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At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

A quantitative dynamic concept of the interphase partition of lipids: application to bile salt-lecithin-cholesterol mixed micelles.

A system is proposed for a quantitative classification of lipids, based on interphase partition coefficients. This system enables calculation of exchanges of lipid molecules between phases. The mass/volume chemical unit mol X cm-3, strictly derived from the CGS system, is used, thus simplifying mathematical relations. Applied to bile salt-lecithin-cholesterol mixed micelles, this dynamic concept gives new insight into the variations of physico-chemical parameters. Experimental results obtained with the glycodesoxycholate and the taurocholate show a striking difference in partition coefficients between aqueous and mixed bile salt-lecithin interfacial phases. A new model applying triangular co-ordinates to a bile salt-lecithin-cholesterol mixed lipid phase is described.

Bile Acids and Salts↗
PubMed2000

The dependence of equilibrium film thickness on grain orientation at interphase boundaries in ceramic-ceramic composites

High-resolution transmission electron microscope observations of hexagonal boron nitride - 3C silicon carbide interphase boundaries suggest that where one or more phases is highly anisotropic, an orientation dependence on equilibrium film thickness can arise. Theoretical considerations of this phenomenon in terms of the equilibrium thickness of an amorphous film between two crystalline media are consistent with the trend seen experimentally.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

The perceptual effects of interphase gap duration in cochlear implant stimulation.

The most common current pulse shape used for cochlear implants is a biphasic rectangular pulse. The interphase gap (IPG) is the duration of the zero-current portion which lies between the two phases. It is known from single-nerve studies in animals that, as the IPG decreases, the biphasic pulse becomes less efficient in activating the nerve cell. Thus, it can be predicted that stimulation using smaller IPGs will necessitate the use of higher currents to maintain the loudness required by the cochlear implantee. The development of contemporary processing schemes commonly involves the maximization of the rate parameter, and to achieve this in sequential pulsatile stimulation, the IPG as well as the pulse phase duration must be minimized. This experiment investigated the effect of IPG on loudness in eight cochlear implantees who use the CI24 implant manufactured by Cochlear Ltd. An exponential increase in current level was required to maintain equal loudness when IPG is reduced from 100 to 45 and 8.4 micros. The effect of IPG was greater at lower levels, was greater for shorter pulse durations (26 micros compared to 52 micros), and was not significantly different for the rates (1 kHz or 4 kHz) tested.

Cochlear Implants↗
PubMed2003

Specific interaction of PML bodies with the TP53 locus in Jurkat interphase nuclei.

PML bodies play an important role in multiple pathways of growth control, such as transformation suppression, apoptosis, and Ras-induced senescence. However, the molecular and biological bases for these physiological phenomena are not well understood. The findings that viruses transcribe their genomes adjacent to PML bodies and that nascent RNA accumulates at their periphery have suggested that PML bodies are transcription-permissible domains. To investigate the role of PML bodies in regulation of cell transformation and apoptosis-related gene transcription, we employed the immuno-FISH method to examine the relationship between PML bodies and the TP53 and BCL2 gene loci. PML bodies were found to localize specifically with the TP53 locus in about 50% of Jurkat interphase nuclei, but never in proximity with the BCL2 locus. We speculate that PML bodies may interact directly with the TP53 DNA sequence to regulate TP53 gene expression.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed1997

Stationary interphases with extended alkyl chains: a comparative study on chain order by solid-state NMR spectroscopy.

Stationary interphases with long n-alkyl chains (n = 18, 22, 30, 34) have been examined by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The determination of the silane functionality and the degree of cross-linking of silane ligands on the silica surface was performed by 29Si CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. High-speed 1H MAS and 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy were utilized to assess alkyl chain order and mobility of the different bonded phases. For this purpose, 1H NMR line widths and 13C chemical shifts have been evaluated. It is shown that stationary phase order and rigidity increase with alkyl chain length. In addition, the temperature-dependent trans/gauche conformational change occurs at higher temperatures for a polymeric C34 phase compared with a C30 sorbent. This behaviour is discussed in the context of previously reported chromatographic (HPLC) shape selectivity differences.

