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At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

The importance of primary care for theoretical medicine: a commentary.

Froom and Froom call attention to referral bias as a frequent cause for misinterpreting the medical literature. This is particularly a source of false certainty, and therefore false science, in U.S. practice, where referral centers are often seen as the only legitimate source of medical knowledge and where primary care is discounted as a source of scientific observations. Appreciation of the primary care setting is therefore a critical element in theoretical understanding of medical epistemology.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Role of extracellular adenosine triphosphate in human skin.

BACKGROUND: The nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has long been known to drive and participate in countless intracellular processes. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin. Knowledge of the sources and effects of extracellular ATP in human skin may help shape new therapies for skin injury, inflammation, and numerous other cutaneous disorders. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to introduce the reader to current knowledge regarding the sources and effects of extracellular ATP in human skin and to outline areas in which further research is necessary to clarify the nature and mechanism of these effects. CONCLUSION: Extracellular ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2006

Primary food sources of nutrients in the diet of Canadian adults.

PURPOSE: Food sources of nutrients in the Canadian diet were explored. Knowledge of these sources is important to public health professionals and to those in clinical practice. METHODS: Using data from the Food Habits of Canadians study, we investigated nutrient sources from detailed food groupings in a sample of 1,543 adults (971 women, 572 men) from across Canada. Subjects were interviewed by trained dietitians. At the time of the interview, a sociodemographic questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall were completed. RESULTS: The response rate was 30%. Subjects aged 18 to 34 reported eating more prepared and convenience foods than did those aged 35 to 65. Energy was contributed mainly by breads, pasta, rice, grains, and fluid milk. Protein intake was primarily derived from meat and dairy products; legumes, nuts, seeds, and eggs were not high contributors. For men aged 35 to 65 and women aged 18 to 65, butter, margarine, and oil were the primary fat sources; they were the second most common source for men aged 18 to 34. Fibre was provided by foods that are not usually considered good sources, but because of the large total consumption of these foods, they are important in Canadians' diet. The main source of calcium was dairy products, and iron came mainly from non-heme sources. CONCLUSIONS: We must understand the contributions of foods to nutrients, and distinguish "important" sources of nutrients (those consumed by many in substantial amounts) from "good" sources (foods rich in particular nutrients, whether eaten or not).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Which Graphical Approaches should be Used to Represent Medical Knowledge?

Medical knowledge is growing both in quantity and complexity. Although sources of medical knowledge have been digitalized, the way the knowledge they contain is presented to users has not changed and is still highly text-based. However, it has been shown that this information could be presented more efficiently using graphical approaches, such as graphical languages and information visualization. We present here a survey of existing methods and applications, and discuss the potential value of these methods for medical practice. These graphical approaches have great potential for improving medical knowledge consultation, provided they are well-designed, well-evaluated and standardized for re-use.

Knowledge↗
PubMed1998

Knowledge and perception regarding radiotherapy and radiation in patients receiving radiotherapy: a qualitative study.

This study aimed to acquire information about the knowledge patients have about radiation and radiotherapy, and the sources and impact of this knowledge. Data collection was by semi-structured interviews with 30 randomly selected adult patients conducted during the first half of a course of radiotherapy. Data analysis used three major themes: language, understanding and sources of knowledge. Few interviewees had any idea of the physical characteristics of radiation treatment, or they found it difficult to explain. Knowledge about radiation use, other than for medical purposes, most commonly concerned the atom bomb. Patients understood radiotherapy in terms of its action on cancer. Almost all offered a sensible description of why radiotherapy was being used to treat their cancer. Most talked about radiation attacking their cancer in some way and many worried about its damaging effect. A third gave detailed information about what they had become aware of through the written press, or radio or television. The message taken from press reports was largely negative.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Bacterial joint infections: a retrospective study for the source of the infection].

Bacterial arthritis causes rapid damage of the affected joint. Knowledge of the source of the infection that leads to septic arthritis is necessary to judge possible preventive measurements. In this study we tried to detect the source of the infection in 77 episodes of bacterial arthritis in 73 patients admitted in the period 1976-1986. The source of infection was: a joint operation in 21, the skin in 15, the respiratory tract in 7, the genital tract in 8, others in 5, and unknown in 21. A skin infection was the source in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. To our surprise in none of our cases was non-sterile surgery the cause of infection. Our results suggest that since perioperative joint infection is frequent, prevention of such infection may be meaningful. Skin infections are often the source of infection in rheumatoid arthritis, preventive measures are to be considered. Our results do not allow a judgment on the possible preventive measures for the other sources of infection detected or undetected. Administration of antibiotics during non-sterile surgery is not supported by the results of this study.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Pregnant women's knowledge about HIV and AIDS].

