Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “HYDROCHLORIC ACID”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Electron microscopic study of the location of the Fc-reacting factor on group A streptococci.

The presence of the Fc-reacting factor was demonstrated on four out of five different group A Streptococcus strains using ferritin-labelled immunoglobulin G. A comparison of the results obtained by this electron microscopic technique with Fc-reacting factor detection results obtained with hydrochloric acid extracts of cells in passive haemagglutination on sensitized red cells, showed that not only hydrochloric acid extractable but also non-extractable Fc-reacting factor can be present on the group A Streptococcus cell. Out of several IgGs tested, only rabbit and swine IgGs bound to Fc receptors of group A Streptococcus walls. The Fc-reacting factor is ultrastructurally localized on the tips of the filamentous protrusions forming the outermost layer of the Streptococcus wall. The involvement of the Fc portion of IgG in the reaction was demonstrated by a positively reacting sandwich arrangement in which Streptococcus cells were incubated with rabbit antiferritin before being treated with ferritin.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed2005

Improved and selective platinum recovery from spent alpha-alumina supported catalysts using pretreated anionic ion exchange resin.

Improved and selective recovery of platinum from a spent dehydrogenation platinum alpha-alumina supported catalyst using a strong basic ion exchange resin is reported. Platinum and other precious metal group (PMG) complexes are leached using concentrated hydrochloric acid along with about 0.20 vol.% nitric acid as an oxidizing agent from de-coked and crushed spent catalyst. Effects of hydrochloric acid concentration, time, and temperature in leaching stage are investigated. The strong basic anionic resin is treated by sodium hydroxide solution to replace chloride anion by hydroxyl group ion. The supernatant of the leaching process is passed through a fixed column of hydroxylated strong base anionic resin. The treated resin on which the platinum complex is adsorbed is dried and burned in an oxidizing atmosphere at 750-800 degrees C. The recovered gray metallic powder is mainly platinum. Results compared with those obtained from untreated anionic resin show that adsorption of platinum complexes onto the treated anionic resin is more selective and the yield of separation is considerably improved. The breakthrough curves of the pretreated anion exchanger and that of untreated exchange resin reveals that the capacity of the hyroxilated resin is decreased by about 14%. These breakthrough curves can be used for calculation of height of a practical exchange plate (HPEP) for design purposes.

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMed1980

Differential effects of sodium acetoacetate and acetoacetic acid infusions on alanine and glutamine metabolism in man.

It has been suggested that ketone bodies might participate in the nitrogen-sparing process occurring during prolonged starvation by inhibiting the muscular production of alanine and glutamine, which are the main gluconeogenic amino acids. The results of the ketone infusion studies on which this theory is based have been reevaluated in this study by following the plasma levels of ketone bodies, alanine, glutamine, and other substrates during 11.5 h in five groups of normal overnight-fasted subjects. Subjects of groups I, II, and III were infused for 3 h, respectively, with Na acetoacetate, Na bicarbonate, or free acetoacetic acid administered in comparable amounts (about 20 mumol/kg per min), whereas group IV was infused with hydrochloric acid (7.0 mumol/kg per min). A control group (V) received no infusion. Na acetoacetate induced a rise in blood pH (+0.1+/-0.003) and a fall in the plasma levels of alanine (-41.8+/-4.6%) and glutamine (-10.6+/-1.4%), whereas free acetoacetic acid had a barely detectable lowering effect on blood pH and induced a rise in alanine (+22.5+/-8.0%) and glutamine (+14.6+/-3.2%) levels. Both infusions were associated with a lowering of plasma glucose, which therefore seems independent of the changes in alanine and glutamine concentrations. Sodium bicarbonate reproduced the alkalinizing effect and the hypoalaninemic action of Na acetoacetate, which seems thus unrelated to hyperketonemia. On the other hand, acidification of blood with hydrochloric acid did not mimic the effects of acetoacetic acid. If the hyperalaninemic and hyperglutaminemic effects of ketone bodies infused in their physiological form (free acids) reflect a stimulation of the muscular output of these amino acids, the participation of ketone bodies in the nitrogen-sparing process of prolonged fasting seems very unlikely. On the other hand, during brief starvation, when both ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis are markedly stimulated, ketone bodies might indirectly contribute in supplying the liver and the kidney with gluconeogenic substrates.

