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PubMedDate not supplied

[Stress factors and chronic illness].

We carried out a comparative evaluation of the stress experienced by a sample of French subjects, with and without chronic illnesses. The study population consisted of 1,337 men and 914 women who responded to a questionnaire published in the monthly magazine Science et Vie. This questionnaire, the Hassles Scale, was developed by Lazarus et al. and is designed to determine which of the 61 stress factors on the scale experienced by the subjects and to measure their intensity. The subjects were also asked whether they were affected by one of seven types of chronic illness; 26% of the subjects reported that they were affected by a chronic illness. We found that having a chronic illness increased the susceptibility to stress (as estimated from the intensity scores) of women, young people, manual workers and other employees. Scale scores differed considerably according to the illness reported, subjects with mental illnesses having the highest scores. The stress factors related to health were, not surprisingly, estimated to be more disturbing by those with chronic illnesses than by the other subjects. Environmental noise and pollution were among the stresses most frequently reported by all subjects, regardless of whether or not they reported having a chronic illness.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The educational value of consumer-targeted prescription drug print advertising.

BACKGROUND: The case for direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug advertising has often been based on the argument that such promotions can educate the public about medical conditions and associated treatments. Our content analysis of DTC advertising assessed the extent to which such educational efforts have been attempted. METHODS: We collected advertisements appearing in 18 popular magazines from 1989 through 1998. Two coders independently evaluated 320 advertisements encompassing 101 drug brands to determine if information appeared about specific aspects of the medical conditions for which the drug was promoted and about the treatment (mean kappa reliability=0.91). We employed basic descriptive statistics using the advertisement as the unit of analysis and cross-tabulations using the brand as the unit of analysis. RESULTS: Virtually all the advertisements gave the name of the condition treated by the promoted drug, and a majority provided information about the symptoms of that condition. However, few reported details about the condition's precursors or its prevalence; attempts to clarify misconceptions about the condition were also rare. The advertisements seldom provided information about the drug's mechanism of action, its success rate, treatment duration, alternative treatments, and behavioral changes that could enhance the health of affected patients. CONCLUSIONS: Informative advertisements were identified, but most of the promotions provided only a minimal amount of information. Strategies for improving the educational value of DTC advertisements are considered.

Advertising↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Division of Regulatory Systems of Cells of the Institute of Biochemistry of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences (L'viv). History, achievements and perspectives].

A short review presented deals with the history of biochemistry development in the western regions of Ukraine. Two principal biochemical schools were founded here by J. Parnas (1884-1949) and S. Gzhytskiy (1900-1976). While most of the students and collaborators of Prof. J. Parnas left for Poland and other western states, those ones of Prof. S. Gzhytskiy stayed in Lviv and other scientific centers of Ukraine. In 1979 Prof. S. Kusen (one of Gzhytskiy's former students and collaborators) and Prof. G. Shavlovsky headed two scientific departments founded in Lviv at O. V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry. This event could be considered as the beginning of modern biochemistry development in the western regions of Ukraine. Since 1992 in Lviv there exists the Division of Regulatory Cell Systems of O. V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine headed since 1995 by Prof. R. Stoika. Four Departments work in the structure of this Division: 1) the Department of Biochemistry of Cell Differentiation headed in 1979-1997 by S. Kusen and since 1997 by L. Drobot; 2) the Department of Regulation of Cell Proliferation created in 1993 and headed by R. Stoika; 3) the Department of Biochemical Genetics created in 1988 and headed by A. Sibirny; 4) the Department of Regulation of Synthesis of Low Molecular Compounds headed in 1979-1996 by G. Shavlovsky and since 1996 by D. Fedorovych. Division of Regulatory Cell Systems is presently the leading scientific center in Ukraine in the study of the biochemical mechanisms of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of normal and tumour cells and in the development of effective biotechnological processes for obtaining the biologically active substances using yeast. Numerous publications of its collaborators in the high impact factor scientific magazines as well as the realisation of the international grants confirm this statement. Taking into account the high level of scientific research and availability of highly skilled scientists at the Division in 1999 the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine took a resolution to transform the Division into the Institute of Cell Biology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, which was founded in 2000 on the basis of the Division.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of sexual abuse on body image, self-image, and sexual activity of women.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the differences between females who had been sexually abused and those who had not been sexually abused in body image, self-image, self-consciousness, and relationships; to determine the effect of sexual abuse on sexual intimacy and behavior; and to identify consequences of sexual abuse. METHODS: A sample of 1664 females (832 sexually abused and 832 not sexually abused) who responded to a survey in Shape magazine were strictly matched on age and body mass index. RESULTS: Females who had been sexually abused reported more body dissatisfaction and self-consciousness, less satisfaction with themselves and in relationships, and less comfort with having sex with the lights on and undressing in front of their sexual partner than females who had not been sexually abused. Additional consequences of sexual abuse included lack of control over the body, eating disorders, and sexual identity confusion. Females who had been sexually abused were less likely to use contraception regularly than those without a history of sexual abuse. DISCUSSION: Results are presented with respect to limitations of the study and suggestions for treatment interventions. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of sexual abuse permeates all areas of survivors' lives. Clinicians have the opportunity to help their clients respond to the trauma of abuse.

