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PubMed1990

Respiratory responses to occlusion or hypercapnic blood injection of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery in cats.

To examine whether the central chemoreceptors of respiration are located in the perfused area of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), we occluded arteries or injected hypercapnic blood into arteries in the ventral surface of the medulla in anesthetized, paralyzed, and peripherally chemodenervated cats. Phrenic nerve activity, as an index of respiratory output, was augmented by an injection of hypercapnic blood into the vertebral artery. This vertebral-injection response decreased during bilateral occlusion of AICA. However, responses of phrenic nerve activity to the occlusion of AICA were complicated; activity increased in 19 cats, did not change in 10, and decreased in 9 during occlusion. In experiments with blood of various PCO2 levels being bilaterally injected into AICA, phrenic discharges increased with increases of PCO2. During the injection of constant PCO2 blood into AICA, phrenic response to alveolar PCO2 decreased by 80% compared with the original response. From these results, the blood flow and blood PCO2 level of AICA seemed to be related to the central chemosensitivity for respiration. To examine the perfused area, the ventral surface pH of the medulla was measured with a micro-combination pH electrode (2 mm diameter). During the injection into AICA, pH in the rostral medulla depended on the PCO2 of injected blood, and pH in other areas depended on the PCO2 of systemic blood. Also, histological study of India ink injection into AICA showed that ink-filled vessels were exclusively observed in the rostral medulla. Thus, we conclude that at least part of the central chemoreceptors of respiration are located in the perfused area of AICA, that is, in the rostral medulla.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Studies on the accessory reproductive organs in the drake. 3. Ejecting mechanism of the fluid from the ejaculatory groove region.

The ejecting mechanism of the fluid from the ejaculatory groove region (EGR-fluid) of the drake was investigated. When Evans blue solution was injected into the wing wein, EGR-fluid was colored blue with the dye soon after injection. Ligation of the A. pudenda interna decreased the oozing volume of the fluid to a negligible amount and excision of the vascular body completely suppressed the erection of the penis. To investigate the ejecting course of EGR-fluid, Evans blue solution and India ink were injected into the A. pudenda interna and just beneath the epithelium of the ejaculatory groove region, respectively, using cloacal specimens. Injected Evans blue solution flowed out from the ejaculatory groove region and the particles of ink were observed to have lined between the epithelial cells. From these results, the following assumption might be made. Lymph generated in the vascular body causes the erection of the penis only and a lymph generated the tissue of ejaculatory groove, region to which blood is supplied from the A. pudenda interna is ejected from the epithelium of this region through the intercellular space of it. The ejected lymph is considered to be the EGR-fluid to be added to semen at copulation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Application of a new subretinal injection device in the dog.

The use of a new subretinal injection device (RetinaJect Subretinal Cannula, SurModics, Inc., Eden Prairie, MN) to access the subretinal space in the canine model was evaluated. Subretinal injections were performed in 33 mongrel dogs between 2 and 52 months of age (median = 9 months). In 5 normal dogs the injection of 150 microl saline or India ink occurred by using a conventional subretinal injection device (CSID) with a 30-gauge anterior chamber irrigating cannula. The sclera had to be surgically exposed and penetrated before the subretinal injection with the CSID could occur. After removing the CSID, the conjunctiva over the sclerotomy site had to be closed. In a second group of 28 dogs [16 normals, 10 RPE65 mutants, and 2 with progressive rod cone degeneration (prcd)], the 25-gauge needle of the RetinaJect was used to penetrate the conjunctiva and the sclera. Once the tip of the needle was close to the retinal surface, a 39-gauge polyimide cannula was extended and brought into apposition with the retina for the subsequent subretinal injection of 150 microl saline, India ink, or adeno-associated virus (AAV). No closure of the conjunctiva was required. The animals were clinically monitored between 1 and 59 weeks after surgery. From this second group 25 eyes were harvested for routine histological analysis either immediately after surgery or after a clinical observation time of between 1 and 40 weeks. Both devices provided equally successful access to the subretinal space. The main advantage of the RetinaJect was that no surgical dissection was required; this led to a shorter procedure time and milder postoperative conjunctival swelling. In summary, the use of the RetinaJect can be recommended as an alternative to the CSID for subretinal injections in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Object-based attentional selection can modulate the Stroop effect.