Carbon Isotopes↗
PubMed2003

Chromosomal abnormalities in non-small cell lung carcinomas and in bronchial epithelia of high-risk smokers detected by multi-target interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Human lung carcinogenesis is accompanied by complex chromosomal changes that may be detected in interphase cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay using recently developed multitarget DNA probes. Touch preparations of 20 non-small cell lung carcinomas, sputum specimens from 3 patients with lung cancer and from 11 ex-smokers without lung cancer, and cultured benign bronchial epithelium of 42 high-risk smokers, 9 of whom had concurrent invasive carcinoma, were tested using a four-color FISH probe (LAVysion) targeting centromere 6, 5p15.2, 7p12 (EGFR), and 8q24 (MYC). Significantly high frequencies of abnormal cells were found in each of the 20 NSCLC (100%) and in the 3 sputum specimens from lung cancer patients. None of the cytologically normal sputa contained FISH abnormalities. Cultured bronchial epithelial cells from 11 of 42 patients (26%) were abnormal for at least one probe. Abnormal FISH patterns had no association with gender, presence of tumor or histology. Multicolor FISH can readily detect chromosomal abnormalities in imprints and sputa from lung carcinomas. Chromosomal aneusomy is also frequent in bronchial epithelial cells from long-term smokers. The prognostic significance of the multicolor LAVysion FISH probe set should be validated in a controlled clinical trial.

Bronchi↗
PubMed2004

Intratumoral patterns of clonal evolution in meningiomas as defined by multicolor interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): is there a relationship between histopathologically benign and atypical/anaplastic lesions?

Meningiomas are cytogenetically heterogeneous tumors in which chromosome gains and losses frequently occur. Based on the intertumoral cytogenetic heterogeneity of meningiomas, hypothetical models of clonal evolution have been proposed in these tumors which have never been confirmed at the intratumoral cell level. The aim of this study was to establish the intratumoral patterns of clonal evolution associated with chromosomal instability in individual patients as a way to establish tumor progression pathways in meningiomas and their relationship with tumor histopathology and behavior. A total of 125 meningioma patients were analyzed at diagnosis. In all cases, multicolor interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (iFISH) studies were performed on fresh tumor samples for the detection of quantitative abnormalities for 11 different chromosomes. In addition, overall tumor cell DNA content was measured in parallel by flow cytometry. iFISH studies were also performed in parallel on tissue sections in a subset of 30 patients. FISH studies showed that 56 (45%) of the 125 cases analyzed had a single tumor cell clone, all these cases corresponding to histologically benign grade I tumors. In the remaining cases (55%) more than one tumor cell clone was identified: two in 45 cases (36%), three in 19 (15%), and four or more clones in five cases (4%). Overall, flow cytometric analysis of cell DNA contents showed the presence of DNA aneuploidy in 44 of these cases (35%), 30% corresponding to DNA hyperdiploid and 5% to hypodiploid cases; from the DNA aneuploid cases, 35 (28%) showed two clones and 9 (7%) had three or more clones. A high degree of correlation (r >/= 0.89; P < 0.001) was found between FISH and flow cytometry as regards the overall quantitative DNA changes detected with both techniques, the former being more sensitive. Among the cases with chromosome abnormalities, the earliest tumor cell clone observed was frequently characterized by the loss of one or more chromosomes (64% of all meningiomas); loss of either a single chromosome 22 or, less frequently, of a sex chromosome (X or Y) and del (1p) was commonly found as the single initial cytogenetic aberration (30%, 5%, and 5% of the cases, respectively). Interestingly, an isolated loss of chromosome 22 was only found as the initial abnormality in one out of 14 atypical/anaplastic meningiomas, while the same cytogenetic pattern was present in the ancestral tumor cell clone of 32% of the benign tumors. Cytogenetic patterns based on chromosome gains were found in the ancestral tumor cell clone in 4% of the patients, 2% corresponding to tetraploid tumors. Overall, cytogenetic evolution of the earliest tumor cell clones was frequently associated with tetraploidization (31%). Our results show that meningiomas are genetically heterogeneous tumors that display different patterns of numerical chromosome changes, with the presence of more than one tumor cell clone detected in almost half of the cases including all atypical/anaplastic cases. Interestingly, the pathways of intratumoral clonal evolution observed in the benign tumors were different from those observed in atypical/anaplastic meningiomas, suggesting that the latter tumors might not always represent a more advanced stage of histologically benign meningiomas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Synthesis of Polysiloxane-Bound (Ether-phosphine)palladium Complexes. Stoichiometric and Catalytic Reactions in Interphases(1).

