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PubMed1996

A survey of larval and adult mosquitoes on the flood plains of Bangladesh, in relation to flood-control activities.

A mosquito survey was carried out between October 1991 and November 1992 on the flood plains of Bangladesh, as part of a baseline study designed to help predict the effects on vector-borne diseases of embanking rivers under the Bangladesh Government's Flood Action Plan. Overall, 15 species of larval and 15 species of adult anophelines were collected, along with 13 larval and 21 adult culicines. Anophelines made up only 6% of the mosquitoes caught at human bait. The most abundant anopheline biting man was Anopheles vagus, the dominant species in all nine sampling villages. The other recognized malaria vectors in the flood plains of Bangladesh, namely An. philippinensis, An. aconitus and An. annularis, were collected but in relatively low numbers. Culex vishnui was the most abundant biting culicine in all villages. Biting mosquitoes showed a bimodal seasonality of biting, with peaks between February and April and September and October. All biting mosquitoes showed a significant preference for outdoor biting. The densities of the mosquito populations are more likely to be affected by the large-scale environmental changes which have occurred in Bangladesh, as well as the dramatic increase in the density of the human population, than by the river embankments per se.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Antibodies against mosquito-born viruses in human population of an area of Central Bohemia affected by the flood of 2002].

In the Central-Bohemian area affected by the flood of 2002, 497 residents were screened for antibodies against the mosquito-borne viruses Tahyna (TAHV), West Nile (WNV), Sindbis (SINV) and Batai (BATV; syn. Calovo) using the haemagglutination-inhibition (HIT) and plaque-reduction neutralization (PRNT) tests. Blood samples were collected in September 2002 when the mosquito populations showed the maximum density following the flood. Antibodies against TAHV (16.5% persons in PRNT, 14.9% in HIT), SINV (1.4% in HIT) and BATV (1.4% in HIT, 0.2% in PRNT) were detected. Although 6.8% and 1.2% of the subjects tested reactive with WNV in HIT and PRNT, respectively, the results were interpreted as cross-reactivity with tick-borne encephalitis virus. The seroprevalence of TAHV (both in PRNT and HIT) showed no association with gender (15.8% of males, 16.9% of females), increased with age (1.4% of persons younger than 20 years, 11.2% of persons aged between 20 and 50 years, and 26.2% of persons older than 50 years were positive), and correlated with the mosquito peri-residential challenge (5.0% residents seropositive in a mosquito-free control zone D--mostly Prague, 14.7% in a mild-risk zone C, 20.5% in a moderate-risk zone B, and 28.0% in the most heavily mosquito-infested risk zone A). The highest TAHV seropositivity rate (> 25%) was found amongst the inhabitants of the villages Obríství, Kozly, Tuhan, Chrást, Chlumín and Hostín. Paired blood samples were obtained from 150 of the persons at a 6-month interval: an infection episode with TAHV during or after the flood was clearly evidenced in one person living in Obríství, and less convincing findings of recent TAHV infections were found in other three residents of Chlumín and Obríství (seroconversion and/or significant antibody titres increase detected in HIT only). This serosurvey indicated the existence of an active natural focus of Valtice fever (TAHV infection) stretched along the river Labe nearby Neratovice (Obríství, Chlumín, Tuhan; Kozly, Tisice, Chrást), and a low TAHV activity area along the lower reaches of the river Vltava between Zloncice and Bukol/Zálezlice. An increased population density of mosquitoes after the flood may have boosted the incidence of mosquito-borne virus diseases, particularly Valtice fever, in Central Bohemia. An optimum prophylactic strategy to control these diseases would be epidemiological surveillance (including monitoring of both the density of mosquitoes and their rate of infection with viruses in natural foci) on the basis of which antiepidemic measures such as integrated mosquito control can be taken.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

STUDIES ON AIRCRAFT DISINSECTION AT "BLOCKS AWAY" IN TROPICAL AREAS.