Acetoacetates↗
PubMed2005

Early treatment with pentoxifylline reduces lung injury induced by acid aspiration in rats.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of pentoxifylline treatment on gas exchange and mortality immediately after bilateral instillation of hydrochloric acid. DESIGN: Randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Animal laboratory of a university hospital. SUBJECTS: Twenty-four, adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS: Sevoflurane-anesthetized rats (n = 12 in each group) underwent tracheostomy and insertion of a cannula into a hind paw vein and the left carotid artery. All animals received volume-controlled mechanical ventilation (zero positive end-expiratory pressure; fraction of inspired oxygen, 0.21). Acute lung injury was induced by instillation of 0.4 mL/kg 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid. The animals were randomized into two groups. The pentoxifylline group (n = 12) received a bolus of 20 mg/kg IV pentoxifylline after aspiration, followed by a continuous infusion of 6 mg/kg/h. The placebo group (n = 12) received an equivalent volume of saline solution. Arterial blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis 15 min and 0 min prior to aspiration and 30, 90, 180, 270, and 360 min after aspiration. Hemodynamic parameters, temperature, and ECG were recorded simultaneously. The primary end point was 6 h after aspiration. All surviving rats were killed by IV administration of pentobarbital. To assess morphologic changes due to lung injury, all animals underwent CT in inspiratory hold at the end of the experiment. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: No difference in baseline measurements was observed. In pentoxifylline-treated rats, Pao(2) was significantly increased (p < 0.05) at 30, 90, 180, 270, and 360 min. Mortality at 6 h was 17% in the pentoxifylline group vs 67% in the placebo group. Placebo-treated rats showed significant abnormalities in CT lung scans compared with the pentoxifylline group. CONCLUSIONS: Acid aspiration impairs gas exchange and induces hypotension. Pentoxifylline administration shortly after acid instillation results in significant alleviation of impaired oxygenation, stabilization of BP with higher heart rates, and improved survival after 6 h.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Identification of sour-taste receptor genes.

Taste cells located in taste buds respond to gustatory stimuli using a complex arrangement of ion channels, receptor molecules and signaling cascades. Previous electrophysiological experiments have shown that sour taste (essentially a taste of protons) is mediated, at least in part, by apically located amiloride-sensitive channels in the rat. Here, the molecular cloning of sour-taste receptor genes is described. Using a combination of homology screening and functional expression approaches, we screened a rat circumvallate papilla cDNA library and identified acid-sensing ion channel-2a (ASIC2a) and ASIC2b, amiloride-sensitive proton-activated cation channels. In situ hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction experiments showed that ASIC2a and ASIC2b transcripts were localized in taste cells. Immunohistochemical and immunoprecipitation studies revealed that both channels were expressed in a subset of taste cells and that some of the cells expressed ASIC2a/ASIC2b heteromeric assemblies. Immunoelectron microscopic analyses demonstrated that some of the ASIC2a-immunopositive cells had the characteristics of type III cells, which make synaptic contacts with gustatory afferent neurons. According to our electrophysiological studies, stimulation by acetic acid generated larger inward currents in ASIC2a- or ASIC2a/ASIC2b-expressing oocytes than those induced by hydrochloric acid at the same proton concentration and these findings are in good agreement with the well-known taste phenomenon that acetic acid is more sour than hydrochloric acid at equal pH. Taken together, the present results strongly suggest that mucosal protons dissociated from sour-taste substances induce taste cell depolarization through the activation of the ASIC2a and ASIC2a/ASIC2b channels, which leads to transmitter release onto gustatory neurons.

Acid Sensing Ion Channels↗
PubMed1980

Vasoactive intestinal peptide-associated inhibition of stimulated gastric secretion. II. Inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion.