The Stroop (1935) effect is the inability to ignore a color word when the task is to report the ink color of that word (i.e., to say "green" to the word RED in green ink). The present study investigated whether object-based processing contributes to the Stroop effect. According to this view, observers are unable to ignore irrelevant features of an attended object (Kahneman & Henik, 1981). In three experiments, participants had to name the color of one of two superimposed rectangles and to ignore words that appeared in the relevant object, in the irrelevant object, or in the background. The words were congruent, neutral, or incongruent with respect to the correct color response. Words in the irrelevant object and in the background produced significant Stroop effects, consistent with earlier findings. Importantly, however, words in the relevant object produced larger Stroop effects than did the other conditions, suggesting amplified processing of all the features of an attended object. Thus, object-based processing can modulate the Stroop effect.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The effect of dexamethasone and promethazine in combination with buparvaquone in the management of East Coast fever.

The effects of dexamethasone and promethazine on the amelioration of pulmonary oedema in East Coast fever were investigated. The clinical effects of these drugs were further investigated when used in conjunction with the antitheilerial drug, buparvaquone. In the first experiment, 15 crossbred (Friesian x Zebu) steers were divided into four groups. With the exception of the animals in group IV, that served as a control group all the others were infected with Theileria parva sporozoites. On the second day of the febrile reaction, the steers in groups I and II were treated with dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg) and promethazine (1 mg/kg), respectively. Group III steers served as the infected untreated controls. On the fifth day of the febrile reaction the animals in groups I, II and III were infused intravenously with tattoo ink suspension and 1 h later sacrificed for post-mortem examination and tissue sampling. The clinical picture indicated that both drugs significantly mitigated dyspnoea and the post mortem examination revealed a significant reduction in morphological changes. Tattoo ink particle count reflected a significant (P< 0.01) reduction in vascular leakage in the treated animals, with promethazine being significantly (P < 0.05) more effective than dexamethasone in this respect. In the second experiment, 18 steers were infected with T. parva sporozoites, and then were randomly allotted into three groups each of which contained six animals. After the onset of ECF clinical signs, the animals in the first two groups were treated with buparvaquone in combination with either dexamethasone (group I) or promethazine (group II), and the third group was treated with buparvaquone alone. The results indicated that all the animals in groups I, II and III recovered well and no significant differences were observed in clinical disposition between the groups. Two months later, serum samples were collected from the refractory animals and demonstrated the presence of antibodies against T. parva. When the animals were subsequently artificially challenged with T. parva, none of them succumbed to clinical disease. The same T. parva stabilate stock was used in both experiments and it proved to be infective in a separate batch of steers.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Vector and host relationships of California serogroup viruses in western Siberia.

During 1990 and 1991, adult mosquitoes were collected along the Ob River and its tributaries in western Siberia from approximately 51 degrees 18'N to 66 degrees 4'N. Fifteen virus strains were isolated from 74,196 mosquitoes tested in 1,874 pools. These included Tahyna virus from Aedes cataphylla-punctor subgroup (one) and Ae. excrucians (one), and Inkoo (INK) virus from Ae. communis (one), Ae. communis subgroup (one), Ae. hexodontus (two), Ae. punctor subgroup (two), Ae. punctor complex (one), and unidentified Aedes species (three). In addition, a single Ae. euedes yielded a strain of snowshoe hare (SSH) virus and a strain of Getah, an alphavirus. A Bunyamwera serogroup virus was isolated from Ae. excrucians. With the exception of the two isolates from a single mosquito, minimum infection rates among mosquito taxa ranged from 0.4 to 16.7 per 1,000. The INK virus isolates were widely distributed geographically; however, seven of the 10 isolates were from two sites north of the Arctic Circle. During 1991, sera from two mouse species, five vole species, and four shrew species were collected along the upper Ob River for serologic tests. The prevalence of neutralizing antibody to SSH virus in these sera was 80%. Prevalence rates in the four most abundant species were Apodemus agrarius, 73%; Clethrionomys rutilus, 71%; Microtus arvalis, 80%; and Sorex araneus, 91%. This is the first attempt to clarify the vector and vertebrate host relationships of California serogroup viruses in western Siberia.

Aedes↗
PubMed2006

[The asymmetry of interhemispheric interaction in reverse-stroop task].