The reaction of two equiv of the monomeric ether-phosphine O,P ligand (MeO)(3)Si(CH(2))(3)(Ph)PCH(2)-Do [1a(T(0)()), 1b(T(0)())] {Do = CH(2)OCH(3) [1a(T(0)())], CHCH(2)CH(2)CH(2)O [1b(T(0)())]} with PdCl(2)(COD) yields the monomeric palladium(II) complexes Cl(2)Pd(P approximately O)(2) [2a(T(0)())(2)(), 2b(T(0)())(2)()]. The compounds 2a(T(0)())(2)() and 2b(T(0)())(2)() are sol-gel processed with variable amounts (y) of Si(OEt)(4) (Q(0)()) to give the polysiloxane-bound complexes 2a(T(n)())(2)()(Q(k)())(y)(), 2b(T(n)())(2)()(Q(k)())(y)() (Table 1) {P approximately O = eta(1)-P-coordinated ether-phosphine ligand; for T(n)() and Q(k)(), y = number of condensed T type (three oxygen neighbors), Q type (four oxygen neighbors) silicon atoms; n and k = number of Si-O-Si bonds; n = 0-3; k = 0-4; 2a(T(n)())(2)()(Q(k)())(y)(), 2b(T(n)())(2)()(Q(k)())(y)() = {[M]-SiO(n)()(/2)(OX)(3)(-)(n)()}(2)[SiO(k)()(/2)(OX)(4)(-)(k)()](y)(), [M] = (Cl(2)Pd)(1/2)(Ph)P(CH(2)Do)(CH(2))(3)-, X = H, Me, Et}. The complexes 2b(T(n)())(2)()(Q(k)())(y)() (y = 4, 12, 36) show high activity and selectivity in the hydrogenation of 1-hexyne and tolan. The dicationic complexes [Pd(P&arcraise;O)(2)][SbF(6)](2) [3a(T(0)())(2)(), 3b(T(0)())(2)()] are formed by reacting Cl(2)Pd(P approximately O)(2) with 2 equiv of a silver salt {P&arcraise;O = eta(2)-O&arcraise;P-coordinated ether-phosphine ligand; 3a(T(0)())(2)(), 3b(T(0)())(2)() = [M]-SiOMe(3); [M] = {[Pd(2+)](1/)(2)P(Ph)(CH(2)CH(2)OCH(3))(CH(2))(3)-}{SbF(6)} (a), {[Pd(2+)](1/)(2)P(Ph)(CH(2)CHCH(2)CH(2)CH(2)O)(CH(2))(3)-}{SbF(6)} (b)}. Their polysiloxane-bound congeners 3a(T(n)())(2)(), 3b(T(n)())(2)() {[M]-SiO(n)()(/2)(OX)(3)(-)(n)} are obtained if a volatile, reversible bound ligand like acetonitrile is employed during the sol-gel process. The bis(chelate)palladium(II) complexes 3a(T(n)())(2)(), 3b(T(n)())(2)() are catalytic active in the solvent-free CO-ethene copolymerization, producing polyketones with chain lengths comparable to those obtained with chelating diphosphine ligands. The polysiloxane-bound palladium(0) complexes 5a(T(n)())(2)()(Q(k)())(4)(), 5b(T(n)())(2)()(Q(k)())(4)() {[M]-SiO(n)()(/)(2)(OX)(3)(-)(n)}(2)[SiO(k)()(/2)(OX)(4)(-)(k)](4), [M] = [(dba)Pd](1/)(2)P(Ph)(CH(2)Do)(CH(2))(3)-} undergo an oxidative addition reaction with iodobenzene in an interphase with formation of the complexes PhPd(I)(P approximately O)(2).4SiO(2) [6a(T(n)())(2)()(Q(k)())(4)(), 6b(T(n)())(2)()(Q(k)())(4)()] {[M]-SiO(n)()(/)(2)(OX)(3)(-)(n)](2)[SiO(k)()(/2)(OX)(4)(-)(k)](4), [M] = [PhPd(I)](1/2)P(Ph)(CH(2)Do)(CH(2))(3)-}, which insert carbon monoxide into the palladium-aryl bond even in the solid state.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