Body Image↗
PubMed2000

[Leopold Schroetter von Kristelli and Polish laryngologists].

The researches of Leopold Schroetter von Kristelli, Karl Stoerk, Johann Schnitzler, Ottokar Chiari, Markus Hajek and others, the best Viennese rhinolaryngologists clarified our knowledge on rhinolaryngology. Leopold Schroetter, the famous rhinolaryngologist and internist, was a head of rhinolaryngological clinic in Vienna. He is shown as a precursor of treatment tracheas stenosis, he was also the author of many scientific papers and several books, coeditor of scientific medical magazines, a good teacher of a great number of physicians also from Polish territories. The Polish doctors: Samuel Meyerson, Władysław Rudnicki and Alfred M. Sokołowski were a reporters from Schroetter's clinic.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2001

How the media influences women's perceptions of health care.

To better understand the effectiveness of media sources that marketers use to channel direct-to-consumer (DTC) campaigns to women, researchers devised a study that segmented the female participants according to their degree of involvement in health care decisions, marital status, age, employment, income, and education. The findings show that women in certain population segments reacted far differently to health care information depending on whether it was presented through the Internet, magazines, newspapers, radio, or TV.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2001

[Anatomist, pathologist and philanthropist].

Fredrik Georg Gade (1855-1933) was born in Bergen as the eldest son of a merchant and politician. He graduated from the University of Oslo in 1880. After clinical residency and training in anatomy and pathology at the National Hospital in Oslo, he worked in several of the most outstanding medical research institutions in Continental Europe, including the institutes of Robert Koch and Carl Friedländer in Berlin, Carl Weigert in Frankfurt, the pathologists and anatomists Victor Cornil, Louis-Antoine Ranvier and Louis Charles Malassez in Paris. Gade was associate professor (prosector) of anatomy in Oslo from 1897 to 1906 and also the editor of the Norwegian Medical Journal (Norsk Magazin for Laegevidenskaben). He was also one of the pioneers of cancer statistics in Norway. In addition to his scientific publications, he wrote extensively on political and cultural issues. Struck by serious illness he donated most of his family fortune to establish an institute for pathology in his home town Bergen, which opened in 1912 under the name Dr. med. F.G. Gades Pathologiske institutt. It later became one of the pillars of the Medical Faculty when the University of Bergen was established in 1946 (now: The Gade Institute, University of Bergen).

Anatomy↗
PubMed2001

Retraining of extinguished Pavlovian stimuli.

Five Pavlovian magazine approach experiments with rat subjects examined the mechanisms by which reconditioning restores extinguished responding. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 found that retraining did not destroy the spontaneous recovery with the passage of time that is characteristic of extinguished stimuli. Experiments 4 and 5 found evidence that retaining after extinction enhanced the strength of the originally trained associations. Together these results suggest that, just as extinction does not destroy original acquisition but superimposes some decremental process, so retraining does not destroy that decremental process but instead superimposes further associative learning.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Relative validity of contextual and discrete cues.

Contextual conditioning during relative validity training was explored in 3 experiments that used an appetitive Pavlovian conditioning preparation with rats. Magazine entries were the conditioned response. In Experiment 1, true-discrimination (TD: AX+, BX-) training generated weaker conditioning of X than did pseudodiscrimination (PD: AX+/-, BX+/-) training. The context showed a similar relative validity effect. Also, both PD training and simple partial reinforcement (X+/-) reduced contextual conditioning more than did unsignaled food, a demonstration of relative validity using partial reinforcement. Experiments 2 and 3 used within-subject and between-subjects designs, respectively, and showed that relative validity was determined by the summation of differences in conditioning to both the common element (X) and the context. Our results are consistent with an attentional model or with a computational comparator model but not with the Rescorla-Wagner (R. A. Rescorla & A. R. Wagner, 1972) model.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Genomics: implications for health systems.