The possible role of vasoactive intestinal peptide as an inhibitor of stimulated gastric secretion was investigated. Awake dogs with Heidenhain pouches were stimulated with pentagastrin alone and in combination with intraduodenal instillation of various potential inhibitors of gastrointestinal secretion including isotonic phenylalanine, 3 percent hypertonic saline solution and 0.16 normal hydrochloric acid. Plasma vasoactive intestinal peptide is significantly increased by pentagastrin, and this release is enhanced by intraduodenal hydrochloric acid. Simultaneously, there is significant inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated Heidenhain pouch secretion. These findings provide evidence for a possible physiologic role of vasoactive intestinal peptide as an inhibitor of gastric secretion, at least in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Study on reflux esophagitis treated by Tongjiang granule].

OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanism of Tongjiang granule on treating GERD. METHOD: The rats in the model group received steel wire ring-cardiamyopexy. A steel wire ring was fixed firmly on cardia. The rats in the control group underwent the cardia-plasty plus pylori ligation plus stomach-empty intestine Roux-en-Y anastomosis. The rats were divided into six groups after operations at random, which were fed up respectively with Tongjiang granule of different dosage and perpulsid. No treatment groups were taken as control. RESULT: The experiment showed that Tongjiang granule could lighten or cure RE in the pathology, decrease the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, in the meantime, increase the motilin in the animal blood. This study indicated that the effect of Tongjiang granule group from experimental research was better than that of the control group (perpulsid). CONCLUSION: The effects of Tongjiang granule on treating GERD can be achieved by decreasing the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, increasing the motilin in blood and promoting the gastric impetus in the animal experiment.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Rational treatment of acid-base disorders.

Acid-base derangements are encountered frequently in clinical practice and many have life-threatening implications. Treatment is dependent on correctly identifying the acid-base disorder and, whenever possible, repairing the underlying causal process. Bicarbonate is the agent of choice for the treatment of acute metabolic acidosis. Controversy surrounds the use of alkali therapy in lactic acidosis and diabetic ketoacidosis, but bicarbonate should clearly be administered for severe acidosis. In most patients with mild to moderate chloride-responsive metabolic alkalosis, providing an adequate amount of a chloride salt will restore acid-base balance to normal over a matter of days. In contrast, therapy of the chloride-resistant metabolic alkalosis is best directed at the underlying disease. When alkalemia is severe, administering hydrochloric acid or a hydrochloric acid precursor may be necessary. Treatment of respiratory acidosis should be targeted at restoring ventilation; alkali should be administered only for superimposed metabolic acidosis. The therapy of respiratory alkalosis is centred on reversal of the root cause; short of this goal, there is no effective treatment of primary hypocapnia. The coexistence of more than one acid-base disorder (i.e. a mixed disorder) is not uncommon. When plasma bicarbonate concentration and arterial carbon dioxide tension (paCO2) are altered in opposite directions, extreme shifts in pH may occur. In such cases, it is imperative that the nature of the disturbance is identified early and therapy directed at both disorders.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMed1984

Interrelationship between phosphorus, sodium, and chloride in the diet of laying hens.

Two experiments were conducted with commercial egg production type hens to determine the effects of dietary phosphorus, sodium, and chloride levels as related to levels of plasma calcium and phosphorus, blood acid-base balance, and production characteristics. Sodium and chloride were supplied to the diet as sodium bicarbonate and hydrochloric acid, respectively. In Experiment 1, five treatment groups were fed diets ad libitum containing .2, .6, 1.0, 1.4, and 1.8% total phosphorus. The remaining treatment group was fed a diet containing .4% total phosphorus from 1400 to 2030 hr and 1.4% total phosphorus from 600 to 1100 hr. In Experiment 2, a 3 X 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was used that consisted of three levels of total phosphorus (.2, .6, and 1.4%) and four levels of added sodium (0, .06, .22, and .45%) provided by sodium bicarbonate. Three other treatment groups were fed diets containing .36% supplemental chloride supplied by hydrochloric acid and either .2, .6, or 1.4% total phosphorus. Egg production was decreased in hens fed diets containing 1.8% total phosphorus. Egg specific gravity was decreased by both low and high phosphorus levels. Hens fed .4% total phosphorus in the afternoon produced eggs with higher specific gravity as compared with hens fed 1.4% total phosphorus during the entire experiment. At 1.4% dietary phosphorus, a significant increase in specific gravity was observed when .2 or .8% sodium bicarbonate was added to the diet. Increasing dietary phosphorus resulted in elevated plasma phosphorus and calcium concentration. Plasma phosphorus of hens fed .2 through 1.8% total phosphorus declined slowly from oviposition until 6 hr after oviposition and then reached a peak at 21 hr after oviposition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

