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PubMed2005

Spatial modulation of tactile temporal-order judgments.

We report a series of three experiments designed to examine the effect of posture on tactile temporal processing. Observers reported which of two tactile stimuli, presented to the left and right index fingers (experiments 1-3; or thumb, experiment 3), was perceived first while adopting one of two postures--hands-close (adjacent, but not touching) or hands-far (1 m apart)--in the dark. Just-noticeable differences were significantly smaller in the hands-far posture across all three experiments. In the first two experiments we compared hand versus foot responses and found equivalent advantages for the hands-far posture. In the final experiment the stimuli were presented to either the same or different digit on each hand (index finger or thumb) and we found that only when the same digit on each hand was stimulated was there an advantage for the hands-far posture. The finding that temporal precision was better with greater distance contradicts predictions based on attention-switching models of temporal-order judgments, and also contrasts with results from similar experimental manipulations in other modalities (eg vision). These results provide support for a rapid and automatic process that transforms the representation of a tactile stimulus from a skin-centred reference frame to a more external (eg body-centred or allocentric) one.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Semantic congruity affects numerical judgments similarly in monkeys and humans.

Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to order visual arrays based on their number of elements and to conditionally choose the array with the larger or smaller number of elements dependent on a color cue. When the screen background was red, monkeys were reinforced for choosing the smaller numerical value first. When the screen background was blue, monkeys were reinforced for choosing the larger numerical value first. Monkeys showed a semantic congruity effect analogous to that reported for human comparison judgments. Specifically, decision time was systematically influenced by the semantic congruity between the cue ("choose smaller" or "choose larger") and the magnitude of the choice stimuli (small or large numbers of dots). This finding demonstrates a semantic congruity effect in a nonlinguistic animal and provides strong evidence for an evolutionarily primitive magnitude-comparison algorithm common to humans and monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Visuospatial deficits in Parkinson's disease assessed by judgment of line orientation test: error analyses and practice effects.

The Benton's Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO) is one of the tests most frequently used to assess visuospatial function. The aim of the present study was to analyze qualitative errors in Parkinson's disease (PD) following the method described by Ska, Poissant, and Joanette (1990) and to determine possible practice effects of this test. The JLO was administered to 76 idiopathic PD patients and 76 matched normal controls. The analyses of errors showed several qualitative differences between groups. Parkinson's patients made a greater proportion of complex intraquadrant errors and horizontal line errors, while they showed fewer simple intraquadrant errors than controls. The JLO test was also administered twice in an interval of 20 min in a subsample of 25 PD patients and 25 normal controls. The results did not show significant differences between the two administrations, indicating that the test is free of practice effects. In conclusion, these data provide further evidence for the existence of visuospatial deficits in PD. Moreover, the JLO has proved to be an appropriate test for the assessment of the visuospatial function in patients who require a neuropsychological follow up.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Display-control compatibility: the relationship between performance and judgments of performance.

This study examined whether people can judge the usability of display-control mappings. Participants identified one of two alternatives which were presented in a questionnaire. Several types of stimuli were tested, ranging from simple shapes to semantic stimuli. Choices were found to be predominately correct when usability was defined by an unambiguous spatial relationship between displays and controls. In contrast, estimates were less accurate for items which did not solely rely on spatial congruence. The findings were interpreted in terms of the factors that need to be considered for judgments to be free of error.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The role of individual differences in the accuracy of confidence judgments.

Generally, self-assessment of accuracy in the cognitive domain produces overconfidence, whereas self-assessment of visual perceptual judgments results in underconfidence. Despite contrary empirical evidence, in models attempting to explain those phenomena, individual differences have often been disregarded. The authors report on 2 studies in which that shortcoming was addressed. In Experiment 1, participants (N= 520) completed a large number of cognitive-ability tests. Results indicated that individual differences provide a meaningful source of overconfidence and that a metacognitive trait might mediate that effect. In further analysis, there was only a relatively small correlation between test accuracy and confidence bias. In Experiment 2 (N = 107 participants), both perceptual and cognitive ability tests were included, along with measures of personality. Results again indicated the presence of a confidence factor that transcended the nature of the testing vehicle. Furthermore, a small relationship was found between that factor and some self-reported personality measures. Thus, personality traits and cognitive ability appeared to play only a small role in determining the accuracy of self-assessment. Collectively, the present results suggest that there are multiple causes of miscalibration, which current models of over- and underconfidence fail to encompass.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Strategy changes in human contingency judgments as a function of contingency tables.

Judgment strategies of 169 undergraduate students on problems to judge the contingency between two binary events were identified by the method of rule-based analysis to clarify whether or not the strategies the subjects used would be affected by the concrete nature of the contingency table. Problems were constructed along two factors: total cell frequency and width of range of objective contingencies. Although the factor of total cell frequency had no effect on subjects' strategies, the number of subjects who changed strategies corresponding with problem instances increased when the objective contingencies were set closer to zero or when problems became more difficult. These results are discussed in the context of previous studies of this issue in the literature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Children's judgments of certainty and uncertainty on a problem where the possible solutions differ in likelihood.

