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PubMed2005

Development and iterative refinement of an internet-based service for Chinese family caregivers of people with Alzheimer Disease.

This poster reports on the developmental phase of a new internet-based support services (ICSS) for Chinese caregivers of people with Alzheimer Disease (AD): a specialized email application and an informational website. Bilingual Chinese caregivers wanted internet-based information in both Chinese and English. Usability testing and heuristic evaluation results revealed that the interface successfully supported the core functionality, but can be refined to improve usability.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2005

Using technology to teach technology: design and evaluation of bilingual online physician education about electronic medical records.

The "EMR Tutorial" is designed to be a bilingual online physician education environment about electronic medical records. After iterative assessment and redesign, the tutorial was tested in two groups: U.S. physicians and Mexican medical students. Split-plot ANOVA revealed significantly different pre-test scores in the two groups, significant cognitive gains for the two groups overall, and no significant difference in the gains made by the two groups. Users rated the module positively on a satisfaction questionnaire.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Information extraction from Korean radiology reports mingled two language.

This study presents overall of Information Extraction (IE) for SNUH (Seoul National University Hospital) radiology reports coexisted Korean and English using Concept Node (CN) which is a case frame as extraction rule. The following steps are performed: design conceptual model by terminology exploration based on lexical analysis, create a CN definition based on syntactic relationship pattern and implement automatic IE system using CN. Main purposes is to investigate whether syntactic and semantic analysis technique using extraction rule (CN) is effective for typical Korean medical text in mixed two different languages.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Xenophobia, ethnic community, and immigrant youths' friendship network formation.

Immigrant youth often rebuild their friendships and other social networks after arriving in a new country. The difficulties involved can threaten their psychosocial development. Formation of social networks needs to be understood within the macro sociocultural context that shapes the experience. Nonetheless, the current literature on social network formation rarely captures that context. Knowledge about immigrant youths' social network, for example, is often embedded in assimilation, ethnic identity, and adaptation literature. This paper examines how the sociocultural context enables immigrant youth to rebuild their friendship networks. A critical ethnography was conducted in the northwest region of the United States. Sixteen Taiwanese immigrant youth and their parents (N = 13) participated in the study. Data collection consisted of semi-structured in-depth interviews, a demographic questionnaire, and participant observations. The findings showed that because of limited English proficiency, the youth kept at a distance from American peers to avoid nervousness and embarassment. Further analysis, derived from xenophobia, found that limited English proficiency increases segregation between American peers ("we") and immigrant youth ("the other"). The English as a Second Language program inadvertently perpetuates the immigrants' sense of "otherness" and increases the odds of their becoming targets of discrimination. A protective factor for these youths is living near an ethnic community because the inclusion of coethnics increases new friendship networks. Knowledge about the teen culture in coethnics' countries of origin (China, Hong Kong, or the United States), also influences their selection of friends.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2006

A method of cross-lingual consumer health information retrieval.

OBJECTIVES: This paper presents a method of cross-language information retrieval aiming to make medical information available to patients in French and English, regardless of the query language they wish to use. METHODS: We describe the two MeSH-related terminologies used in this work. We show that the French patient synonyms included in CISMeF can be automatically mapped to the English consumer-oriented health topics used in MEDLINEplus, via the MeSH thesaurus. The links between French and English patient terms thus inferred can subsequently be exploited to automatically translate patient queries. RESULTS: 129 MEDLINEplus topics have been mapped to 142 CISMeF patient synonyms. Contextual links for cross-language retrieval have been added to the patient dedicated French information Gateway CISMeF. CONCLUSION: we have presented an efficient method for cross-lingual patient information retrieval in French and English, which may also be applied to other language pairs, subject to the availability of patient terminologies and of the MeSH thesaurus in these languages.

France↗
PubMed2006

Cross-lingual alignment of biomedical acronyms and their expansions.

We propose a method that aligns biomedical acronyms and their definitions across different languages. The approach is based upon a freely available tool for the extraction of abbreviations together with their expansions, and the subsequent normalization of language-specific variants, synonyms, and translations of the extracted acronym definitions. In this step, acronym expansions are mapped onto a language-independent concept-layer on which intra- as well as interlingual comparisons are drawn.

Germany↗
PubMed2006

Language as a barrier to care for Xhosa-speaking patients at a South African paediatric teaching hospital.