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of interference on interhemispheric interaction in the reverse-stroop task. In two experiments, color-word in black ink and color-patch in red or blue ink were briefly presented to a bilateral visual-field (BVF). The participants were asked to identify the color word, ignoring the color patch. In Experiment 1, color-words written in kanji character were used as target ([Chinese character: see test] or [Chinese character: see test]). In Experiment 2, color-words written in kana character were used as target ([Chinese characters: see test] or [Chinese characters: see test]). The result in Experiment I showed that the size of the interference effect was invariant irrespective of the visual-field of the target. On the contrary, in Experiment 2, the interference effect was larger in the condition where the kana color-word was presented to left visual-field (LVF) than to right visual-field (RVF). These results suggested that the interference effect would be modulated by the dominant hemisphere for processing the target.

Brain↗
PubMed1999

Halide peroxidase in tissues that interact with bacteria in the host squid Euprymna scolopes.

An enzyme with similarities to myeloperoxidase, the antimicrobial halide peroxidase in mammalian neutrophils, occurs abundantly in the light organ tissue of Euprymna scolopes, a squid that maintains a beneficial association with the luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Using three independent assays typically applied to the analysis of halide peroxidase enzymes, we directly compared the activity of the squid enzyme with that of human myeloperoxidase. One of these methods, the diethanolamine assay, confirmed that the squid peroxidase requires halide ions for its activity. The identification of a halide peroxidase in a cooperative bacterial association suggested that this type of enzyme can function not only to control pathogens, but also to modulate the interactions of host animals with their beneficial partners. To determine whether the squid peroxidase functions under both circumstances, we examined its distribution in a variety of host tissues, including those that typically interact with bacteria and those that do not. Tissues interacting with bacteria included those that have specific cooperative associations with bacteria (i.e., the light organ and accessory nidamental gland) and those that have transient nonspecific interactions with bacteria (i.e., the gills, which clear the cephalopod circulatory system of invading microorganisms). These bacteria-associated tissues were compared with the eye, digestive gland, white body, and ink-producing tissues, which do not typically interact directly with bacteria. Peroxidase enzyme assays, immunocytochemical localization, and DNA-RNA hybridizations showed that the halide-dependent peroxidase is consistently expressed in high concentration in tissues that interact bacteria. Elevated levels of the peroxidase were also found in the ink-producing tissues, which are known to have enzymatic pathways associated with antimicrobial activity. Taken together, these data suggest that the host uses a common biochemical response to the variety of types of associations that it forms with microorganisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Influences of Kupffer cell stimulation and suppression on immunological liver injury in mice.

AIM: To study the possible involvement of Kupffer cells (KC) in immunological liver injury in mice. METHODS: Liver injury was induced by i.v. injection of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) 5 x 10(7) viable bacilli followed by i.v. injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 7.5 micrograms to each mouse. Indian ink and silica were i.v. injected to suppress KC and retinol was given po to stimulate KC in these mice. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT), aspatate aminotransferase (AspAT), nitric oxide (NO), and liver tissue were examined. RESULTS: Injection of LPS following BCG injection resulted in a remarkable elevation of plasma NO, AlaAT, and AspAT levels, and severe liver damage. The damages were enhanced by the activation of KC with retinol and reduced by suppression of KC with silica and Indian ink. CONCLUSION: The degree of liver injury induced by BCG + LPS is closely correlated with the status of KC, and NO from KC plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the liver damage in mice.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1991

Beating the odds against merger failures.

Inking a merger or acquisition agreement is only one hurdle in a healthcare industry that's increasingly bent on consolidation. Breaking the news to the work force and community can make or break the deal. Edward A. Kazemek outlines what should be done to keep emotional reaction from dooming negotiators' best efforts before the ink dries on the documents.

Communication↗
PubMed1980

Performance of bacteria filters.

Several kinds and brands of bacteria filters are commercially available for use in anesthesia and respiratory therapy applications. Clinical experience of high airflow resistance, ruptured media, failure to retain visible dust particles, and lack of consistent performance statements or warranties by manufacturers about their bacteria filters prompted a study of the performance of 13 different filters. The filters were challenged by mineral oil droplets, Serratia marcescens and Excherichia coli bacteriophages T4 and T7, tobacco smoke, nebulized india ink, dioctylphthalate smoke (DOP), and water. Results showed that viable bacterial passed through some filters, many filters were unable to retain visible ink or tobacco smoke particles, and resistance to airflow was increased two-fold or more in many filters when the filters were laden with 10 ml of water. Conflicting data resulted from two different types of DOP testing machines. There was a wide variation in performance among the different brands of filters; variable results also were seen within a given brand. Five brands of filters met the federal DOP standards for HEPA filters, but the wide variation in DOP testing results with two different kinds of DOP machines indicates a need for better standards. The DOP 0.3-micron bubble test is the most readily available nontoxic test to rate filtration efficiency; however, the DOP efficiency rating cannot be used to equate equivalent performance against infectious organisms.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cryptococcosis not associated with AIDS. Clinical study of seven patients].

