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PubMed2002

The cross-modal coordination of interpersonal timing: six-week-olds infants' gaze with adults' vocal behavior.

The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that 6-week-old infants are capable of coordinated interpersonal timing within social interactions. Coordinated interpersonal timing refers to changes in the timing of one individual's behavior as a function of the timing of another individual's behavior. Each of 45, first-bom 6-week-old infants interacted with his or her mother and a stranger for a total of 14 minutes. The interactions were videotaped and coded for the gaze behavior of the infants and the vocal behavior of the mothers and strangers. Time-series regression analyses were used to assess the extent to which the timing of each of the infants' gazes was coordinated with the timing of the adults' vocal behavior. The results revealed that (a) coordinated timing occurs between infants and their mothers and between infants and strangers as early as when infants are 6 weeks old, and (b) strangers coordinated the timing of their pauses with the infants to a greater extent than did mothers. The findings are discussed in terms of the role of temporal sensitivity in social interaction.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Offspring-induced nurturance: animal-human parallels.

Offspring provide mothers with stimuli that impel their own nurturance. In rats, distal sensory stimuli from pups--sight, sound, odor--contribute to contact-seeking, whereas tactile stimuli from pups to dam's snout and ventrum elicit essential maternal behavioral reflexes involved in retrieval, licking, and the quiescent, upright nursing posture (kyphosis). Brain sites involved with maternal behavior--assessed by lesions, immunocytochemical visualization of gene activity, and neurophysiological mapping--include the midbrain central gray, medial preoptic nucleus, limbic system, and somatosensory cortex; these may change with experience. Human mothers inadvertently learn to identify their own baby rapidly after birth and can do so via a single sensory modality. Subsequently maternal responsiveness and gratification are impaired by inappropriate, insufficient, or nonreciprocal interactions such as occurs when the baby cries excessively, is blind, deaf, or autistic. Thus, maternal behavior characterized by elicited responses and emotional reactions to stimuli from offspring may be evolutionarily conserved.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The effect of oral-gustatory, tactile-bucal, and tactile-manual stimulation on the behavior of the hands in newborns.

The effect of stimulation (oral-gustatory with sucrose, tactile-bucal, and tactile-manual) on the frequency of hand contact with the oral (hand-mouth and hand sucking) and perioral (hands near the mouth) regions was compared in 24 full-term newborns. The 16-minute evaluation was divided into four equal periods, without intervals: (A) Baseline, no stimulation applied; (B) tactile-bucal, the newborn was allowed to suck the distal phalange of the researcher's little finger; (C) tactile-manual, the newborn was allowed to grasp the researcher's index finger; (D) 0.3 ml sucrose solution was administered orally to the newborns. After every three newborns were tested, the sequence of stimulation application was changed. The frequencies of the hand behaviors were calculated. It was observed that the sucrose significantly increased the frequency of hand sucking (p<0.05). Sucrose was, therefore, the most effective stimulus for eliciting the behavior of hand sucking.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reinforced and nonreinforced head-turn responses of infants as a function of stimulus bandwidth.

The purpose of this study was to investigate auditory-stimulus effects on head-turn response behavior of infants under conditions where responses were either reinforced or not reinforced with a visual stimulus. The auditory stimuli contained different frequency bandwidths between 2000 and 4000 Hz. The stimulus with the widest bandwidth resulted in more responses than the other two stimuli in the no-reinforcement condition. When conditioning was established and all responses were visually reinforced, there was no difference in response behavior among stimulus groups for either suprathreshold or threshold stimulation. These findings have implications for clinical assessment using visual reinforcement audiometry. Results suggest that bandwidth characteristics of the auditory stimulus have no influence on response behavior of infants providing conditioning can be established and maintained through the use of visual reinforcement.

Audiometry↗
PubMed1980

Sleep states and behavior patterns in preterm and fullterm infants.

The sleep states and state-related behaviors of 10 preterm infants were naturalistically observed at 37 and 41 weeks CA; 20 fullterm infants were also observed at 41 weeks CA. Respiration was recorded in synchrony with the behavioral observations. At 41 weeks CA the preterm infants seemed more mature than the fullterm infants on some measures, and less mature on others. These results indicate global differences in state organization, although neither the causes nor the consequences of these differences are currently known.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Behavioral consequences of developmental iron deficiency in infant rhesus monkeys.