New insight into the solid electrolyte interphase with use of a focused ion beam.

The formation and evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film on the surface of natural graphite spheres in the electrolyte of 1 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (volume ratio 1:1) were investigated with use of focused ion beam (FIB) technology. Secondary electron FIB images clearly show the surface and cross-section morphology of the SEI film. The composition variation along the surface and cross section of the SEI film was also explored by the elemental line scan analysis (ELSA). The initial SEI film with an apparent thickness range of approximately 450 to approximately 980 nm is rough in morphology and nonuniform in composition, and contains small splits. After certain electrochemical cycles, the thickened SEI film displays microscale holes and obvious cracks on the surface, and the content of organic compounds increases. In addition, the concept of "internal SEI film" is first proposed based on the characterization of the cross section of the natural graphite spheres with the aid of FIB. Finally, the capacity fading mechanisms of the natural graphite spheres corresponding to different electrochemical stages are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides using 30% hydrogen peroxide catalyzed with a recoverable silica-based tungstate interphase catalyst.

Various types of aromatic and aliphatic sulfides are selectively oxidized to sulfoxides and sulfones in good to excellent yields using 30% H2O2 in the presence of catalytic amounts of a novel recoverable silica-based tungstate interphase catalyst at room temperature. The catalyst can be recovered and reused for at least eight reaction cycles under the described reaction conditions without considerable loss of reactivity. [reaction: see text]

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

A highly efficient and recyclable silica-based scandium(III) interphase catalyst for cyanosilylation of carbonyl compounds.

[reaction: see text] A new silica-based scandium(III) interphase catalyst 2 efficiently catalyzes the cyanosilylation of a variety of aldehydes and ketones. The catalyst shows high thermal stability (up to 300 degrees C) and also is stable in both organic and polar solvents. It also could be recovered and reused for at least 10 reaction cycles without considerable loss of reactivity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Strengths of modified amalgam-to-dentin interphases.

Amalgam remains the primary dental restorative for nearly 200,000,000 Indonesians. Ground occlusal dentin surfaces of 140 formaldehyde-treated human molars were used to study shear strengths of different adhesive bonds (40: Syntac/Variolink, 40: Amalgambond Plus (AP), 40: AP+microfibre, and 20: Amalcoden) to a spherical high-copper amalgam (Valiant, Ivoclar NA). After 24 h at 37 degrees C/100 RH, restorations were stored for 7 d under one of four different conditions (all 37 degrees C) : A, 100% RH; B, deionized water; C, 0.9% NaCl solution; D, saliva electrolyte solution. Amalcoden-treated samples were exposed to conditions A and B only. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc analysis (P<0.05) were applied. For any single storage condition, AP+microfibre bond strengths were significantly greater than those for other agents tested. Storage condition was a significant variable only for the AP+microfibre; weaker bond strengths were observed for saline-stored samples. Improvement of restorative-to-dentin interfaces, eliminating pulp sensitivity, can result from aldehyde pre-treatment of teeth, as well as from the use of microfibre-filled Amalgambond Plus. These results illustrate the importance of "stabilization" of the entire interphase.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

RET rearrangements in post-Chernobyl papillary thyroid carcinomas with a short latency analysed by interphase FISH.