The role of pH and osmolarity in evoking the acetic acid-induced wiping response in a model of nociception in frogs.

Acetic acid applied to the hindlimb of a frog evokes a vigorous wiping of the exposed skin. The aim of this study was to determine if acetic acid evokes this wiping response by decreasing subepidermal pH. Because acetic acid is hyperosmolar, a second aim was to determine if the osmolarity of acetic acid contributed to evoking the wiping response. In behavioral experiments, different acids or acetic acid/sodium acetate buffers at different pHs were used to evoke the wiping response. In separate experiments, subepidermal pH was measured in vitro while these same solutions were applied to samples of skin from frogs. The wiping response evoked by acetic acid was associated with a decrease in subepidermal pH to a level that has been shown to activate nociceptors. Interestingly, formic, oxalic, sulfuric, and hydrochloric acid evoked the wiping response without decreasing subepidermal pH. The osmolarity of acetic acid contributed to evoking the wiping response because buffers at subthreshold pHs evoked the wiping response. Also, the osmolarity required to evoke the wiping response depended upon the pH of the buffer. Thus, acetic acid and the buffers at pH 2.97 and 4.67 could evoke the wiping response by decreasing subepidermal pH. In contrast, formic, oxalic, sulfuric, and hydrochloric acid, as well as the buffers at pH 5.17 and 5.67, evoked the wiping response through another mechanism, perhaps by increasing subepidermal osmolarity. These studies demonstrate that both pH and osmolarity may contribute to nociception produced by algesic chemicals and may be important in inflammatory pain.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1981

Relaxant responses of the isolated guinea-pig left pulmonary artery produced by acidic histamine solutions.

Contractile responses to histamine were examined on left pulmonary arterial rings isolated from reserpine-pretreated guinea pigs. In the presence of mepyramine, contractile responses to histamine dihydrochloride and histamine diphosphate were preceded by concentration-dependent relaxant responses which were not blocked by metiamide. Hydrochloric acid also produced relaxation of the histamine- and noradrenaline-contracted vessels. Solutions of histamine dihydrochloride and histamine free base adjusted to about pH 7 did not produce the relaxant response. Changes in tissue bath pH were correlated with relaxant responses produced by acidic histamine and hydrochloric acid solutions. Relaxation produced by histamine in this preparation is due to changes in tissue bath pH and not to activation of an atypical type of histamine receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Determination of eight impurity elements in organic dye oil red by ICP-AES].

Simultaneous determination of metal impurities of Fe, Al, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Mn and Ti in organic dye oil red by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) is presented in this paper. Different sample digestion procedures were compared, and methods for the elimination of spectrum interference were investigated. The proposed sample digestion procedure includes charring with concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid, cineration at 500 degrees C, and step-wisely extracting the residue with hydrochloric acid plus peroxide of hydrogen, and hydrochloric acid plus nitric acid (VHCl:VHNO3 = 1:1). The detection limits are 0.15 mg.L-1 for Fe, 1.7 x 10(-2) mg.L-1 for Al, 5.0 x 10(-3) mg.L-1 for Cu, 0.20 mg.L-1 for Pb, 2.7 x 10(-2) mg.L-1 for Zn, 5.7 x 10(-3) mg.L-1 for Cr, 1.3 x 10(-3) mg.L-1 for Mn, 2.1 x 10(-3) mg.L-1 for Ti, respectively. The precision of the method is in the range of 0.8%-21.5% (n = 5), and recovery in the range of 84.6%-118.6%.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1965

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRODUCTION OF AMINO ACIDS BY RAT-LIVER MITOCHONDRIA AND OTHER SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.