In anticipation of and following the announcement of the completion of the mapping of the human genome, numerous articles have appeared in scientific, industry, and consumer journals and magazines on the topic of genomics. Building off the excitement surrounding this scientific milestone, many of these articles--irrespective of the audience--look to the future and anticipate how this knowledge breakthrough will change the way classes of diseases are diagnosed, treated, and even prevented over the next several generations. However, literature that explores the potential effect of genomics on health system care delivery is virtually nonexistent. As such, this article begins to prepare health system executives for the future by speculating how genomics may affect their organizations and suggesting strategies for future success.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rebuilding morale after downsizing.

Motivating employees is one of a manager's most important roles, but it is a challenge in today's shifting health-care market. Decreasing funding and a changing patient population are forcing hospitals to either cut costs or go out of business. In such a tense environment, the possibility of layoffs continually looms over our heads. Whether your laboratory is contemplating job cuts or you already have been through them, you know there is no worse threat to employee morale. A March 1996 Strategic Management survey reported that poor morale is the worst human resource problem among 81% of 691 U.S. hospitals. Ronald Henkoff said it best in the January 1994 issue of Fortune Magazine: "A distressing 80% of downsizers admit that the morale of the remaining employees has been mugged. These sullen, dispirited, hunkered-down folks, lest we forget, are the very people who are supposed to revitalize our enterprise and delight our customers." Many times, when we focus on cost constraints and customer service, we overlook what we might do to improve trust among our staff. Rather than letting bad feelings run their course after 1999 job cuts, we decided to intervene. We developed new management tools and recovery interventions at Children's Medical Center to ward off discontent after the changes.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sex knowledge and behavior in male high school students].

INTRODUCTION: Adolescent sexual activity has increased in the last 30 years. Nowadays approximately 73% of male adolescent had sexual intercourse by the age of 18. Practice is not always followed by adequate knowledge and behavior. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to have appropriate education on sexual life and contraception in order to prevent unwanted pregnancies, abortions and spreading of sexually transmitted diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sexual behavior and knowledge was surveyed in a high school in Novi Sad among 520 male students, aged 15-19, in order to prepare lectures on sexual topics. RESULTS: Most information male teenagers got from different forms of mass-media (63.65%) and through communication with friends (50.58%). The communication with parents (5%) and experts (1%) is poor. According to their opinion, 69% have enough knowledge about sexuality and 62% about contraception, but 75.77% want further education from experts. 90% participated in some kind of sexual activity by the age of 18, and 84.3% had sexual intercourse for the first time at the age of 15.55 years, on average. artificial abortion occurred only in one case of pregnancy. Almost all young men knew about AIDS. The most common known means of contraception was condom (90%) and 70% consider it as the best method. 90% of male students consider abortion harmful, because it can cause infertility (51.38%). DISCUSSION: Most knowledge on sex life and contraception male adolescents gain from magazines, TV and friends, which can not be accepted as appropriate and undoubtedly can be incorrect and inadequate. Communication with parents and teachers is poor. Male adolescents are aware of their need for more education on these subjects and they want it from experts. CONCLUSION: Young men are not educated about sexual life and contraception well enough. Proper sexual education among adolescents is of great importance for psychic and reproductive health of young people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Behavioural disorders in childhood: a Singapore perspective.

INTRODUCTION: Behaviour disturbances in preadolescent children are common, ranging from mild disturbances to full disorders meeting official nosological criterion. The objective of this paper was to review behavioural disorders occurring in the preadolescent child using up-to-date published data supplemented by available local published data on the subject. METHODS: Recent reviews of the various psychological disorders in childhood that have a significant behavioural component were identified through a MEDLINE search (from 1990). Information from these reviews was supplemented with relevant local studies cited on MEDLINE from 1990. Information on common behavioural disturbances facing parents locally was obtained from questions submitted to the author over a 3-year period by a local parenting magazine. A search was also conducted on the DOW JONES publications archives for relevant information from the local news media. RESULTS: The perception of a problem may arise from the child, family, school, community or society's perspective. Behavioural problems can be conceptualised to exist in the following broad categories: Behaviour problems/disorders related to daily physiological activities; disruptive behavioural problems and disorders; pervasive developmental disorders and disorders of social behaviour; behaviour problems related to emotional disorders; and behaviour problems associated with other mental conditions in children. Family, behavioural and multisystemic interventions are the commonest non-drug interventions. Drug use is on the increase, especially in disruptive, affective and anxiety disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioural disorders in children are common. They are often under-recognised and under-treated. Improved recognition demands that a good assessment is being carried out and a heightened index of suspicion for the commoner behavioural disorders. Adopting an evidence-based medicine approach and utilising recent advances in psychopharmacology and psychotherapy may improve outcome.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Leadership survey. An evaluation of health care executives' challenges.