Tissue samples from 13 post-Chernobyl childhood thyroid tumours that occurred within a short period of time (4-8 years) after the Chernobyl accident have been investigated by interphase FISH analysis for rearrangements of RET. In all, 77% of cases showed RET/PTC rearrangements and a distinct intratumoural genetic heterogeneity. The data were compared to findings on 32 post-Chernobyl PTCs that occurred after a longer period of time (9-12 years) after the accident. In none of the cases from either group were 100% of cells positive for RET rearrangement. In addition, the pattern of RET-positive cells was different in the two groups (short vs longer latency). A significant clustering of aberrant cells could be detected in the long-latency subgroup, whereas the aberrant cells were more homogeneously distributed among the short-latency tumours. The findings suggest that oligoclonal tumour development occurs in post-Chernobyl PTCs. This pattern of different clones within the tumour appears to become more discrete in cases with longer latencies, suggesting either outgrowth of individual clones or development of later subclones with time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Collected studies on interfaces and interphases as related to the behaviour of fibre-reinforced aluminium alloy composites

This paper is an essentially practical treatment of interphases and interfaces and of their influence on the properties of a number of metal matrix composites (MMCs). The illustrations are drawn from the authors' experiences and have been chosen to underline the importance of detailed microstructural analysis for elucidating the fabrication behaviour and the mechanical performance of this group of materials. The work involves a series of MMCs based upon different combinations of aluminium alloy and ceramic/carbon fibre (both continuous and short) and made using the method of low-pressure liquid metal infiltration (LMI). Detailed analyses of the composite microstructures are given, with particular attention being paid to the interface regions. The data are used to categorize an interface according to the type of bond, that is a mechanical bond resulting from thermal mismatch between the fibre and metal matrix, or a chemical bond, with or without second phase, caused by chemical reaction. The information is then employed to account for aspects of composite fabrication, such as the cast microstructure produced by the LMI method and the effect of heat treatment, and to elucidate composite properties such as stiffness, yield stress and failure strength.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1974

Orientation of mitosis of fibroblasts is determined in the interphase.

Time-lapse films of the cultures of mouse L fibroblasts have been analyzed to find out the angles between the direction of the big axis of interphase nucleus before mitosis and the direction of the mitotic furrow in the same cell. In 41 out of 51 mitoses this angle has been found to be more than 60 degrees . Thus, the orientation of mitotic furrows depends on the internal polarity of the cell before mitosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

4.1R proteins associate with interphase microtubules in human T cells: a 4.1R constitutive region is involved in tubulin binding.

