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PubMed2004

Sex-related developmental differences in the lateralized activation of the prefrontal cortex and amygdala during perception of facial affect.

The lateralization of cognitive abilities is influenced by a number of factors, including handedness, sex, and developmental maturation. To date, a small number of studies have examined sex differences in the lateralization of cognitive and affective functions, and in only few of these have the developmental trajectories of these lateralized differences been mapped from childhood through early adulthood. In the present study, a cross-sectional design was used with healthy children (n=7), adolescents (n= 12), and adults (n= 10) who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a task that required perceiving fearful faces. Males and females differed in the asymmetry of activation of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex across the three age groups. For males, activation within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was bilateral in children, right lateralized in adolescents, and bilateral in adults, whereas females showed a monotonic relationship with age, with older females showing more bilateral activation than younger ones. In contrast, amygdala activation was similar for both sexes, with bilateral activation in children, right-lateralized activation in adolescents, and bilateral activation in adults. These results suggest that males and females show different patterns of lateralized cortical and subcortical brain activation across the period of development from childhood through early adulthood.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Relationships among lateral abdominal muscles, gender, body mass index, and hand dominance.

STUDY DESIGN: Exploratory. OBJECTIVES: To explore whether hand dominance, gender, and body mass index (BMI) influence the thickness of the lateral abdominal muscles as measured by ultrasound imaging. To document the extent of improvement in response stability when an average of multiple measures was utilized. BACKGROUND: Ultrasound imaging is a relatively new tool used to assess the lateral abdominal muscles. A better understanding of how these muscles contract in a healthy population can provide a reference for comparison to patients with low back pain (LBP). METHODS AND MEASURES: Thirty-two healthy participants (17 males, 15 females) aged 18 to 45 years (mean +/- SD, 31.9 +/- 7.8 years) were studied. Measurements of muscular thickness of the lateral abdominal muscles were obtained bilaterally while the subjects were at rest, and while they performed the abdominal drawing-in maneuver. To determine the possible influence of hand dominance and gender on muscle thickness, t tests were used. Correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between BMI and muscle thickness. Standard error of the measurement was used to assess response stability of the ultrasound imaging technique. RESULTS: No differences in the thicknesses of the transversus abdominis (TrA) muscle were measured during rest or while contracted, based on hand dominance (P > or = .73). Men had greater muscular thickness (P<.01), while the TrA in women represented a greater proportion of the total lateral abdominal muscles (P<.01). BMI was positively associated with muscle thickness (r> or =.66). Compared to a singular measurement, response stability improved by greater than 50% when an average of 3 measurements was used. CONCLUSIONS: Future researchers should assess the need to control for gender and BMI as potential covariates in ultrasound imaging studies of the lateral abdominal muscles. Asymmetry in the lateral abdominal muscles in those with LBP would be in direct contrast to the bilateral symmetry measured in those without LBP.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1987

Laterality, torque and personality.

Evidence accumulating from a variety of methodological approaches suggests that unusual laterality is often a concomitant feature of emotional pathology. In the present study both torque and a multifaceted measure of laterality were examined with respect to personality variables measured by the 16 PF in a normal population. Interestingly, a pattern of emotionality for subjects with a more confused laterality was revealed in a normal population which is notably similar to reported aberrant personality factors and laterality in more pathological groups. The existence of a cohesive continuum of emotional expression in relation to confused laterality is suggested. In addition, both torque and the multifactored measure of laterality are critiqued as research measures and for their clinical potential.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Laterality in bovine behavior in an extensive partially suckled herd and an intensive dairy herd.