Locating and keeping employees represents one of the greatest challenges facing health care leaders today. This is a key finding of the third Leadership Survey of executives in physician practices, managed care organizations and hospitals. The survey is sponsored by the Medical Group Management Association and Hospitals & Health Networks magazine. Other significant results: Practices put the most emphasis on teamwork, training and staff development as methods to combat labor shortages; practice executives count adequacy of reimbursements and physician productivity as top leadership challenges, along with the availability of qualified workers; practices choose print advertising and the addition of new products and services as the best ways for them to build market share.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Children's knowledge of sex behavior and contraception].

INTRODUCTION: Adolescent sexuality is not a new phenomenon, but it has been accepted differently at various times and societies. In modern times, adolescents start sexual life early, not well educated and not prepared for possible consequences. The period between the first sexual relationship, marriage and having children is prolonged with a greater possibility of having artificial abortions or sexually transmitted diseases (STD). It is of great importance to work on proper education of children and adolescents on sexual life and contraception. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An inquiry into the knowledge of sex and contraception was performed in an elementary school in Novi Sad, comprising 134 children from VII and VIII grade (aged 13-14, 77 girls and 57 boys) in order to prepare a lecture on these topics. RESULTS: Most of the knowledge on these topics children aged 13 and 14 got watching TV and reading magazines (44.15% girls and 70.17% boys) and from their friends (42.1%). Communication about sex and contraception exists mostly among friends (51.95% girls and 82.46% boys). One third of girls talk with parents and one quarter got knowledge from them. Only four boys (2.98%) had sexual intercourse without complications: artificial abortion or STD. Almost every child (96.95%) knows about AIDS and 89.25% children know about at least one method of contraception (mostly condom). Three quarters claim artificial abortion is harmful. 50% of children want more education about sex and contraception. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Most of the knowledge on sexual life and contraception children get from various forms of mass-media and from one another which is unreliable and incomplete. Unfortunately, parents and teachers play a minor role in sex education of children. In order to prevent spreading of sexually transmitted diseases and to decrease the percentage of adolescent pregnancy and artificial abortions, it is of great importance to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practice of children and adolescents in regard to sexual life and contraception and to prepare acceptable and efficient programs for education on these topics. However, not only education is important, but also acceptance and behavior of children and adolescents resulting from these programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Adding power to PowerPoint. Add-ons and plug-ins.

Microsoft's PowerPoint (PPT) has been around for about ten years. It works on both the Macintosh and Windows platforms. Many users have a Macintosh at home and a Windows PC in the office and files can be easily transferred. Presentations magazine estimated that 85 percent of all presentations given in the U.S. last year used PPT. These presentations can be done as 35 mm slides, black and white or color overhead transparencies, electronic lectures or the software can be used to produce pages for Web sites. PPT has become the "Swiss Army Knife" for presenters and can be found everywhere. Since PPT has such a large share of the marketplace, a secondary market has developed to cater to PPT users who need something that didn't come in the box. These products are referred to as add-ons or plug-ins. They are available as commercial products, shareware or even directly from Microsoft. This article will look at several of these add-ons and discuss their possible use in a health care media production environment.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed2001

Indonesian students' knowledge of breastfeeding.

This study sought information on the knowledge and attitudes of female Indonesian students studying at the Curtin University of Technology in Perth, Western Australia, towards infant feeding and to study their intention to breastfeed in the future. Ninety-three percent of the respondents knew that breastmilk is an infant's preferred first food and 86% of the students knew the benefits of breastfeeding. However only 29% of respondents knew that a baby should be breastfed soon after birth. Only half of the respondents had encountered any information on breastfeeding, and where they had, it was mainly received from family or from the media (magazines, television, Internet) rather than from formal educational sources. The knowledge scores of students was significantly associated with their age group, religion and ethnicity. This study highlights the opportunity available to educate students studying in Australia on breastfeeding to reduce the risk that these students will seek to imitate the lower initiation and shorter duration of breastfeeding found in our western society.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Herbal therapies: what allergist-immunologists should know regarding patient use of complementary and alternative medicine.

The use of complementary and alternative medicine has dramatically increased in the United States, which necessitates that physicians have knowledge of different modalities, possible benefits, and potential adverse reactions. Internet access and numerous magazines are available to patients for self-administration. Numerous herbal interventions have been used for asthma and allergic disorders, and conventional physicians should question their patients about their use and be knowledgeable about toxicity and scientifically well-controlled studies. This article will focus on allergic rhinitis and asthma, though numerous other therapies are utilized in complementary and alternative medicine. The allergist-immunologist should meet the challenge to understand the patient's need for alternative healing while monitoring for potential allergic reactions.

Allergy and Immunology↗