This investigation is based upon information from 820 pregnant women who replied to a questionnaire about AIDS during the period 17.4.1989-14.7.1989. The questions included sources of information, knowledge about routes of infection and risk groups and the extent of spread of infection and disease in the population. 95% agreed to participate. Knowledge had been obtained primarily via the electronic media, while the health services had limited significance. The employment of sources of information depended on age and occupation. Apart from knowledge about the risk involved in breast feeding, the women were, in general, well informed about routes of infection. Knowledge about risk groups and the current extent of spread of infection was, on the the other hand, deficient. Defective knowledge was concentrated in groups which may be characterized by age (less than 24 years) and occupation (trained and untrained workers and the group of "other occupations"). Information obtained from health staff was connected with better knowledge about the extent of spread of infection. The majority of women desired routine information about AIDS in connection with antenatal control. Prophylactic measures should be based, among other things, on knowledge about development in the knowledge in the population and its employment of sources of information, so that specific information may be directed to certain groups of the population by using the most frequently employed and most effective routes of information. The knowledge of population groups, the attitudes and behaviour should be followed continuously.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Herbal healing in pregnancy: women's experiences.

Many women use home remedies to maintain their health during pregnancy. Here, pregnant women's perspectives on herbal medicine are exposed in a small (n = 27) non-random sample of pregnant women in British Columbia, Canada, and follow-up interviews with six mentors from the community. While many of the women were cautious about using herbs during pregnancy, they considered them to be safer-as a general rule-than pharmaceutical drugs. Herbal tonics were widely used, and simple home remedies were usually the first line of defence against common health complaints. In choosing to self-medicate with herbs, the women said they were guided by prior knowledge (32%), trusted sources of advice (56%), and intuition (12%). A reliance on prior knowledge was not strongly correlated with the woman's age (r = -0.27) or the number of pregnancies she had experienced (r = 0.21). Trusted sources of advice included books, friends, family members, maternity care providers, herbalists, herb shops, and internet. The majority of herbal advice (69%) was received by word-of-mouth. The women's mentors were an important source of herbal self-care information.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Dental knowledge and attitudes among Arab schoolteachers in northern Israel.

A representative random sample of 597 Arab school-teachers in northern Israel, was surveyed regarding sources and levels of knowledge and attitudes about dental caries prevention. Data were measured according to a self-administered questionnaire from a 91.4 per cent response rate. When ranking the effectiveness of different caries preventive measures teachers on average listed optimal water fluoridation as a lower priority compared to toothbrushing, dental visits, fluoride mouthrinses and eating fewer sweet products. Placing of fissure sealants was ranked as the second least effective caries preventive measure, with 39.6 per cent not knowing the effectiveness. Only 68.5 per cent of the school-teachers were aware of the anti-bacterial role of fluoride, and only a small minority knew of fluoride's potential in healing incipient caries. Teachers seemed less motivated to being involved in dental health school programmes which involved dedicating school time and their active involvement, such as fissure sealant programmes at school, supervision of brushing and flossing, and school mouthrinsing programmes. They revealed positive attitudes towards: informing parents about the importance of oral hygiene and teaching children about preventive dentistry. Teachers' main reported source of knowledge was the dental office. It is the responsibility of the dental profession to ensure that updated knowledge is correctly conveyed to schoolteachers, who are an important and potentially influential sector of dental health consumers and health education agents.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Attitude and knowledge of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disability among high school teachers.

The aims of the study were to investigate teachers' knowledge and attitudes towards attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities (LD). Forty-six high school teachers were interviewed in this regard. The 46 teachers were divided into two groups: 25 teachers taught at an academic school (School 1); and 21 teachers taught at special education school (School 2) and dealt with ADHD/LD cases regularly. General knowledge about ADHD (71%) and about LD (74%) was relatively low among both groups. Thirteen percent of all teachers considered LD to be the result of parental attitudes, namely 'spoiling' the children. The score for attitude and understanding of ADHD children was relatively low (72.5%) for both groups, whereas Group B teachers scored higher regarding LD cases. Almost 40% considered that ADHD children should be rebuked and/or punished in a manner similar to non-ADHD kids. Regarding long-term outcome, 45.7% of the teachers expected ADHD children to experience multiple difficulties in family life during adulthood. In relation to LD cases, the overall scoring for positive attitude was 75%. However, this score was higher for Group B teachers. Three-quarters of the teachers favored increasing peer awareness and comprehension as to the problems LD kids encounter at school. Ninety-five percent believed LD patients should enjoy a more lenient school education. There was no correlation between teachers, knowledge of ADHD and LD and their attitude. The main sources for this knowledge were: specialized textbooks, continuous education, TV shows, journals and newspapers, and medical personnel.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Knowledge of contraceptives and sexually transmitted diseases and contraceptive practices amongst young people in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

