. During masturbation, however, they reported less frequent problems and distress. The partners of these women reported nearly no problems or distress in either sexual situation. CONCLUSION: Women with vulvar vestibulitis and their partners seem in general to be psychologically healthy, although vulvar vestibulitis may be associated with a situationally defined sexual dysfunction for the women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Screening for malingering in a criminal-forensic sample with the personality assessment inventory.

In this study, the authors examined how overreporting of psychopathology indices on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; L. C. Morey, 1991) performed as screening measures for malingering in a sample of 166 defendants undergoing pretrial court-ordered evaluations in the federal criminal justice system. Using results from the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS; R. Rogers, R. M. Bagby, & S. E. Dickens, 1992) as the criterion measure of malingering, the authors found that the Negative Impression scale (NIM) was the most effective PAI screening measure (cut score > or = 81 T). NIM performed as well as an established comparison measure from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--2 (J. N. Butcher, W. G. Dahlstrom, J. R. Graham, A. Tellegen, & B. Kaemmer, 1989; Infrequency [F] cut score > or = 95 T), supporting the use of either of these indices as reasonable screening measures to identify potential malingerers for subsequent evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of the MCMI and MMPI-168 as psychiatric inpatient screening inventories.

The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) has been recently developed as an alternative to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and shares some of its psychometric advantages and disadvantages with the MMPI-168, a short form of the MMPI. The current study compared the structure and utility of the MCMI and MMPI-168 for a general hospital inpatient psychiatric population. Overall, the two instruments were highly correlated and found to have conceptually similar factor structures. Empirical comparison of the factor structures indicated that construct validity is greatest for neurotic traits. Both instruments demonstrated a similar utility in predicting discharge diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Behavioral and emotional factors and treatment responses in a study of anovulatory infertile women.

In a controlled treatment study of 49 anovulatory infertile women, responses to clomiphene citrate (CC) and placebo treatments were compared and associations of behavioral and emotional factors with treatment responses were investigated. In the first treatment series, ovulation occurred in 20 of 24 women in the CC group and 8 of 22 women in the placebo group. Pregnancy was achieved by 11 women during CC treatment and 3 women during placebo treatment. Overall, 28 women completed the protocol and 21 withdrew. Those who achieved pregnancy (n = 14) did not differ significantly from the ovulation-only group (n = 22) on pretreatment measures of emotional, behavioral, and personality factors including the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-90), Eysenck Personality Inventory, Langner Screening Scale, Mood Analog Scale, Social Adjustment Scale, Mooney Problem Checklist, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Conclusions were that a placebo response was observed in both ovulation and pregnancy, but psychologic factors as measured in this sample were not associated with these treatment outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Screening for somatizing patients in the pulmonary subspecialty clinic.

Somatizing patients present a history of vague, unexplained medical symptoms. This study compared somatizing patients with pulmonary control subjects by using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS-III-R), the Illness Attitude Scales (IAS), and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2). The groups differed in the number of somatization symptoms reported and in the frequency of somatization disorder diagnoses when the screening criteria were used. The somatizing group obtained higher scores on the bodily preoccupation and hypochondriacal beliefs subscales of the IAS; no differences were found on the MMPI-2. These findings indicate that the DSM-III-R somatization screening items can be useful for detecting somatization when patients present with unexplained respiratory complaints.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Personality of healthy volunteers. Normality and paradox].

The personality characteristics of 62 subjects to be screened for eligibility in psychopharmacology studies have been assessed. The psychological screening comprised the Cattell anxiety scale (CAS), the Eysenck Personality inventory (EPI) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in its complete version (550 items). The comparison of the results to a population matched for age and status showed that the anxiety level was not different, extraversion factor was higher (p less than 0.001) and various personality traits were different. The most striking differences were observed on the factors: Psychopathic deviation, Mania, Schizophrenia greater than controls and social introversion lower than controls. These differences may evoke several biases, such as a recruitment bias or a specific personality pattern of young healthy subjects. In order to discuss these hypothesis, further comparisons with other centers are required to conclude.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Results of screening for colorectal cancer.