1. Rat-liver mitochondria showed a decrease in amino acid production after preparation in 0.25m-sucrose containing EDTA (1mm), but an increase in water content. When EDTA was replaced by Mn(2+) (1mm) or succinate (1mm), both amino acid production and water content were lowered, whereas preparation in 0.9% potassium chloride caused an increase in both. 2. Amino acid production by rat-liver homogenates prepared in 0.9% potassium chloride or 0.25m-sucrose was similar (q(amino acid) 0.047 and 0.042 respectively aerobically). After freezing-and-thawing q(amino acid) values were approximately doubled, and approached that of a homogenate prepared in water. 3. All cations tested inhibited amino acid production by mitochondria, Hg(2+) and Zn(2+) being the most effective in tris-hydrochloric acid buffer. In phosphate buffer Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) had no effect. Of the anions tested only pyrophosphate and arsenate had any inhibitory effect at final concn. 1mm. 4. Iodosobenzoate (1mm) and p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonate (1mm) inhibited mitochondrial amino acid production by 70-80%, whereas soya-bean trypsin inhibitor, EDTA and di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate inhibited by a maximum of 30%. Respiratory inhibitors had no effect. 5. Rat-liver homogenate and subcellular fractions each showed an individual pattern of inhibition when a series of inhibitors was tested. 6. Amino acid production by mitochondria was decreased by up to 50% in the presence of oxidizable substrate, apart from alpha-glycerophosphate and palmitate, which had no effect. CoA stimulated amino acid production in tris-hydrochloric acid but not in phosphate buffer, alpha-oxoglutarate abolishing the stimulation. 7. Cysteine and glutathione stimulated amino acid production by whole mitochondria by 30%, but only reduced glutathione stimulated production in broken mitochondria. 8. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone and growth hormone stimulated mitochondrial amino acid production by 21-24%, whereas insulin inhibited production by 25%. 9. Coupled oxidative phosphorylation increased amino acid production by up to 154% at 25 degrees and 40 degrees . The increase was abolished by 2,4-dinitrophenol. 10. Amino acid incorporation in mitochondria was accompanied by an increase in amino acid production, both being decreased by chloramphenicol. 11. Mitochondrial production of ninhydrin-positive material was increased in the presence of albumin. The biggest increase was noted for the soluble fraction of broken mitochondria. No increase was found in the presence of (14)C-labelled algal protein or denatured mitochondrial protein.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2000

New and simple procedure for the determination of muramic acid in chemically complex environments by gas chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry.

A gas chromatographic-ion trap tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the quantification of muramic acid, a marker of bacterial peptidoglycan, in environmental and clinical specimens. Samples (bacteria, house dust and urine) were heated in methanolic hydrochloric acid overnight and extracted with hexane for removal of hydrophobic compounds. The aqueous phase was evaporated and heated in acetic anhydride and pyridine after which the product, the acetate derivative, was washed with dilute hydrochloric acid and water. The described method is both rapid and simple to apply, and produces a stable derivative. It should become widely used for measuring peptidoglycan in chemically complex environments.

Acetic Anhydrides↗
PubMed2005

FIA acid-base titrations with a new flow-through pH detector.

A pH-sensitive detector for flow-through potentiometry based on a graphite/quinhydrone composite electrode was applied for flow-injection analysis (FIA) titrations. Hydrochloric acid and acetic acid were titrated by injection of samples into a sodium hydroxide carrier solution. System conditions were optimised by variation of flow rate, injection volume and titrant concentration. The parameters sampling frequency, residence time and dispersion coefficient were determined. The evaluation of peak width (time between the two inflection points on each side of the peak), peak area and slope of the raising edge of the peak lead were studied with respect to their use for calibration. Hydrochloric acid and acetic acid could be titrated down to a concentration of 2 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) using 150-microL injection volumes, which is almost ten times lower than can be achieved using colour indicators and a spectrophotometric detection.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1989

Reflex cardiovascular and ventilatory responses to increasing H+ activity in cat hindlimb muscle.