During 1962 experiments on disinsection of aircraft passenger cabins at "blocks away" (i.e., after the doors have been closed following embarkation but before take-off) were conducted with single-use, disposable aerosol dispensers in various types of commercial aircraft operating in the tropics. The favourable results of these trials and of previous trials in temperate zones indicate that this method is suitable as a standard procedure for aircraft disinsection for international quarantine purposes.The biological effectiveness of the SRA formulation against susceptible mosquitos and its non-irritancy to passengers render it suitable as a standard formulation for aircraft disinsection. The G-1492 formulation-effective against resistant and non-resistant mosquitos-could be used where insecticide-resistance is proved, although it is slightly irritant to some passengers. Both formulations are described. The authors suggest that further research is needed to develop a safe formulation that is effective against resistant and non-resistant insects and yet not irritant to passengers and crew.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1987

Importance of construction sites as foci for urban Culex in northern Illinois.

Expanding urbanization in America has created many new artificial sources which serve as focal points for urban, opportunistic and disease-vectoring mosquitoes. One such urban source, building construction sites, has received little attention despite a growing construction industry. During the summer of 1985, 522 unfinished buildings, 90% as single-family homes, were surveyed for water accumulation, larval mosquito occurrence and density, and species involved. Sump-pits and basements proved to be the most abundant sites of water accumulation of unfinished homes in the later stages of completion with Culex restuans and Cx. pipiens dominating the collections from these sites. Buildings at early stages of construction were much less productive, probably due to sun-exposure. Factors which favor mosquito colonization such as reduced illumination and temperatures, and increased organic content are discussed. Various cultural and insecticidal controls of mosquitoes breeding at construction sites are suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

ANOPHELES GAMBIAE, A COMPLEX OF SPECIES.

The author reports on some 200 laboratory crossings of 36 strains of Anopheles gambiae from many different parts of Africa which show the existence of five mating-types in what was until recently considered a single species. Three of these mating-types are freshwater forms and have been provisionally called A, B and C. Two are saltwater forms: A. melas, confined to West Africa, and the East African A. merus. Hybrid male sterility is universal when any two of these five forms are crossed, and from some of the crosses grossly abnormal sex-ratios result. From an evolutionary standpoint these five mating-types are probably species or semi-species in view of the fact that they can be found to co-exist sympatrically and still retain their identities. From a practical point of view it may be necessary for the field worker to be able to identify the exact species with which he is dealing before the most efficient means of controlling it can be found.

Africa↗
PubMed1992

Biological control of container-breeding mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus, in a Japanese island by release of Toxorhynchites splendens adults.

To control container-breeding mosquitoes in the small island of Minnajima (0.56 km2), northern Okinawa, Japan, laboratory-reared adults (aged 7-10 days) of Toxorhynchites splendens (Palawan strain), a mosquito with predatory larvae, were released repeatedly during 1984, 1986 and 1987. Thirteen species of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) occurred in artificial containers, ground pools or crab-holes on the island, the predominant species being Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus and Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus. Predatory mosquito larvae of Culex (Lutzia) fuscanus and Cx (Lt.) halifaxii were found commonly in wet containers. In the first year of study, during a period of 54 days from 13 May to 5 July 1984, totals of 879 female and 806 male adults of Tx.splendens were released on six occasions. Similarly, between 29 April and 30 August 1986, totals of 2920 female and 2878 male adult Tx.splendens were released. In the third study year, totals of 2041 female and 1783 male Tx.splendens were released on eight occasions during 199 days from 23 April to 7 November 1987. After adult releases at two sites, the immature stages of Tx.splendens were found in 164 out of 502 traps in 1984, 421 out of 933 traps in 1986, and 151 out of 502 traps in 1987. The number of immatures of Tx.splendens present in each trap varied from 1 to 40 in 1984, 1 to 29 in 1986 and 1 to 9 in 1987. Numbers of immatures of the target species found in the traps during August-September averaged 71.9/trap/month in 1984, 114.7/trap/month in 1986 and 36.0/trap/month in 1987, significantly less in the traps with Tx.splendens than in those without them. The present field studies indicated that, in this small island, approximately 250 adult female and 200 male Tx.splendens per month should be released from April to November, and the releases should be carried out every year, in order to control effectively the target mosquitoes Ae.albopictus and Cx quinquefasciatus breeding in artificial containers in Minnajima.