In this article, we examine knowledge of contraceptives and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and contraceptive practices amongst young Vietnamese people. We conducted a qualitative study on sexuality and abortion with young people in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Twelve female and 4 male young people were individually interviewed using an in-depth interview technique. We found that condoms and pills were contraceptives known by almost all young people, but their knowledge of condoms and pills was still inadequate. Fears of side effects of taking pills and rumors and beliefs regarding condoms were quite common among young people. The limitations in young people's knowledge of contraceptives and STDs were a reflection of limited sources of their knowledge. Sexual education provided by educational institutions and within families was very basic. It did not provide clear knowledge on the sensitive topics such as contraceptive methods, and other issues related to sexuality for unmarried people. From a gender perspective, there are two points to note here: While sex issues were discussed openly among unmarried men, most unmarried women felt uncomfortable or expressed difficulty when talking about these issues; and the passiveness of unmarried women in making the decision of using condoms as well as contraceptives was marked. Amongst young people, the use of contraceptives was based mainly on ineffective methods including withdrawal and periodic abstinence. Further, young people's understanding of these methods was neither clear nor adequate. For the young people who did not use any contraceptives, sexual relations occurred unexpectedly. We conclude that creating a climate in which sexual issues can be discussed openly is an important step for the improvement of sexual health for young people. This will inevitably improve knowledge and understanding of contraceptives and STDs and may lead to a safer sexual life among this group of young people.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Nutrition knowledge and food practices of high school athletes.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the food practices and nutrition knowledge of high school athletes currently participating in interscholastic sports and to evaluate differences in terms of selected sports variables. The data for the study were obtained by a questionnaire administered to a sample of 943 athletes from randomly selected high schools in Connecticut. The stated hypotheses were tested statistically using analysis of variance, t-tests, and Pearson correlation coefficients where appropriate. The results of the study indicated that the female athletes had better knowledge of nutrition but poorer food practices than the male athletes. There were also significant relationships between sport forms, seasons, and nutrition knowledge and food practices. High school athletes perceived their best source of nutrition knowledge to be their parents. Results on the nutrition knowledge component of the instrument showed that out of 48 possible answers, the mean correct was 26.4, while out of a possible score of 5, the mean score for food practices was 2.2. Because a positive relationship existed between the number of sport seasons and nutrition knowledge and food practice scores, sport participation may be a catalyst for learning about nutrition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Knowledge of sexually transmitted infections and sources of information amongst men.

The objective of this study was to investigate men's awareness of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and sexual health services, together with the best ways of providing information about them. Information was collated via a self-administered questionnaire, which was answered by 429 men, giving a response rate of 31%. Men aged 16+ living in two primary care trusts (PCTs) in the north-west of England were accessed through a range of different sources, including social, educational, health, work and religious facilities. Despite the high rates of STIs in the north-west, approximately one in five men had not heard of herpes, syphilis or chlamydia. One in ten had not heard of gonorrhoea. The majority of men were unaware that many STIs could be asymptomatic. Only 13% knew where their local genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic was. The main deterrents to accessing the clinic were embarrassment and not knowing where it was. Men's knowledge of STIs is limited, particularly in relation to the symptoms. The best way of providing information, according to the respondents, was through their general practitioner (GP). However, in practice this might be difficult, as men are reluctant users of GP services in general. Knowledge of the whereabouts of the local GUM clinics is also limited. Although most men thought that they would visit their GP if they thought they might have an STI, this may result from them not knowing the alternatives, rather than having a real choice. More information, targeted wisely, is thus necessary in order to educate men about STIs and service provision.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Risk behaviours and AIDS knowledge in a rural community of Senegal: relationship with sources of AIDS information.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this paper is to describe sources of information on HIV/AIDS and their relationship with AIDS-related knowledge and sexual behaviour in a rural area of south Senegal. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using a standardized questionnaire was administered in 1994 by local interviewers to 240 men and 242 women aged 15-59 years, randomly selected from the general population. RESULTS: Sources of HIV/AIDS information most frequently cited were radio for men (61% of men) and the local health centre for women (52% of women). Among men, citing radio as a source of information was associated with an improved overall AIDS-related knowledge (a seven-questions based average score was 4.30 for men citing radio acquired information and 5.90 for men not citing radio acquired information; P < 10(-4)) and was associated with a smaller number of casual sexual partners in the 12 months preceding the interview (1.94 versus 1.48; P = 0.04). Women citing the local health centre as a source of HIV/AIDS information had a better perception of condom use and more often felt threatened by HIV/AIDS, but did not declare a significantly different number of casual sex partners in the 12 months preceding the interview. Television as a source was cited by 42% of men and 33% of women and was associated with an increased AIDS-knowledge score for men, with a smaller number of casual sex partners for women and with better perception of condoms for men. CONCLUSION: Because of its large spread and impact, radio appears to be an efficient way to reduce risk-taking behaviour among men. In addition, it is a very convenient way to reach people with high mobility such as male seasonal migrants. For women, attendance at health centres for maternity purposes is an opportunity to receive prevention messages. Finally, numerous men and women have had the opportunity to watch television when they are in towns during the migration period. This method seems to deliver effective messages.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