Cattle exhibit behavioral laterality, but the consistency and correlation between behaviors are unknown. Behavioral laterality was recorded in two herds of contrasting management intensity. The first was a small, extensively managed herd in Brazil, with cows and calves on rangeland, except when removed for handmilking in stalls. The second was a large, intensive British herd, with cows fed mostly indoors and calves removed for individual rearing soon after birth. In herd 1, the side of the body on which the following behaviors were performed was recorded: rumination (rumination), tail waving (tail), tongue protrusion during the initiation of a feeding bout (feeding), hind leg placement when lying (lying), and front leg initiating walking (walking). The distribution of left and right side dominance was normal for all behaviors, with positive correlations between walking and rumination, tail, and feeding, and between lying and rumination. In herd 2, rumination, feeding, and lying behaviors were similarly recorded, as well as parlor side-preference (parlor) and the side of a track chosen when returning to pasture (track). For all behaviors except track, the extent of left- and right-side dominance was not normally distributed, and more cows than expected showed strong laterality on the right or the left side. Parlor and track lateralities were correlated, indicating that cows that entered one side of the parlor also tended to choose the same side of the track. Strong laterality in the intensively managed herd therefore contrasted with that observed in the extensively managed herd and the reasons for such differences in laterality are uncertain.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Transcortical surgery for lateral ventricular tumors.

OBJECT: Tumors of the lateral ventricle can be removed via two major approaches: the transcallosal or the transcortical route. The purpose of this study is to discuss the techniques and outcomes in transcortical surgery of tumors located in the lateral ventricle. METHODS: An experience with 29 consecutive lateral ventricular tumors resected via the transcortical route, over a 5-year period, is presented. The risks, complications, and outcomes of this surgical series, as well as those reported in the literature, are discussed. Surgical approaches to all five regions of the lateral ventricle are described. Neuropsychological, functional, and neurological outcomes are evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: The transcortical technique makes it possible to resect lesions in each of the five regions of the lateral ventricle. It provides superior microsurgical working space and flexibility for maneuvering within the lateral ventricle. The key to a successful transcortical approach is an understanding of the functional anatomy of eloquent cortex to be broached, the location of the lesion, and its vascular supply. A clear understanding of the advantages and limitations of the transcortical approach makes performing this procedure for resection of large lesions in the ventricle both safe and effective. The majority of the patients in this series (86%) had a good outcome, returning to baseline functional status and suffering minimal morbidity. In the microsurgical era, transcortical surgery-related postoperative morbidity and outcome are dependent more on tumor histological type and site of origin than on approach.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Vascular causes of vertebral asymmetry and the laterality of scoliosis.

The aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis is multifactorial and complex, but the direction (laterality) of the curvature may depend on normal growth factors. It is postulated that vascular asymmetries are responsible for the left laterality of infantile thoracic scoliosis and the right laterality of adolescent thoracic scoliosis. Two hypotheses are presented. The left laterality of thoracic scoliosis in infancy may be due to the streaming of blood from the aortic arch to the right and streaming of blood from the ductus arteriosus to the left so that right vertebral arches receive better oxygenated blood, develop faster and grow larger. It is also suggested that, at a later stage, spontaneous resolution of infantile scoliosis and the right laterality of adolescent thoracic curvatures are due to the rotational force that is exerted on growing thoracic vertebrae by the asymmetrically situated descending thoracic aorta. It is emphasized that the normal growth factors that tend to a slight left thoracic scoliosis in infancy, and to a right thoracic scoliosis in adolescence, by themselves produce only a minimal scoliosis, and that progressive scoliosis involves additional unknown factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia complex of the Kii Peninsula of Japan: clinical and neuropathological study and tau analysis.