Screening for colorectal cancer and its precursors was performed from '68 to '78 within the framework of a multiphasic cancer detection program on 35,700 "healthy" individuals of both sexes in the "high-risk" age groups. Fecal occult blood as determined by the benzidine test after diet was positive in 3,676 individuals (10.3%). Out of this group, 2,599 subjects were submitted to g.i. consultation and proctosigmoidoscopy, as well as 567 of the occult blood negative group selected on the basis of various clinical signs and symptoms. The lesions detected were 153 neoplastic polyps and 21 cancers, mostly in the Dukes A and B stages. Among the most significant results are the high compliance (70%) to proctosigmoidoscopy, the low sensibility (51%) and specificity (18%) of the benzidine test for occult blood, which makes it obsolete as a screening procedure, the increased (50%) diagnostic yield obtained by flexible sigmoidoscopy and the relevance of clinical signs and symptoms as selection parameters for further diagnostic work up.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Psychological screening of impotent men.

Rapid advances in methods of treating sexual impotence have produced concomitant demands for more specific diagnosis and determination of prognosis. Herein are presented guide lines for a rapid screening procedure that has diagnostic and prognostic utility. Use of 2 decisional rules for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, an easily administered and scored psychological test, can provide assistance to the urologic surgeon in determining the suitability of a candidate for a corrective operation. Case histories illustrate the value of this test in making treatment recommendations and assessing prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

MMPI disability profile: the least known, most useful screen for psychopathology in chronic occupational spinal disorders.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study on predicting psychopathology in chronic occupational spinal disorders (COSDs). OBJECTIVE: To assess prevalence of specific profiles on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and their ability to predict psychopathology in a COSD cohort. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: In the relatively small number of COSDs that develop chronic pain and disability, the MMPI-2 has been an important part of the psychosocial assessment. Certain profiles have been thought to have a high prevalence in COSD. They have also been widely popularized as predicting certain treatment outcomes, and have often been used to "screen" surgical and rehabilitation candidates. METHOD: Of an initial cohort of 1,489 consecutive COSD patients completing a valid prerehabilitation MMPI-2, 1,185 patients (79.6%) were classifiable into one of four MMPI profile groups. A new Disability Profile (DP) group was identified, which was the most common profile. Patients attended a 5- to 7-week interdisciplinary rehabilitation program. They completed a psychosocial assessment battery, and a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV diagnosis (SCID-I and II) was administered as the "gold standard" for defining psychopathology. One year postrehabilitation, a structured clinical interview assessed socioeconomic outcomes. RESULTS: A previously unrecognized MMPI profile, now termed the DP, was found to have a prevalence of 53.2% of the whole group, and 66.9% of those with "classifiable" MMPI profiles in this large population of COSD patients. Only 6.9% of subjects had normal profiles (NP), while only 19.5% had profiles previously thought to occur commonly in this population. NP patients were twice as likely to retain work 1 year after treatment than the 3 abnormal MMPI groups combined. The DP group was 14 times more;1 likely to have an Axis I diagnosis (such as depression or anxiety) than the NP group, and was also almost 5 times more likely have an Axis II personality disorder diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of commonly cited MMPI profiles, often used for presurgical or chronic pain screening in this population, is relatively small. The prevalence of four or more elevations (DP), however, is large, representing two thirds of patients demonstrating any classifiable MMPI pattern. The DP group showed extremely high levels of associated psychopathology, which raises "red flags" to the surgeon likely to operate on such patients, or the interdisciplinary pain team. Screening COSD patients with the MMPI-2 may be effective in identifying psychopathology, but only if the physician is aware that the DP is commonplace and significant.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Development and preliminary validation of a semi-structured interview for the screening of law enforcement candidates.

A standard practice among most law enforcement agencies is to include psychological screening in the selection of job candidates. Although the use of personality tests in predicting job performance of law enforcement officers has received empirical support (e.g., the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Inwald Personality Inventory), there is a conspicuous absence of data regarding the reliability and validity of interview procedures. The present study represents the first step in the development of a standardized, semi-structured interview for use in the screening of law enforcement personnel. This interview, the Law Enforcement Candidate Interview, was constructed using content areas drawn from measures used in the screening of law enforcement personnel (e.g., Inwald Personality Inventory) and assessment of personality functioning (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders). This interview was then administered by two doctoral students to a group of law enforcement academy cadets (n=34). A modest degree of inter-rater reliability was achieved, although internal consistency was somewhat lacking. Interview scores were correlated with measures of academy performance (final grade-point average and peer and supervisor ranking of academy performance). Results of these analyses suggest the LECI is a modest predictor of academy performance. Potential uses of the LECI and future research indications are outlined.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Screening for maladjustment in college students: an application of receiver operating characteristic curve to MMPI scales.