BACKGROUND: Disease is closely linked to the social context in which we live. Difficulty with communication, cultural incompatibility between patients and health care providers and socioeconomic obstacles are important barriers to quality care when doctors and patients come from different backgrounds and speak different languages. Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital (RCH) is a paediatric teaching hospital in Cape Town where staff members communicate mainly in English or Afrikaans, while many patients speak Xhosa as their first language. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to identify barriers to optimal care for Xhosa-speaking parents of patients at RCH. The contribution of language difficulties was assessed as a possible barrier to health care for this group. DESIGN: A questionnaire was developed and administered to 53 Xhosa-speaking parents of children admitted to the short-stay ward at RCH. The questionnaire examined parents' perceptions of barriers to their children's care, using openended questions, closed-ended questions and selection from lists. RESULTS: Parents experienced significant structural and socioeconomic barriers to access of health care for their children. Language and cultural barriers were cited by more parents as a major barrier to health care than structural and socioeconomic barriers. Parents did not have access to same-language practitioners, as only 6% of medical interviews were conducted partly or wholly in the patient's home language. Of the 94% of interviews where no Xhosa was spoken by medical staff, 21% were conducted with the aid of an interpreter (formal or ad hoc) and in 79% no interpreter was used. Parents experienced difficulties with understanding the doctors (64%), making themselves understood (54%) and asking questions (38%). Sixty-nine per cent of parents were dissatisfied with communication between themselves and their doctors and 45% were concerned about negative effects of poor communication on them or their children. Parents tended to blame their own linguistic limitation rather than those of the doctors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Different use of medical terminology and culture-specific models of disease affecting communication between Xhosaspeaking patients and English-speaking doctors at a South African paediatric teaching hospital.

BACKGROUND: Language and cultural differences between patients and health care providers may have adverse health consequences. Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital is a paediatric teaching hospital in Cape Town where staff communicate mainly in English or Afrikaans, while many patients speak Xhosa as their first language. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether differences in the definitions of common respiratory medical terminology by patients and doctors cause miscommunication and to explore culture-specific models if used by parents in their definitions. DESIGN: In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with three speech communities, viz. 8 English-speaking doctors and 33 Xhosa-speaking parents, educated to grade 12 level or less and recruited from two areas in the hospital, the short-stay ward (Xhosa s-s) and the allergy clinic (Xhosa allergy). The sum of both groups of Xhosa-speaking patients are referred to as 'Xhosa all'. Definitions were elicited for common respiratory terminology in both Xhosa and English. Contrastive linguistic analysis was used to identify the semantic properties for each group in order to condense the groups' definitions into representative 'core definitions'. Differences in the definitions of terminology were identified and words were classified as concordant (used in the same way) or discordant (used in different ways) by the three speech communities. RESULTS: Parents experience difficulty in understanding terms used by doctors and words in common use were understood differently by these two groups. Most Xhosa words were not in the doctors' vocabulary, and some common English words were not in the parents' vocabulary. Where words were in the vocabulary of both groups, significant differences existed in the number and range of definitions, with many clinically significant discordances of definition being apparent. Some common examples relevant to paediatric respiratory problems are presented. Three culture-specific explanatory models of respiratory illness, ingqele, xakaxa and idliso, are illustrated.

Child↗
PubMed2006

The effects of a language barrier in a South African district hospital.

BACKGROUND: Communication between health workers and patients at Hottentots Holland Hospital (HHH) is hindered by staff and patients not speaking the same language. HHH is a district hospital in the Cape Town Metropolitan District of the Western Cape where staff mainly speak Afrikaans or English and a large number of patients mainly Xhosa. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to explore the effects of this language barrier on health workers and patients at HHH. DESIGN: Three focus group interviews were held with 21 members of staff and 5 in-depth patient interviews were conducted. RESULTS: The language barrier was found to interfere with working efficiently, create uncertainty about the accuracy of interpretation, be enhanced by a lack of education or training, cause significant ethical dilemmas, negatively influence the attitudes of patients and staff towards each other, decrease the quality of and satisfaction with care, and cause cross-cultural misunderstandings. CONCLUSION: The effects of the language barrier were considerable and persistent despite an official language policy in the province. The training and employment of professional interpreters as well as teaching of basic Xhosa to staff are recommended.

Communication Barriers↗