We report the first case of neuropathologically verified parkinsonism-dementia complex of the Kii peninsula, together with the patient's brother, who had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The propositus woman developed parkinsonism and dementia at 63 years of age and died at 70 without displaying clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The brain exhibited marked atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes. Microscopically, there were many neurofibrillary tangles in the central nervous system, most markedly in the mesial temporal lobe and deep nuclei, as well as changes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis but no senile plaques or Lewy bodies. Neurofibrillary tangles exhibited twisted tubule structures on electon microscopic examination, and an analysis of insoluble tau protein extracted from the fresh brain revealed a 60-, 64-, 68-kD triplet. The tau gene exhibited no mutations. Her brother developed progressive bulbar palsy-type amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at 45 years of age and died at 49 without presenting with dementia or parkinsonism. Neuropathological examination revealed not only pathologic features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis but also a moderate number of neurofibrillary tangles in the temporal cortex and deep nuclei. The siblings were neuropathologically similar despite their different clinical manifestations. These findings suggest that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia complex of this family may be phenotypic variants of a tauopathy caused by genetic abnormalities.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Interleukin-1beta converting enzyme/Caspase-1 (ICE/Caspase-1) and soluble APO-1/Fas/CD 95 receptor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the role of ICE/ Caspase-1 and soluble APO-1/Fas/CD 95 receptor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The apoptosis parameters were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from 25 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and 15 control patients. RESULTS: There has been shown a significant increase of ICE/Caspase-1 level in serum, and significant decrease of this parameter in cerebrospinal fluid from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Soluble APO-1/Fas/CD 95 level in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients did not differ from the control group. There was no significant correlation between clinical status, duration of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and levels of ICE/Caspase-1 and soluble APO-1/Fas/CD 95. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that ICE/Caspase-1 may play a role in neurodegeneration in ALS. Due to ethical difficulties we cannot include patients suffering from progressive neurological diseases, who are a more appropriate control group for the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Therefore we are limited in drawing conclusions from the research.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Antero-lateral impingement syndrome and evaluation of chronic post-traumatic instability in the talo-crural joint].

The aim of this paper was to asses whether the antero-lateral impingement syndrome is a sequel of ligamentous-capsular element failure in the talo-crural joint. The authors evaluated stability of the talocrural joint on a stand by one of the authors (E. G.). Using Zwipp's method and the authors own method the kind and degree of instability were assessed. Radiological features of antero-lateral instability were found in 17 patients (4.6%)--7 female (1.9%) and 10 male patients (2.7%) aged from 25 to 54 years. 4 grade II antero-lateral instabilities 2 grade III lateral instabilities and 1 grade V instability concomitant to antero-lateral impingement were found in the female patients. Whereas among the male patients 6 grade II antero-lateral instabilities and 4 grade III instabilities were found.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity in cerebrospinal fluid of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients].

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a member of the family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that degrade extracellular matrix proteins. It can be activated by serine proteinases or by superoxide radicals. The motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients express significantly higher levels of MMP-9, suggesting a role in neurodegeneration. The aim of the study was to investigate MMP-9 in cerebrospinal fluid from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. MMP-9 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA in cerebrospinal fluid from 24 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and 15 controls. The mean amyotrophic lateral sclerosis duration was 18 months. According to Munsat ALS Health State Scale, the patients were divided into four groups: mild, moderate, severe, terminal. The patients were also divided into groups with shorter (below 12 months) and longer (above 12 months) duration of the disease. MMP-9 level was insignificantly lower in the cerebrospinal fluid from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients compared with controls. MMP-9 level showed a tendency to decrease with clinical status worsening, however this correlation was not statistically significant. The difference between MMP-9 level in the cerebrospinal fluid between the groups of patients with shorter and longer duration of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was not significant.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[Lateralization in cats in a pointing task of the anterior limb towards a moving target].

In a group of 44 cats overtrained on a task where they had to reach for a moving target, paw performance and paw preference were investigated. More than half of the cats (n = 23) were strongly lateralized in that they used one of their paws to perform more than 90% of the reaching attempts. Among these lateralized cats, left-pawed ones (n = 17) significantly exceeded right pawed-animals (n = 6). Investigating both the accuracy and speed scores, the comparison between lateralized and non-lateralized cats (using a criterion of 90% lateralization) showed that although the accuracy scores did not differ, lateralized cats were significantly quicker to trigger their movement. No difference was found concerning the movement time. For the whole group of 44 cats the comparison between the performance levels obtained with their two forepaws showed that the more frequently used paw was significantly more accurate and faster to trigger and to execute the movement than the less used paw. This study shows that, in pointing towards a moving target, cats display an asymmetry in paw preference that is associated with a performance asymmetry.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sound lateralization regarding amplitude and time factors in various forms of hearing loss].