The ability of two scales derived from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to identify emotional maladjustment in a college setting was examined. The scales were the College Maladjustment scale (Mt) developed by Kleinmuntz (1961) and the Health Opinion Survey based Emotional Disorder scale (Ed). Emotional maladjustment was defined by criteria established in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev. [DSM-III-R]; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) and assessed through a computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Subjects were 94 female and 62 male students, 51 of whom (33%) met criteria for at least one DSM-III-R disorder. Substance use disorders were most frequent (13.5%), followed by anxiety disorders (11.5%) and depressive disorders (7.1%). Both Mt and Ed had no relationship to substance use disorders but were moderately related to nonsubstance use maladjustment (r approximately .47); receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was employed, and Mt and Ed proved to be a fair-to-good indicator of nonsubstance use maladjustment. Types of decision errors are discussed, and tables provide information concerning predictive accuracy across the entire range of scores.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

A comparison between the MMPI and the 'Mensana Clinic Back Pain Test' for validating the complaint of chronic back pain in women.

Reports on the efficacy of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) for selecting patients with valid complaints of pain, have been equivocal. The Mensana Clinic Screening Test for Chronic Back Pain Patients (MPT) was able to predict, with some degree of success, patients who had definite organic pathology. However, ther MMPI measures personality traits, while the MPT measures the impact of pain on a patient's life. In order to determine which of the two tests would be a better predictor of actual physical abnormalities, and hence valid pain complaints, a comparison was undertaken between the two tests. The charts of 53 female admissions to the Neurosurgery Service of Johns Hopkins Hospital, with the complaint of back pain, were assessed. MMPI test results, as well as test results for the MPT, were compared to the presence or absence of pathology on electromyography, nerve conduction velocity studies, thermography, myelogram, CT scan, or X-ray. The MPT had a correlation factor of -0.5384, that was significant at the 0.00002 level. Of the 30 patients scoring 17 points or less on the MPT, 77% had objective physical abnormalities, considered moderate or severe by blind review. Of the 23 patients scoring 18 points or greater on the MPT, only 18% had objective physical findings that were considered moderate or severe. Only the depression scale (scale no. 2) of the MMPI correlated with objective physical abnormalities (R = -0.30). However, only 58% of the patients with T scores on scale no. 2 of less than 70 had objective findings, while 56% of patients with T scores greater than 70 had objective physical findings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Back Pain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Substance abuse treatment options: a federal initiative.

Pervasive drug enforcement efforts and new federal sentencing guidelines have led to an increase in substance abusers entering the federal prisons. Although the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) has been committed to providing substance abuse treatment since the 1960s, a comprehensive expansion of its programs was necessary so that quality services could be provided for the growing drug-offender population. This article describes the BOP's six-part drug treatment strategy, which includes screening, education, residential treatment, nonresidential treatment, transitional treatment, and evaluation. The programs entail a biopsychosocial model and a multiphasic approach to comply with the BOP's goal of preparing inmates for a successful reentry into the community, free from criminal and substance-abusing behaviors.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Setting exposure standards: a decision process.

Increased emphasis on routine screening of chemicals for potential neurotoxicity has resulted in the development of testing guidelines and standardized procedures. A multiphased, tiered-testing strategy has been proposed by numerous expert panels to evaluate large numbers of chemicals. In a regulatory context, however, a formal tiered-testing approach is not used, mostly because of the constraints of differing regulatory authorities and the potential cost of such a testing strategy. Instead, current regulatory decision making utilizes all available animal and human data to identify a critical adverse effect which is then used for setting standards. Although the current decision-making process does not use a formal tiered-testing approach, it appears to identify chemicals with neurotoxic effects. An analysis of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency integrated risk information system (IRIS) indicates that about 20% of the chemicals having standards or health advisories are based on neurotoxicity.

Algorithms↗