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present was to study the clinical characteristics, the diagnostic methods, response to treatment and the evolution of cryptococcosis not associated with AIDS. METHODS: Seven cases studied in the Hospital Ramon y Cajal of Madrid, Spain over a 19-year period (1980-1998). Diagnosis was determined by LCR culture, blood or other clinical samples. RESULTS: Four patients were males with a mean age of 45.1 years (range: 23-69 years). All except one case presented a predisposing disease and three received corticoids and/or immunosuppressive drugs. Six patients presented meningitis and one pneumonia. The meningitis showed a subacute course with pleocytosis, hypoglycorrhachia and hyperproteinorrhachia in most of the patients. Chinese ink staining, culture and the cryptococcic antigen of LCR were positive in all the cases of meningitis evaluated. All the patients were initially treated with amphotericin and fluorocytosin. This schedule was substituted in two cases by amphotericin lipid formulas because of adverse effects and by fluconazol as an elective choice in one case. The evaluation was favorable in all the patients. One patient presented meningeal and cutaneous recurrence. Three patients died, although none did so during the acute episode or as a consequence of the infection. CONCLUSIONS: Cryptococcosis not associated with AIDS is rare in Sapin. It usually evolves with subacute hypoglucorrhachic meningitis and the conventional diagnostic techniques (Chinese ink staining, cryptococcic antigen and culture) provide adequate profitability. Response to treatment with amphotericin and fluorocytosis is usually favorable, although there are therapeutic alternatives which are adequate for selected cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The angular branch of the thoracodorsal artery and its blood supply to the inferior angle of the scapula: an anatomical study.

An anatomical study of the thoracodorsal arterial system was performed; it focused on the angular branch. The aim of the study was to document the anatomical variations of this pedicle and to delineate the area of supply to the inferior angle of the scapula with a view to free bone transfer. A total of 81 cadaver dissections were performed; they revealed the constant presence of the thoracodorsal artery and four vascular patterns of origin of the angular branch. Selective India ink perfusion studies performed on 11 sides in six fresh cadavers demonstrated a reliable supply to the inferior angle of the scapula to the extent of 6 cm of the vertebral margin and 3 cm of the lateral margin of the scapula. Histologic analysis of sections of this region of the scapula confirmed the presence of ink within the periosteal, cortical, and medullary vascular channels, implying the viability of this area of bone if transferred based on the angular branch.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1999

Lymphatic capillaries in the meninges of the human optic nerve.

OBJECTIVE: Although many anatomical studies of the orbit and the optic nerve have been performed, lymphatic capillaries in the dura of the human optic nerve have never been reported. This study was performed to determine whether or not lymphatic capillaries are present in the dura of the human optic nerve. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This postmortem study was carried out in seven subjects without ocular disease. The subjects were obtained no later than 6 hours after death, following qualified consent for autopsy. The dura of the human optic nerve was studied with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In some cases, india ink was injected into the subarachnoid space as a marker. RESULTS: Lymphatic capillaries in the dura of the human optic nerve were morphologically demonstrated with histological criteria (fenestrated endothelium, lack of a basal membrane, and absence of blood cells in the lumen of the vessels). The highest concentration of lymphatic capillaries was found in the bulbar part of the dura behind the ocular globe. Using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, ink was seen within the lumen of the lymphatic capillaries. The dura itself was not stained with the marker. CONCLUSION: The presence of lymphatic capillaries in the dura of the human optic nerve was demonstrated with light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1999

Cryptococcal meningitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical course and outcome of cryptococcal meningitis (CM) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). METHOD: Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and symptoms suggestive of meningitis were evaluated with detailed history, clinical examination and investigations. Diagnosis of CM was based on positive India ink preparation or positive fungal culture of CSF. All patients were treated with amphotericin those showing response were put on oral fluconazole. RESULT: A total of 431 patients with HIV infection were admitted to this centre during the study period, of these 15 were diagnosed to have CM. Majority of the patients had a subacute presentation with signs of meningeal irritation seen in only seven patients. India ink preparation and positive fungal culture on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) established diagnosis in all cases. All patients were treated with amphotericin B and fluconazole. Complete response was noticed in seven patients, two patients were lost to follow-up and six patients died during the course of therapy. Raised intracranial tension (ICT) and disseminated disease were associated with poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: CM is a common opportunistic fungal infection in patients with AIDS. A high index of clinical suspicion and routine mycological surveillance is required to diagnose this infection. Majority of patients respond to therapy except those who have disseminated infection, altered sensorium and features of raised ICT at presentation.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2000

Thebesian sinusoids: forgotten collaterals to papillary muscles.