In the present study, the authors adapted a task introduced by Piaget (1987) to assess children's appreciation of indeterminacy under conditions in which the possible solutions to a problem are not equally likely. The task involved identifying or predicting the number of chips that must be drawn from a box in order to determine its contents with certainty. Children 7 through 12 years old were presented with this task and with Pieraut-Le Bonniec's (1980) box task (a standard measure of the ability to distinguish determinate from indeterminate conditions). The tasks produced parallel developmental functions, although there was some indication that appreciating indeterminacy was easier on Piaget's problem than on the standard task. Information about likelihoods did not influence children's judgments of certainty and uncertainty. In general, recognizing that a problem is determinate precedes recognition of indeterminacy, which, in turn, precedes success at predicting the moves needed to establish certainty on a problem.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Moral judgment in delinquents and nondelinquents: recognition versus production measures.

Juvenile delinquents' (n = 60) and nondelinquents' (n = 73) stages of moral development were compared using both recognition and production measures. Juvenile delinquents were found to score significantly lower than nondelinquents on a production measure of moral judgment (the Sociomoral Reflection Measure). A recognition measure (the Sociomoral Reflection Objective Measure), however, did not discriminate between the two groups in an analysis controlled for significant covariates of age, socioeconomic status, and IQ. The possibility that delinquents are delayed in the production but not recognition of mature moral reasoning is considered. The possibility is also considered, however, that excessive error variance associated with recognition measures of moral reasoning when administered to juvenile delinquents is responsible for the inability of such measures to discriminate between delinquents and nondelinquents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Schizophrenics' and college students' preference for and judgment of schizophrenic versus normal humorous captions.

The present study investigated schizophrenics' and college students' preference for and judgment of humor samples written by schizophrenics and normals. Twenty male hospitalized schizophrenics and 20 male undergraduate college students ranked from most to least funny two sets of captions that had been previously written by an independent group of 10 college students and 10 schizophrenics. In addition, all subjects identified which captions they thought were written by college students and which by schizophrenics. The schizophrenic judges ranked the schizophrenic captions significantly more humorous than the student judges did. Student judges found the student captions significantly more humorous than the schizophrenic judges found them. When presented with both schizophrenic and student captions, however, all 40 subjects found the student captions significantly more humorous than the schizophrenic captions. Schizophrenic judges were not significantly better than student judges in the identification of schizophrenic captions. Student judges, however, were significantly better judges of "normal" humor than schizophrenic judges were.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Influences of current mood and noise sensitivity on judgments of noise annoyance.

Noise annoyance is one of the most studied reactions to auditory events. Previous research has demonstrated that annoyance reactions may be mediated by individual characteristics such as personality, attitudes, and noise sensitivity (traits). Transient temporary states such as an individual's current mood have been studied to a lesser extent. The author studied annoyance reactions to an everyday noise in participants who either were slightly annoyed or in a neutral affective state. The results showed that current mood had an overall effect on judgments of annoyance and on a participant's preference for sound. In addition, a participant's current mood interacted with noise sensitivity. These results indicate that both individual noise sensitivity (traits) and transient moods (states) are important for human auditory perception and evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Personal evaluations, laughter, and affective judgments.

Fifty-six subjects read positive or negative evaluations of their personality made by a bogus same-sex peer and then rated their immediate feelings. A second group of 22 subjects rated their feelings after reading the evaluations of a third person. It was found that personal evaluations evoked more spontaneous laughter than did the evaluation of a third person (p less than .001). Inclusion of the factor of laughter in the experimental design disclosed that subjects who laughed felt more pleasant than those who did not laugh (p less than .008) and that laughter was associated with affective state only in the negative evaluation condition (p less than .003).. Also, positive evaluations made the subjects feel good, and negative ones made them feel bad (p less than .001). Results seemed to suggest that extreme affective arousal engenders laughter which, in turn, alters the judgments of one's affective state.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The effect of perceived wealth and poverty on adolescents' character judgments.

American adolescents between the ages of 11 and 16 were shown a photograph and a brief biographical sketch of a stranger in their own age group. The stranger was described as poor, wealthy, or neutral (no economic cues provided). Subjects were asked to rate the stranger on 20 characterological traits arranged in a semantic differential format. Strangers depicted as poor received significantly lower overall ratings than did neutral or wealthy strangers. Wealthy strangers were perceived to be more intelligent, to make better grades, to make friends more easily, and to embody other positive traits to a greater degree than neutral or poor strangers. Contrary to findings in other studies, however, poor individuals were not perceived to be lazy or to mishandle money. No interactions were found between affluence-based character judgments and the sex or age of subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The effect of hypnotically elicited testimony on jurors' judgments of guilt and innocence.

