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At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

The development of spinosad for the control of Frankliniella occidentalis in protected ornamentals.

Fifteen trials were undertaken to determine the effectiveness of spinosad for the control of Frankliniella occidentalis on a range of glasshouse ornamentals. A range of dose rates were tested from 6-15 g as hl-1. A high level of control (> 90%) was achieved at most assessments of both nymphs and adults with a comparatively flat dose response recorded. Rates of 9 g as hl-1 and above provided improved consistency of control compared with the lower rate of 6 g as hl-1 across trials. No adverse effect was recorded from eight selectivity trials completed on a range of pot plants and cut flowers at rates up to 72 g as hl-1 with the exception of Saintpaulia ionantha. On this highly sensitive species some spotting of the flowers occurred following application rates of spinosad applied at 24 g as hl-1 and above. It is considered that the high level of activity of spinosad combined with its excellent plant safety profile will be of significant benefit to growers for the control of a major insect pest of glasshouse ornamentals.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Community participation in vector borne disease control: facts and fancies.

The community involvement in solving their problems was spontaneous when the society as a whole had extensive control over the natural resources. However, this trend was lost during the industrial revolution when the social structure started disintegrating. Simultaneous discovery of antiparasitic drugs and powerful insecticides created a euphoria that all vector borne diseases could be controlled if not eradicated. Though the use of these tools resulted in control or eradication of vector borne diseases in many parts of the developed world, in poor developing countries the initial gains could not be sustained. This is partly due to non acceptance of technology by the beneficiary. Realizing that technology without the people is not going to solve the problem, the idea of community participation was revived. Since then, community participation has become a popular slogan and most programmes claim to have achieved community participation. The projects have not originated from the community and fail to differentiate between the gain achieved due to community effort and that due to the project personnel. The technical and material inputs provided are much higher than the national programmes can afford, carried out in limited areas for short periods and sustainability never demonstrated. Community participation in vector borne disease control has considerable potential specially in source reduction, reduction in man vector contact or accepting antiparasitic or antivector measures. True sustainable participation is possible only when the present trend of top-down planning is reversed to bottom-up planning; decision making power is handed over to the community; the people involved in conceiving, planning, implementation and evaluation of all developmental programmes and if the programmes are responsive to local needs and priorities.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Independent steroid control of the fates of motoneurons and their muscles during insect metamorphosis.

The metamorphosis of insects is controlled by the blood titers of a small number of developmental hormones including a class of steroids, the ecdysteroids. We have studied the developmental fates of several muscles and their motoneurons during the larval-pupal transformation of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. The endocrine events which trigger pupal development are first, a fall in the blood titer of juvenile hormone, followed by two subsequent elevations of blood ecdysteroids. The small "commitment pulse" of ecdysteroids commits tissues to pupal development, whereas the sustained "prepupal peak" causes the new pupa to be formed (Riddiford, L. M. (1980) In Progress in Ecdysone Research, J.A. Hoffmann, ed., pp. 409-430, Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam). In the present experiments we were able to correlate specific aspects of the changing blood steroid titers with the degeneration of larval muscles, and with the dendritic regression and death of their motoneurons. The abdominal prolegs, which are the principal locomotory appendages of the caterpillar, are lost during the larval-pupal transformation. We have followed the fates of a proleg retractor muscle, PPRM, and its single motoneuron, PPR. Two other differently fated abdominal muscles not associated with the proleg were also studied. Surgical and endocrinological manipulations showed that PPRM degenerates in response to the rising phase of the prepupal ecdysteroid peak and that interactions with its motoneuron are not involved in the muscle's death. Motoneuron PPR responds to the rising prepupal peak by first reducing its dendritic arbor by 40% and then dying. Other proleg motoneurons regress but do not die, indicating that dendritic regression is programmed separately from neuronal death. Neither the dendritic reduction nor the death of PPR involves interactions with its target muscle. These results indicate that ecdysteroids have independent and parallel effects in the periphery, where they cause muscle degeneration, and in the central nervous system, where they cause dendritic regression and death of motoneurons.

Animals↗