BACKGROUND: Papillary muscles of the left ventricle are prone to ischemic damage but seldom rupture, perhaps because they are protected by transendocardial diffusion and thebesian sinusoids as well as by arteries. Sinusoids are primitive vessels that precede coronary arteries as nutrient suppliers to all parts of the embryonic heart. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether sinusoids penetrate to the tips of papillary muscles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult hearts with and without evidence of acute and chronic ischemic lesions were selected. Papillary muscle sinusoids were perfused by black ink from the apex of the left ventricle. Papillary muscles and the adjacent ventricular free walls were then excised and fixed before gross and microscopic examination for inked sinusoids. Some fixed specimens were cleared through methyl salicylate and examined stereoscopically. RESULTS: The meshwork of trabeculae and, importantly, intertrabecular spaces lining the apex of the left ventricle continue into the deeply undercut bases of papillary muscles. In most hearts, sinusoids can be shown to extend from the undercut bases to the tips of human papillary muscles, especially in ischemic hearts. The compact myocardium of the adjacent ventricular free wall contains few sinusoids. CONCLUSIONS: Sinusoids may supplement normal arterial flow to papillary muscles and mitigate the effects of coronary occlusion. The authors hypothesize that the apex of the human left ventricle is adapted for sinusoidal flow to papillary muscles.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Interpapillary lines--the variable part of the human fingerprint.

The dermatoglyphic pattern of human palms and soles is individually unique and unchanging. Their prints show the course of the papillary ridges as papillary lines. Case reports and a few older studies of repeatedly taken fingerprints could, however, show that so-called interpapillary lines can develop between the papillary lines. The questions of this study were: How often do interpapillary lines occur? Can the differences between papillary and interpapillary ridges be quantified? Five-hundred and two ink prints of the palms and fingers from the archive of the Bochum Police Department were examined retrospectively. In 121 volunteers, the appearance of interpapillary lines was examined prospectively. From the later collective, the fingerprints of 13 people with interpapillary lines and nine people without were examined further by taking two silicon prints and measuring them with laser profilometry In 215 of the 502 ink prints (42.8%) interpapillary lines could be demonstrated. In those subjects younger than 20 years they were less frequently observed (34.1%) than in those above the age of 20 (51.8%). In all cases using laser profilometry the interpapillary lines could be related to a corresponding interpapillary ridge. The interpapillary ridge heights were 24.9 +/- 10.0 microm, significantly lower than the papillary ridges, which measured 59.0 +/- 19.2 microm. Interpapillary ridge widths were with 194.8 +/- 65.1 microm significantly narrower as compared to 435.5 +/- 57.4 microm in the papillary ridge. Those papillary ridges, between which interpapillary ridges were found, were significantly further apart from each other (610.5 +/- 78.9 microm) than those without interpapillary ridges (484.9 +/- 70.6 microm). During the course of a lifetime new ridges between the regular papillary ridges can develop or manifest. The fact that interpapillary lines are more frequently found on the right hands in men and those with increasing age is consistent with the theory that they correspond to degenerative changes and with sensitivity of touch.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

An in vitro study of coronal microleakage around bonded amalgam coronal-radicular cores in endodontically treated molar teeth.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the coronal microleakage of conventional and bonded amalgam coronal-radicular (Nayyar) restorations on endodontically treated molar teeth, because coronal seal is a major factor in the long-term success of endodontic treatment. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Forty extracted human molar teeth were root-filled and prepared for coronal-radicular amalgam restorations. Four groups of 10 teeth were restored with Tytin amalgam and Vitrebond, Superbond D Liner II, Panavia 21, or no adhesive agent. The teeth were placed in India ink for 1 week, and then demineralized and rendered transparent. The ink penetration was assessed with a coded scoring system. RESULTS: The bonded amalgam groups produced significantly less leakage than did the nonbonded group. No statistically significant differences in leakage were detected among the bonded amalgam groups. CONCLUSION: To prevent the reinfection of the endodontically treated molar, it may be preferable to restore the tooth immediately after obturation by employing a bonded amalgam coronal-radicular technique.

Boron Compounds↗