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PubMed2005

Pre-linguistic Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule adapted for older individuals with severe to profound mental retardation: a pilot study.

The Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule (ADOS) is a semi-structured observational scale developed to assess social interaction, communication and play in individuals who are suspected to have autism. Since the ADOS is not suitable to be used with severely or profoundly mentally retarded adolescents and adults with very limited language skills, materials and some of the tasks of the PL-ADOS and the original ADOS (the former versions of the current ADOS) were adapted. Results indicated that almost all of the overall ratings showed good reliability and discriminative diagnostic validity. Furthermore, the combination of codings into an overall algorithm score on social/communicative behavior resulted in a sensitivity of .82 and a specificity of .85 when using a cut-off score of 15.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Cross-linguistic equivalence of WHOQOL-100: a study from North India.

The study examined the equivalence between Hindi and English versions of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL)-100 in North India. Eighty two bilingual subjects were administered the two language versions of WHOQOL-100 in a cross-over design after an interval of 1 week. More than half of item-facet correlations and one-third of Cronbach alpha values for facets were above 0.7 in both language versions. One third of facets and domain scores were significantly different in the two language versions, though these scores had high intraclass correlation coefficients (r > 0.7). Men and women had significantly different scores on < or = 25% and ill and well subjects on > or = 50% of facets and domains in both language versions and the pattern of significant differences in scores was similar in the two language versions. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested a reasonable fit for a four-factor structure (CFI = 0.82) in and across both language versions. Results suggest that Hindi and English versions of WHOQOL-100 have some equivalence but conceptual and scalar concerns remain regarding the application of a language version (of a simultaneously developed test) to subjects from another culture, even if they are proficient in the language of administration.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Putting stress into words: health, linguistic, and therapeutic implications.

When individuals are asked to write or talk about personally upsetting experiences, significant improvements in physical health are found. Analyses of subjects' writing about traumas indicate that those whose health improves most tend to use a higher proportion of negative emotion words than positive emotion words. Independent of verbal emotion expression, the increasing use of insight, causal, and associated cognitive words over several days of writing is linked to health improvement. That is, the construction of a coherent story together with the expression of negative emotions work together in therapeutic writing. Evidence of these processes are also seen in specific links between word production and immediate autonomic nervous system activity. Implications for therapy and for considering the mind and body as fluid, dynamic systems are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Microstructural musical linguistics: composers' pulses are liked most by the best musicians.

Western music is a combination of notated structure plus microstructure. Composers' pulses, as precise microstructural functions, were tested with five groups of subjects of graded musical proficiency: (1) 10 famous artists including Vladimir Ashkenazy, Yehudi Menuhin, Paul Badura-Skoda and others; (2) 14 Julliard School of Music graduate students; (3) 19 Manhattan School of Music graduate students; (4) 51 Australian conservatory students; and (5) 41 non-music students (total, 135 subjects). Composers' pulses consist of combined amplitude and timing warps specific to each composer--the composer's pulse matrix. Each subject listened to and scored 40 versions of 10 short music examples (not selected by the author) of eight bars each, composed by Beethoven, Mozart, Haydn and Schubert, performed by computer, in which composers' pulses, as developed by Clynes (1983, 1985a,b, 1986, 1987), were incorporated in a two-level hierarchic pulse configuration, and interchanged. Each example was heard with the pulses of those four composers in turn, in quasi-random sequence, one performance thus incorporating the "right" pulse and three the "wrong" ones. Results show dramatically that the greater the musical proficiency, the more marked the preference for the "right" pulse (p < .0001). Non-musicians as a group showed a similar tendency of preference, but typically to a considerably less pronounced degree. Further studies suggest that longer excerpts (32 bars) and repeated hearing would help non-musicians also to better understand composers' pulses. A theory of music as a double stream is introduced. The results suggest that the composers' pulse matrices posited by Clynes as a first approximation are in fact appropriately meaningful. Brain function aspects of the meaningful discrimination of such tiny time differences are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Conversation, co-ordination and convention: an empirical investigation of how groups establish linguistic conventions.

Two experiments are reported which demonstrate the development of co-ordinated description languages in two groups of communicators playing Garrod and Anderson's (1987) maze game. The experiments contrast language co-ordination between speakers who always interact with the same partner (isolated pairs) as compared with speakers who interact with different partners drawn from the same community. Whereas the isolated pairs show higher degrees of inter-speaker convergence than the community pairs at the start of the experiment, the situation reverses by the time they have all played six or more games. The results are discussed at two levels: (1) in terms of Lewis's formal theory of conventions, and (2) in relation to a language processing model which abides by the "output/input co-ordination" principle proposed in Garrod and Anderson (1987).

Group Processes↗
PubMed1982

A review of linguistic factors associated with early childhood stuttering.

This paper summarizes recent thinking on several aspects of early childhood stuttering. The concept of fluency is examined, and a review of research that traces the acquisition of fluency in young children and its relationship to language acquisition is presented. Other topics considered are the relationship of normal childhood nonfluencies to early stuttering, stuttering as it relates to language acquisition, and psycholinguistic influences on stuttering in young children.

Adolescent↗