Survey data from several countries indicate that many people believe that hypnosis may increase the accuracy of an eyewitness's memory; most experimental research, however, suggests that this belief is inaccurate. This study examined whether the belief could influence judgments of guilt and innocence in a simulated criminal trial. The results indicated that British undergraduates were more likely to find a male defendant guilty when told that the testimony against him had been elicited under hypnosis. Results concerning a nonhypnotic memory facilitation technique were found to be inconclusive, and the salience of hypnotically elicited testimony was ruled out as a contributory element.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Executive functioning and judgment-of-learning versus feeling-of-knowing in older adults.

Feeling-of-knowing (FOK) accuracy and judgment-of-learning (JOL) accuracy were compared on separate, identical, episodic-memory tasks. The results indicated that these two measures were not correlated, suggesting that they do not tap the same metacognitive ability. We also looked at whether FOK and JOL accuracies were related differently to higher order executive functioning. In order to take advantage of within-subject variability in cognitive performance, older adults were selected as participants. They were administered the standard neuropsychological tests used to assess executive functioning. A correlational analysis clearly showed that only FOK accuracy was correlated with the executive measures, suggesting that executive control is not equally implicated in FOK and JOL.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age differences in the bases for social judgments: tests of a social expertise perspective.

Research indicates that increasing age is associated with greater use of trait-diagnostic behavioral information in making social judgments. These effects may reflect an aging-related increase in social expertise, indicative of more powerful and accessible knowledge structures. The current work is an attempt to provide further evidence in support of the social expertise view and a test of an alternative hypothesis. Results of this work indicate that age differences in the use of trait-diagnostic information were moderated by factors thought to affect the accessibility of relevant knowledge structures.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Aging and capacity in the same-different judgment.

The same-different judgment was used in two experiments to investigate age-group differences in visual processing. Two targets next to fixation were presented; the targets on one-half of the trials were the same, and on the other half of the trials, the targets differed by color, shape, or color and shape (redundant). Response times were lower for redundant trials than for color-only and shape-only trials; this redundancy gain was greater for older observers than for young observers. Capacity measures based on the integrated hazard functions indicated that young adults, but not older adults, experienced a slowing of processing (reduction of capacity) in the redundant condition. These capacity measures may provide a method for interpreting age-group effects in the presence of overall response-time differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: Age- and IQ-Adjusted Norms for the Boston Naming Test, the MAE Token Test, and the Judgment of Line Orientation Test.

Although many extant normative data sets for standardized neuropsychometric instruments feature adjustments for subject variables, there are reasons to believe that improvements in interpretive accuracy that result from such adjustments are less than optimal. In particular, several theoretical considerations suggest that years of formal education may be less closely related to test performances than is general intellectual functioning. In this first of four reanalyses of results from the Mayo Clinic's Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS) databases, age-adjusted scores on the Boston Naming Test, the MAE Token Test, and the Judgment of Line Orientation Test were indeed found to be more strongly associated with Mayo Age-adjusted WAIS-R Full Scale IQ scores (rs=.608, .473, and .502, respectively) than with education (rs=.310, .306, and .236, respectively) for healthy older examinees (56-99 years). Consistent with the remarks of Dodrill (19971999), these correlations generally decreased at higher levels of intelligence. The magnitude and pattern of such declines varied across the three tests, however, suggesting that IQ-test score associations must be empirically determined rather than assumed to be linear. Tables of Age- and IQ-Adjusted percentile equivalents of MOANS Age-adjusted BNT, Token Test, and JLO scaled scores are presented for eleven age ranges and seven IQ ranges. The article concludes with a discussion of factors that may underlie observed relations among age, intelligence, and neuropsychometric test performances.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Mayo's Older African Americans Normative Studies: norms for Boston Naming Test, Controlled Oral Word Association, Category Fluency, Animal Naming, Token Test, WRAT-3 Reading, Trail Making Test, Stroop Test, and Judgment of Line Orientation.

Normative data for older African Americans are presented for several clinical neuropsychological measures, including Boston Naming Test, Controlled Oral Word Association, Category Fluency, Token Test, WRAT-3 Reading, Trail Making Test, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Judgment of Line Orientation. Age-adjusted norms were derived from a sample of 309 cognitively normal, community-dwelling individuals, aged 56 through 94, participating in Mayo's Older African Americans Normative Studies (MOAANS). Years of education were modelled on age-scaled scores to derive regression Equations that may be applied for further demographic correction. These data should enhance interpretation of individual test performances and facilitate analysis of neuropsychological profile patterns in older African American patients who present for dementia evaluations.

Black or African American↗