Human studies have shown that iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in infants are associated with behavioral impairment, but the periods of brain development most susceptible to iron deficiency have not been established. In the present study, rhesus monkeys were deprived of iron by dietary iron restriction during prenatal (n=14, 10 microg Fe/g diet) or early postnatal (n=12, 1.5 mg Fe/L formula) brain development and compared to controls (n=12, 100 microg Fe/g diet, 12 mg Fe/L formula) in behavioral evaluations conducted during the first four months of life in the nonhuman primate nursery. Iron deficiency anemia was detected in the pregnant dams in the third trimester and compromised iron status was seen in the prenatally iron-deprived infants at birth, but no iron deficiency was seen in either the prenatally or postnatally iron-deprived infants during the period of behavioral evaluation. Neither prenatal nor postnatal iron deprivation led to significant delays in growth, or gross or fine motor development. Prenatally deprived infants demonstrated a 20% reduced spontaneous activity level, lower inhibitory response to novel environments, and more changes from one behavior to another in weekly observation sessions. Postnatally deprived infants demonstrated poorer performance of an object concept task, and greater emotionality relative to controls. This study indicates that different syndromes of behavioral effects are associated with prenatal and postnatal iron deprivation in rhesus monkey infants and that these effects can occur in the absence of concurrent iron deficiency as reflected in hematological measures.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2006

A prospective, longitudinal study of feeding skills in a cohort of babies with cleft conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the natural history of feeding skills in babies with clefts and identify risk factors and predictors of poor feeding. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-two babies with clefts were examined at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 14 months of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Feeding ability, oral motor function, and feeding efficiency were assessed. Univariate analyses were used to determine whether oral motor function and sequelae varied according to feeding ability or cleft condition. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to determine risk factors for poor feeding. RESULTS: Poor feeding skills were detected in one third of newborns. The prevalence of poor feeding reduced to 19% at 3 months of age and 15% at 14 months of age. Oral motor dysfunction and sequelae (particularly nasal regurgitation) were more commonly observed in babies with poor feeding skills irrespective of comorbidity. The main risk factor for poor feeding was a diagnosis of syndrome or Pierre Robin sequence (PRS). At 2 weeks of age, babies with syndrome or PRS were 15 times more likely to have poor feeding skills than their nonsyndromic counterparts. When syndrome or PRS was controlled for, babies with cleft palate and cleft lip and palate were equally likely to have poor feeding skills. Parental report of feeding efficiency was predictive of poor feeding in young babies. CONCLUSIONS: Poor feeding skills are relatively common in newborns with cleft palate and cleft lip and palate. Treatment for feeding problems may be needed beyond the first year of life, especially for babies born with PRS or a syndrome.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1997

Postcesarean analgesia with both epidural morphine and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia: neurobehavioral outcomes among nursing neonates.

UNLABELLED: Among nursing parturients after cesarean delivery, intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with meperidine is associated with significantly more neonatal neurobehavioral depression than PCA with morphine. A single dose of epidural morphine (4 mg) decreases postcesarean opioid analgesic requirements and may reduce or prevent neonatal neurobehavioral depression associated with PCA meperidine. Prospectively, 102 term parturients underwent cesarean delivery with epidural anesthesia, 2% lidocaine and epinephrine 1:200,000. After umbilical cord clamping, each patient received epidural morphine 4 mg and was randomly allocated to receive either PCA meperidine or PCA morphine. Initial neonatal characteristics, included gestational age, Apgar scores, weight, and umbilical cord gas partial pressures. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) examinations were performed on each of the first 4 days of life. Nursing infants (n = 47) were grouped according to maternal PCA opioid in breast milk (meperidine [n = 24] or morphine [n = 23]); bottle-fed infants (n = 56) served as the control group. The three infant groups were equivalent with respect to initial characteristics and NBAS scores on the first 2 days of life. On the third day of life, infants in the morphine group were significantly more alert and oriented to animate human cues compared with infants in the meperidine or control group. On the fourth day of life, infants in the morphine group remained significantly more alert and oriented to animate human auditory cues than infants in the meperidine group. Average PCA opioid consumption through 48 h postpartum was equivalent (0.54 mg/kg morphine and 4.7 mg/kg meperidine); however, even with these small doses, meperidine was associated with significantly poorer neonatal alertness and orientation than morphine. Morphine is the PCA opioid of choice for postcesarean analgesia among nursing parturients. IMPLICATIONS: Among nursing parturients after cesarean delivery, intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with meperidine is associated with more neonatal neurobehavioral depression than patient-controlled analgesia with morphine. In this study, we found that nursing infants exposed to morphine were more alert and oriented to animate human cues than those exposed to meperidine.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Behavioral pediatrics.