Aedes↗
PubMed1963

THE RESIDUAL ACTION OF TWO ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS AND A CARBAMATE ON DRIED MUDS.

Laboratory experiments have shown that the sorption of two organophosphorus compounds, malathion and fenthion, and a carbamate, UC 10854, on dried muds is influenced by atmospheric humidity and that the biological activity of a given concentration of sorbed insecticide increases with increasing humidity. The residual action of these insecticides on dried mud bricks stored in the laboratory at 25 degrees C and 80% relative humidity was similar to that obtained in experimental huts at Arusha, Tanganyika.The laboratory bio-assays indicate that both fenthion and UC 10854 can be expected to have several weeks' residual action on dried mud walls provided that the atmospheric humidity is high enough. Malathion was much less effective in the test conditions described in this paper, but field data suggest that it has a long residual action on grass roofs.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Evaluation of practices and costs of antivectorial control at the family level in central Africa, I. Yaoundé City (March 1988)].

Within the framework of the preparation (acceptability and feasibility) of an integrated malaria control including insecticide impregnated bednets notably, a Knowledge Attitude Practice survey (home cluster sample) was carried through in March, 1988 in Yaoundé City to identify the current major mosquito behaviour control methods: insecticide sprays, mosquito coils and bednets and the motivations in the use of these control methods. The cost of vector control and cares for diseases attributed to mosquitoes have been evaluated. The survey shows that insecticide impregnated bednets represent an accessible and suitable control method subject to regular supply with reasonable prices and implementation of demonstration stations for the impregnation.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The importance of subterranean mosquito habitat to arbovirus vector control strategies in north Queensland, Australia.

In north Queensland, 14 localities were surveyed for mosquito larvae (third and fourth instar) during summer/autumn and winter from 1996 to 1999. Absolute population numbers in subterranean habitats, mainly service manholes and pits (97%) but also some wells, septic tanks, storm drains, and sumps, were expressed as a proportion of total numbers in these sites plus surface sites within a 100-m radius. When correction factors were applied to subterranean samples, the 472,477 larvae mainly of Aedes tremulus (Theobald) group, Aedes notoscriptus (Skuse), and Aedes aegypti (L.) comprised 78% of the total population. In relation to the proportion of the overall immature mosquito population from subterranean habitats (propsub), linear regression coefficients for minimum temperature, relative humidity, and Mesocyclops copepod prevalence were significant for winter data; but for summer, only relative humidity was significant. Linear regression coefficients for Mesocyclops prevalence approached significance (P = 0.061) in summer. When multiple linear regression was used to model propsub, 68% of the variation was accounted for by relative humidity and the prevalence of Mesocyclops. In the drier and cooler towns, increased use of subterranean sites during winter was caused by reduced availability of surface oviposition sites because of the dry season. In the wetter coastal towns, no such restrictions applied and ambient conditions remained more equitable all year round. Mesocyclops were surprisingly common, particularly in these coastal towns. Release of known numbers of Mesocyclops indicated that 3-sweep netting in service manholes was sensitive down to densities of one Mesocyclops per 10 liters, and overall recovery varied from 1 to 4%. In relation to control, service manholes represent a stable habitat for mosquito (7% positive overall) and Mesocyclops populations. If they remained wet, service manholes positive for mosquito immatures or Mesocyclops during summer/autumn had 96% and 85% chance, respectively, of being positive the following winter. Even allowing for the effect of drying, a mosquito-positive manhole had a 79% chance of remaining positive the following winter. In view of the importance of these sites as refuges from adverse ambient conditions, it is proposed that a winter control strategy using Mesocyclops presents a cost-effective control option to reduce the recolonization of surface sites when conditions become more suitable.

Aedes↗
PubMed1963

YELLOW FEVER.

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Aedes↗