The ability to localize the sound source was investigated in 70 patients with hypoacusis of various type and degree, using interaural differences in time and intensity. The dichotic method of signal presentation was employed which made it possible to separately vary sound excitation of each ear. Isolated use of interaural differences in terms of time and amplitude was investigated by measuring lateralization thresholds, i.e. minimal interaural differences in time and intensity perceived as a displacement of the acoustic image from the head midline. It was found that lateralization of the acoustic image in response to interaural time and intensity differences followed different patterns. The precision of time lateralization depended on the level of hearing impairment and on binaural hearing asymmetry with respect to tone perception thresholds. The precision of intensity lateralization was dependent on the type of hypoacusis. The lowest thresholds of intensity lateralization were seen in patients with chronic adhesive otitis while the highest thresholds were detected in patients with 1st degree otosclerosis. It is recommended to use tests for measuring lateralization thresholds in terms of time and intensity in order to perform differential diagnostics of hearing impairment and functional prediction of hearing improvement interventions in otosclerosis and chronic otitis.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1985

[Intrahypothalamic connections of the lateral hypothalamus].

Using the axon degeneration method by R. Fink and L. Heimer, organization of intrathalamic connections between various areas of the lateral hypothalamus have been studied after unisided electrolitic lesion. At any location of the injury foci, similar patterns are observed in ipsilateral distribution of degenerating fibers along the whole lateral preoptico-hypothalamic area. The most massive degeneration is observed in the zone where the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) fibers run. The degenerating fibers spread forward--into the septal area, and backward--into the mesencephalic part of the brain. The rostral and caudal parts of the lateral hypothalamus, taking part in formation of the MFB collateralies towards the thalamus, are connected with various thalamic nuclei. Massive preterminal degeneration in the perifornical zone and single argerophile granules in the medial hypothalamus convincingly demonstrate an important role of the intermediate zone for connections of its medial and lateral parts with each other. The conclusion that the intrahypothalamic connections of the lateral hypothalamus are realized within the MFB system supports the modern notion on a close connection of the lateral hypothalamus with the system of longitudinal diffuse bundles of fibers of the medial anterocerebral pathway that run through it.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Phylogenetic aspects of laterality].

The human being is not only characterized by the ability of abstract thinking, upright walking and speaking, but also by a strong and differentiate functional asymmetry. The great majority are right-handers, showing a left-cerebrally dominance for language and praxis. It is very important to know the period when the human laterality of functions is evolved. Human beings of all races and cultures appear to have been predominantly right-handed since the earliest records were made. The time when right-handedness emerged in human evolution is a matter of some dispute. Because of poor record-keeping in prehistoric times, statements about the evolution of laterality in human beings must be based largely on speculation. The present review summarizes the prehistoric data concerning handedness and cerebral laterality. It is confirmed that laterality is not evolved in the last thousand years but it seems that lateralization of functions is the result of a protracted process elapsing perhaps several million years ago. Moreover this paper discusses the genesis and reasons of laterality.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Features of MRI diffusion weighted image in early stage of lateral medullary infarction presenting Wallenberg syndrome].

We described early features of MRI diffusion weighted images (DWIs) in three patients with lateral medullary infarction. Patient 1. A 65-year-old woman who complained of vertigo was admitted. Then, DWIs showed a high signal intensity in the right lateral medulla, though T2 weighted images (T2WIs) did not show any abnormalities. On the next day, when the typical symptoms and signs of lateral medullary infarction appeared, the lesion was recognized on both DWIs and T2WIs. Patient 2. A 48-year-old man was admitted 9 hours after he had dizziness, nausea, and repeated vomitings. When a diagnosis of Wallenberg syndrome was made on the neurological examination, MRI DWIs demonstrated a high signal intensity in the right lateral medulla. The lesion became apparent on T2WIs 82 hours after the onset. Patient 3. A 71-year-old man was admitted for nausea, dizziness, and repeated vomitings. A diagnosis of Wallenberg syndrome was made fifty eight hours after the onset, a lesion with high signal intensity in the right lateral medulla was evident on DWIs, but it was faint on T2WIs. We concluded that DWIs is useful in early diagnosis of lateral medullary infarction presenting Wallenberg syndrome.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

[Sensory disturbance of crossed oral-pedal topography in a case of lateral medullary infarction].