[What attitude do physicians have towards risk?].

Results of medical research provide physicians with knowledge on how to reduce risk, and are probably the main source of such knowledge. The results are usually presented in terms of relative risk reduction. However, when treating the individual patient, the most important question will be how beneficial the treatment is for this particular patient, that is to say, the absolute reduction of risk. 91 Norwegian general practitioners who participated in a symposium on hypertension were presented with results from a recent study of treatment of this condition. Most of the doctors placed a different interpretation when the same information was presented in two different ways, i.e.: as relative reduction and absolute reduction of risk. They evaluated the results stated in terms of relative risk reduction as far better than the same results when stated as absolute risk reduction. This may influence the degree of treatment of hypertension in general practice.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2003

The views of district nurses on their level of knowledge about the treatment of leg and foot ulcers.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to survey the views of a sample of district nurses on their own level of knowledge about the treatment of leg and foot ulcers and what they considered to be the most important issues in wound treatment. DESIGN: A descriptive design was used. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: The subjects were all the nurses who treated leg and foot ulcers in the community health care service in Oslo, Norway, during autumn 1999. The subjects were selected after consultation with senior nurses. INSTRUMENTS: A structured questionnaire with blank spaces for in-depth comments was used. METHODS: The head of the nursing service in all 25 urban districts received a letter about the study with a questionnaire that they passed on to the nurses treating ulcers. Out of 173 eligible nurses, 102 (59%) filled in the questionnaires. Descriptive and interpretative analyses were then made. RESULTS: Most of the participating nurses (60%) believed that their knowledge of wound treatment was insufficient. A high degree of uncertainty related to wound treatment situations was also found. The uncertainty included wound treatment, wound assessment, wound healing products, and wound causes. The main sources of the nurses' knowledge were their own nursing practice and colleagues. Twenty different factors of importance in wound treatment were reported. The most frequently mentioned factors were: wound healing, continuity in the treatment process, alleviation of pain, hygiene, compression therapy, and diagnosis. The lowest scores were awarded to documentation and economic factors. CONCLUSIONS: The nurses perceived their knowledge of leg and foot ulcer treatment to be insufficient. Their own nursing practice and colleagues were their main sources of knowledge.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A framework for distributed mediation of temporal-abstraction queries to clinical databases.

OBJECTIVE: The specification and creation of a distributed system that integrates medical knowledge bases with time-oriented clinical databases; the goal is to answer complex temporal queries regarding both raw data and its abstractions, such as are often required in medical applications. METHODS: (1) Specification, design, and implementation of a generalized access method to a set of heterogeneous clinical data sources, by using a virtual medical-record interface and by mapping the local terms to a set of standardized medical vocabularies; (2) specification of a generalized interface to a set of knowledge sources; (3) specification and implementation of a service, called ALMA that computes complex time-oriented medical queries that include both raw data and abstractions derivable from it; (4) design and implementation of a mediator, called IDAN, that answers raw-data and abstract queries by integrating the appropriate clinical data with the relevant medical knowledge and uses the computation service to answer the queries; (5) an expressive language that enables definition of time-dependent medical queries, which are referred to the mediator; (6) evaluation of the effect of the system, when combined with a new visual interface, called KNAVE-II, on the speed and accuracy of answering a set of complex queries in an oncology sub domain, by a group of clinicians, compared to answering these queries using paper or an electronic spreadsheet. RESULTS: We have implemented the full IDAN architecture. The IDAN/KNAVE-II combination significantly increased the accuracy and speed of answering complex queries about both the data and their abstractions, compared to the standard tools. CONCLUSION: The implemented architecture proves the feasibility of the distributed integration of medical knowledge sources with clinical data of heterogeneous sources. The results suggest that the proposed IDAN modular architecture has potential significance for supporting the automation of clinical tasks such as diagnosis, monitoring, therapy, and quality assessment.

Artificial Intelligence↗