Red blood cell protein 4.1 (4.1R) is an 80-kDa protein that stabilizes the spectrin-actin network and anchors it to the plasma membrane. To contribute to the characterization of functional roles and partners of specific nonerythroid 4.1R isoforms, we analyzed 4.1R in human T cells and found that endogenous 4.1R was distributed to the microtubule network. Transfection experiments of T cell 4.1R cDNAs in conjunction with confocal microscopy analysis revealed the colocalization of exogenous 4.1R isoforms with the tubulin skeleton. Biochemical analyses using Taxol (paclitaxel)-polymerized microtubules from stably transfected T cells confirmed the association of the exogenous 4.1R proteins with microtubules. Consistent with this, endogenous 4.1R immunoreactive proteins were also detected in the microtubule-containing fraction. In vitro binding assays using glutathione S-transferase-4.1R fusion proteins showed that a constitutive domain of the 4.1R molecule, one that is therefore present in all 4.1R isoforms, is responsible for the association with tubulin. A 22-amino acid sequence comprised in this domain and containing heptad repeats of leucine residues was essential for tubulin binding. Furthermore, ectopic expression of 4.1R in COS-7 cells provoked microtubule disorganization. Our results suggest an involvement of 4.1R in interphase microtubule architecture and support the hypothesis that some 4.1R functional activities are cell type-regulated.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Influence of dose-rate, post-irradiation incubation time and growth factors on interphase cell death by apoptosis and clonogenic survival of human peripheral lymphocytes.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of dose-rate, post-irradiation incubation time and growth factors on radiation-induced interphase cell death by apoptosis and reproductive cell death in human peripheral lymphocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lymphocytes in G0-phase were exposed in vitro to 1-3Gy 137Cs gamma-radiation at a high- (HDR, 45Gy/h) or a low dose-rate (LDR, 0.024Gy/h). HDR exposures were performed either on day 1 (HDR1) simultaneously with the start of the 3 Gy LDR exposure, or on day 6 (HDR6) when the LDR exposures ended. Apoptosis was studied at different times after irradiation by measuring (1) cellular membrane integrity, (2) morphological changes and (3) cell size reduction. Clonogenic survival was analysed for cells plated directly after irradiation (LDR, HDR6, HDR1 day 1) or after 5 days post-irradiation incubation (HDR1 day 6). RESULTS: A significant decrease in reproductive cell death was observed after 3 Gy LDR exposure as compared with the HDR1 exposure for cells plated day 6. For the lower doses applied, the dose-rate effect could not be statistically verified. A decrease in apoptosis for all three doses applied (i.e. 1, 2 and 3Gy) was observed when the LDR exposures were compared with the HDRI analysed day 6, although not of statistical significance. Radiation-induced apoptosis was efficiently counteracted by growth factors up to 24-48 h after 3 Gy HDR exposure. The prevention of radiation-induced cell death by growth factors was dependent on dose and post-irradiation time in G0. When the growth factors were added after a prolonged post-irradiation incubation in G0 (HDR 1 cells plated day 6), a significant increase in reproductive cell death was found (3 Gy) as compared with HDR protocols where the growth factors were added directly after irradiation (HDR 1 plated day 1 and HDR6). CONCLUSIONS: A dose-rate effect on radiation-induced apoptosis was indicated but not statistically verified. A significant dose-rate effect on reproductive cell death was observed. This dose-rate effect was, however, inverted when growth factors were added directly after the HDR irradiations.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed1996

XIST RNA paints the inactive X chromosome at interphase: evidence for a novel RNA involved in nuclear/chromosome structure.

The XIST gene is implicated in X chromosome inactivation, yet the RNA contains no apparent open reading frame. An accumulation of XIST RNA is observed near its site of transcription, the inactive X chromosome (Xi). A series of molecular cytogenetic studies comparing properties of XIST RNA to other protein coding RNAs, support a critical distinction for XIST RNA; XIST does not concentrate at Xi simply because it is transcribed and processed there. Most notably, morphometric and 3-D analysis reveals that XIST RNA and Xi are coincident in 2- and 3-D space; hence, the XIST RNA essentially paints Xi. Several results indicate that the XIST RNA accumulation has two components, a minor one associated with transcription and processing, and a spliced major component, which stably associates with Xi. Upon transcriptional inhibition the major spliced component remains in the nucleus and often encircles the extra-prominent heterochromatic Barr body. The continually transcribed XIST gene and its polyadenylated RNA consistently localize to a nuclear region devoid of splicing factor/poly A RNA rich domains. XIST RNA remains with the nuclear matrix fraction after removal of chromosomal DNA. XIST RNA is released from its association with Xi during mitosis, but shows a unique highly particulate distribution. Collective results indicate that XIST RNA may be an architectural element of the interphase chromosome territory, possibly a component of nonchromatin nuclear structure that specifically associates with Xi. XIST RNA is a novel nuclear RNA which potentially provides a specific precedent for RNA involvement in nuclear structure and cis-limited gene regulation via higher-order chromatin packaging.

Cell Cycle↗