The family physician can, through instruction in standard caregiving skills and discussion of parental expectations, prevent or minimize behavioral problems in infants and toddlers. Behavioral problems can be detected early by having parents describe a typical day. When detected early enough, many problems which occur at bedtime, mealtime and when dressing can be managed by the interested physician.

Child↗
PubMed1992

The relations among infant temperament, security of attachment, and behavioral inhibition at twenty-four months.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relations among infant temperament, attachment, and behavioral inhibition. 52 infants were seen at 2 days, 5, 14, and 24 months of age. Assessments were made of temperament at 2 days and 5 months of age, and attachment and behavioral inhibition were assessed at 14 and 24 months, respectively. EKG was recorded at each assessment, and measures of heart period and vagal tone were computed. Distress to pacifier withdrawal at 2 days of age was related to insecure attachment at 14 months. 2 types of distress reactivity at 5 months, reactivity to frustration and reactivity to novelty, were identified and related to high vagal tone. Attachment classification at 14 months was directly related to inhibited behavior at 24 months. Infants classified as insecure/resistant were more inhibited than those classified as insecure/avoidant. In addition, an interaction of infant reactivity to frustration and attachment classification was found to predict inhibition at 24 months. Infants classified as insecure/resistant and who had not cried to the arm restraint procedure at 5 months were the most inhibited at 24 months. These findings are discussed in terms of hypotheses regarding multiple modes of distress reactivity and regulation in early infancy and their different social and behavioral outcomes.

Child Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of Korean newborns with the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the unique responses of a group of Korean full-term newborns and to describe the pattern of behavior observed in the first few days of life. DESIGN: A descriptive study describing the behavioral patterns of Korean newborns using the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty newborns aged 1 to 3 days in a nursery of a large tertiary hospital in Daegu, Korea. RESULTS: Overall scores were at moderate levels in six clusters. These were (a) Response Decrement, (b) Social Interactive, (c) Motor System, (d) State Organization, (e) State Regulation, and (f) Autonomic System. Newborns showed good overall tone and activity level and low amount of irritable behavior. Although reflex responses were generally normal, Korean newborns showed particularly weak responses in standing and walking reflexes. Maternal variables such as employment and previous pregnancy history were related to the scores on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that Korean newborns showed a moderate level of autonomic stability and motor control and overall good state organization. These findings also provide some evidence that the mother's health status and lifestyle during the pregnancy may affect newborn behavior after birth.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

On the nature and consequences of early loss.

OBJECTIVE: To describe how an animal model system can be used to explore basic questions about the nature of loss and the effects of early loss on later vulnerability to disease. METHOD: The physiological and behavioral responses of infant rats to separation from their mothers are first described and then analyzed experimentally into component mechanisms. RESULTS: These studies have revealed an extensive layer of processes underlying the psychological constructs generally used to understand the response to loss. Hidden within the observable interactions of parent and offspring, we found a number of discrete sensorimotor, thermal, and nutrient-based events that have unexpected long-term regulatory effects on specific components of infant physiology and behavior. Release from all of these inhibitory and excitatory regulators together during maternal separation constitutes a novel mechanism by which the experience of loss can be translated into a complex patterned response. Evidence for early regulatory processes has also been found in monkey and human mother-infant interactions. Here they may well constitute the building blocks from which attachment and object representations develop. We and others have found long-term effects of loss, and of selective replacement of regulators, on behavioral development and on later vulnerability to disease. CONCLUSIONS: The results give us a new understanding of early attachment as a developmental force and of human grief as a risk to health.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Infants' imitation of goal-directed actions: the role of movements and action effects.

This paper reviews studies on infants' imitation of goal-directed actions in the first two years of life. Special emphasis is given to the role of the two observable components of an action, that is, the movement and the action effects, on infants' replication of target actions. The reviewed studies provide evidence that infants benefit most from a full demonstration of both movements and effects. If movements are demonstrated in isolation, infants may encode this information, but they preferentially reproduce actions that lead to salient effects. If action effects are presented in isolation, infants younger than 19 months usually fail to emulate the unseen movements that would be necessary to produce these effects. Infants' ability to predict action effects or to infer unseen movements from incomplete demonstrations improves substantially at the end of the second year of life. It is concluded that the capability to learn relations between movements and action effects by observation, and the knowledge about movement-effect relations acquired so far, may be important factors underlying the developmental changes in infants' imitation of goal-directed actions.

Goals↗