Static exercise increases arterial pressure, heart rate, and ventilation, effects which are believed in part to arise reflexly from a metabolic stimulus in the working muscle. In anesthetized cats, we tested the hypothesis that intra-arterial injections of lactic and hydrochloric acid, which created levels of these substances in muscle similar to those seen during contraction, reflexly increased cardiovascular and ventilatory function. Hydrochloric acid (32 and 57 mM; 1 ml) injected into the arterial supply of the triceps surae decreased intramuscular pH from 7.26 +/- 0.05 to 7.17 +/- 0.05 (P less than 0.01) and reflexly increased arterial pressure (23 +/- 7 mmHg; P less than 0.01), heart rate (11 +/- 2 beats/min; P less than 0.001), and ventilation (187 +/- 72 ml/min; P less than 0.05). Static contraction of the triceps surae decreased intramuscular pH from 7.28 +/- 0.06 to 7.13 +/- 0.06 (P less than 0.01). Lactic acid was more potent in causing reflexes than was equimolar HCl. For example, lactic acid containing 4 mM lactate and 0.87 mM H+ reflexly increased arterial pressure, heart rate, and ventilation, whereas 0.87 mM HCl did not. Intra-arterial sodium lactate (13 and 33 mM) at a neutral pH had no effect on these variables. We conclude that contraction-induced accumulation of H+, especially that arising from lactic acid, might provide a metabolic stimulus to evoke reflex autonomic effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effect of different intravenous nutrients on upper gastrointestinal secretion in rats.

Total parenteral nutrition has been advocated for nutritional support of patients with proximal small bowel fistula. Data on the direct effects of different nutrients on upper gastrointestinal secretion are controversial. Therefore, we examined the effects of glucose, amino acid, fat and mixed parenteral solutions on gastric juice secretion, hydrochloric acid and pepsin content, duodenal juice secretion, and pancreatic protein, amylase, bilirubin and bicarbonate content in thirty rats with chronic gastric and duodenal fistulas. Gastric secretion was increased by glucose solution (D10W) and by amino acid solution (5% AA) (13% and 12% increase respectively) but not to significant degree by fat emulsion (2% F). Both D10W and 5% AA caused comparable increase in hydrochloric acid secretion (D10W: +34%; 5% AA: +28%) and the pepsin secretion (D10W: +37%). The single infusion of hypertonic glucose, amino acids and fat were associated with decreases in duodenal fistula volume (p less than 0.05) or content output. Mixed nutrients decreased both gastric secretion (volume: -28%; HCl: -19%; pepsin: -65%) and duodenal juice volume (p less than 0.05), protein and amylase content (p less than 0.05). The elevated bilirubin in reduced volume of duodenal juice caused by mixed nutrients may be responsible for bile sludge formation. This study indicates that the use of parenteral nutrition can provide full nutritional support while decreases the fistula output.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1993

Determination of N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-glycolylneuraminic acid in glycoproteins by high-performance liquid chromatography without derivatization.

A simple and sensitive method for the determination of N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-glycolylneuraminic acid in glycoproteins by high-performance liquid chromatography has been investigated. The best condition to release sialic acid from glycoproteins involved incubation at 80 degrees C for 1 h in vacuo in 0.01 M hydrochloric acid with removal of the hydrochloric acid by evaporation without decomposing the sialic acids. Of the substances examined, N-acetylglycine was the best internal standard, because it is absent from glycoproteins, has an appropriate retention time on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and is stable during the procedures. The sample solution containing the internal standard was analysed directly by isocratic HPLC without pre-column or post-column labelling, and elution was monitored by ultraviolet absorbance at 205 nm. This method can determine 0.08-10 nmol of sialic acid accurately within 12 min and was successfully applied to bovine vitronectin.

Animals↗