We report a 40-year-old man with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, who had crossed oral-pedal sensory disturbance in lateral medullary infarction. He suddenly developed dysesthesia in the right mount and the left leg. His blood pressure was 150/90 mmHg. Neurological examination showed Horner's sign in the right eye and horizontal nystagmus. Sensory function revealed decreased temperature, hypalgesia and dysesthesia in the right mouth and the left leg. Vibratory and position sense were normal. T1- and T2-weighted images disclosed a low and high signal intensity area in the lateral portion of the right medulla oblongata, respectively. Brain and neck MRA using time-of-flight sequence revealed no obvious abnormal structures. We have diagnosed him as lateral medullary infarction. The unique topography of sensory dysfunction thought to be attributed to a far-lateral lesion in the medulla oblongata. Our patient suggests that lateral medullary infarction causes variable patterns of sensory disturbance. Thus, lateral medullary infarction should be warranted when we encounter patients with miscellaneous distribution of sensory impairment, such as crossed mouth-foot hypalgesia.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Hypocretin/orexin- and melanin-concentrating hormone-expressing cells form distinct populations in the rodent lateral hypothalamus: relationship to the neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein systems.

Cells in the lateral hypothalamus and in the arcuate nucleus play prominent roles in the central control of food intake; however, a neurochemical link connecting these potential components of a hypothalamic circuitry regulating energy metabolism remains to be established. In the present study, the topographical relationship between cells expressing mRNAs encoding melanin-concentrating hormone and the newly discovered neuropeptide family hypocretins/orexins was studied in the rat and mouse lateral hypothalamus by using double-labeling in situ hybridization. Cells expressing the two mRNAs formed completely distinct populations, with hypocretin/orexin cells located primarily perifornically and in the magnocellular lateral hypothalamic nucleus; melanin-concentrating hormone cells extended in a wider area both laterally and periventricularly and appeared to partly surround the hypocretin/orexin population. In the arcuate nucleus, cells expressing neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein were studied by routine fluorescence and/or confocal microscopy immunohistochemistry. Double staining demonstrated that a large proportion of the neuropeptide Y-positive cell bodies in this nucleus also contained agouti gene-related protein-like immunoreactivity. Moreover, these two peptides also coexisted in nerve terminals surrounding and in close relationship to perikarya and processes of both hypocretin/orexin- and melanin-concentrating hormone-immunoreactive cells in the lateral hypothalamus, whereby the former appeared to receive a more dense innervation. These results thus provide evidence for an arcuate-lateral hypothalamic neuropeptide Y/agouti gene-related protein pathway. Furthermore, the results implicate hypocretin/orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone-expressing cells as downstream targets in neuropeptide Y-induced feeding.

Agouti-Related Protein↗
PubMed1999

Lateralized auditory spatial perception and the contralaterality of cortical processing as studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) were used to study the relationships between lateralized auditory perception in humans and the contralaterality of processing in auditory cortex. Subjects listened to rapidly presented streams of short FM-sweep tone bursts to detect infrequent, slightly deviant tone bursts. The stimulus streams consisted of either monaural stimuli to one ear or the other or binaural stimuli with brief interaural onset delays. The onset delay gives the binaural sounds a lateralized auditory perception and is thought to be a key component of how our brains localize sounds in space. For the monaural stimuli, fMRI revealed a clear contralaterality in auditory cortex, with a contralaterality index (contralateral activity divided by the sum of contralateral and ipsilateral activity) of 67%. In contrast, the fMRI activations from the laterally perceived binaural stimuli indicated little or no contralaterality (index of 51%). The MEG recordings from the same subjects performing the same task converged qualitatively with the fMRI data, confirming a clear monaural contralaterality, with no contralaterality for the laterally perceived binaurals. However, the MEG monaural contralaterality (55%) was less than the fMRI and decreased across the several hundred millisecond poststimulus time period, going from 57% in the M50 latency range (20-70 ms) to 53% in the M200 range (170-250 ms). These data sets provide both quantification of the degree of contralaterality in the auditory pathways and insight into the locus and mechanism of the lateralized perception of spatially lateralized sounds.

Acoustic Stimulation↗