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At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Physiological effects of bulimia nervosa on the gastrointestinal tract.

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by frequent bouts of binge eating accompanied by compensatory behaviour for preventing weight gain (purging). It is estimated that 3% to 5% of young women are affected by bulimia nervosa, and its prevalence is increasing. Bulimia nervosa afflicts both sexes and all races. It can lead to serious medical complications. The expression of the disease in the gastrointestinal tract may have a critical role in the diagnosis of bulimia nervosa. Physiological effects of bulimia nervosa on the gastrointestinal tract include dental caries and enamel erosion; enlargement of the parotid gland; esophagitis; changes in gastric capacity and gastric emptying; gastric necrosis; and alterations of the intestinal mucosa. Identification of any of these factors may aid in establishing an early diagnosis, which has been shown to increase the likelihood of recovery.

Bulimia↗
PubMed1989

Postoperative infection prophylaxis for upper gastrointestinal tract surgery--a prospective and comparative randomized study of cefoxitin and ceftizoxime.

A prospective and randomized clinical study was conducted in order to compare cefoxitin (CFX) and ceftizoxime (CZX) as prophylactic antibiotics. Two hundred and three consecutive cases of elective upper gastrointestinal tract surgery, performed at our institute between January, 1983, and March, 1986, were entered in the trial. The patients were assigned randomly, before surgery, to the CFX or to the CZX group. Two grams of the assigned antibiotic was first administered during surgery and then continued at a dose of 1 gram, every 8 hrs for a total of 4 days. One patient was withdrawn from the study due to an allergic reaction. Both groups were comparable in sex, age, underlying disease, diagnosis, operation, and preoperative laboratory data. There were 18 infections related to the operation in the CFX group, while there were only 3 in the CZX group (p less than 0.001). The number of unrelated infections in each group was 6 and 6 respectively (NS). No special differences were found between the two groups regarding the kinds of microorganisms isolated, and no significant differences were seen in the adverse effects of either antibiotic. Our study demonstrated that ceftizoxime was more efficient than cefoxitin in preventing postoperative infection, following upper gastrointestinal tract surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Prediction of in-vivo blood level with controlled-release dosage forms. Effect of the gastrointestinal tract time.

The process of in-vivo drug transfer is very complex in the case of oral dosage forms with controlled release. A numerical model taking all the known facts into account, including the release of the drug controlled by diffusion through the dosage form along the gastrointestinal tract, the kinetics of absorption in the blood compartment and the kinetics of elimination was constructed. Various parameters intervene in an important manner for a given drug: the size of the dosage form which is associated with the rate of release of the drug, and the dose frequency in multidosing. Some emphasis is placed upon the gastrointestinal tract time which appears to be the main and first parameter to be considered in preparing a dosage form.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[About optimized designs and circuits of autonomous electric stimulators for the gastrointestinal tract].

Described in the paper are the key principles of designing of autonomous electrodes for the gastrointestinal tract (AE GT) as well as circuits of stimulating-pulse generators. A shape for the electric-stimulator frame, its geometric dimensions and choice of a material for electrodes are substantiated. The electric- and trauma-safety of AE GT is discussed. The main stimulating current parameters, as well as the flowchart and design of the electric stimulator are presented.

Electric Stimulation Therapy↗
PubMed1981

Ethanol, the liver, and the gastrointestinal tract.

Ethanol is easily absorbed from the intestine and diffuses quickly throughout body water. The bulk of ethanol is metabolized in the liver, where alcohol dehydrogenase, a complex mixture of isoenzymes, oxidizes ethanol to acetaldehyde. Ethanol abuse produces functional and structural changes in the gastrointestinal tract, such as in the stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas. Accumulating evidence suggests direct toxicity of ethanol and possibly of acetaldehyde. Fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, acute and chronic gastritis, deranged structure and function of the small intestine, acute and chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic lithiasis are some of the sequelae of ethanol abuse. Recent investigations have enhanced our understanding of the functional and structural changes of the gastrointestinal tract produced by the abuse of ethanol.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of ondansetron and placebo for preventing postoperative nausea and emesis in gastrointestinal tract surgery: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Nausea and emesis are undesirable events that may cause discomfort and suffering in the postoperative period. This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ondansetron for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing gastrointestinal tract surgery. METHODS: Using a randomized double-blind study design, 408 surgical patients (163 male and 245 female) receiving general endotracheal anesthesia were studied at five medical centers in Bangkok. Ondansetron (4 mg) or placebo was administered prior to induction of anesthesia. Episodes of nausea and vomiting, adverse events and laboratory tests (complete blood count and liver function test) were evaluated during 24 hours after study drug administration. RESULTS: The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the placebo group (42.7 and 35.2%) were significantly higher than the ondansetron group (23.9 and 15.4%). However, no significant differences occurred in the incidence of adverse events or changes in laboratory tests in the ondansetron group compared to the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Ondansetron 4 mg given intravenously before surgery is safe and effective for preventing postoperative nausea and emesis following gastrointestinal tract surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Chemotherapy and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract.

Less than 40 percent of all carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract will be controlled by the current modalities of treatment. Early diagnosis and appropriate surgical resection are still the only rational and effective approach to the control of this cancer. The tremendous strides in cancer chemotherapy in the management of leukemia, children's solid tumors, and neoplasms of lymphoid origin have not been evident in the management of gastrointestinal carcinoma. Extensive clinical trials with single agents and various drug combinations have resulted so far in partial response rates. Adjuvant chemotherapy to surgical resection has also failed to alter the natural course of the disease and, therefore, to establish its benefits in a series of projective randomized studies. Only continued research in cancer cell biology and basic and clinical pharmacology with carefully controlled therapeutic trials with new agents will eventually lead to the more effective use of chemotherapy in management of gastrointesinal cancer.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1988

Immunocytochemical evidence for the colocalization of neurotensin/xenopsin- and gastrin/caerulein-immunoreactive substances in Xenopus laevis gastrointestinal tract.

Distribution and association of neurotensin (NT)- and xenopsin (XP)-like peptides were investigated using immunocytochemical techniques in the amphibian gut. Antisera against both groups of peptides showed an identical distribution pattern of NT- and XP-positive cells in Xenopus laevis gastrointestinal tract. Immunolabeling of consecutive semithin sections revealed the coexistence of NT- and XP-like substances within cells of the stomach and small intestine. Recent reports of the colocalization of XP-like material with gastrin in mammalian G cells led us to study the association of NT/XP-like peptides with members of the gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK)/caerulein (G/C) family in amphibians. The data obtained from immunolabeling serial sections with NT/XP-specific and G/C-specific antisera show that in some intestine NT/XP- and G/C-like peptides do exist in the same cells. In the stomach, however, G/C-like material is confined to endocrine cells of the antral region, while NT/XP-like substances occur in distinct cells accumulating in cardial glands but absent in the pyloric glands. Our findings thus indicate that in amphibian gastrointestinal tract there is some association between the regulatory peptide families NT/XP and G/C, similar to mammals. The regional distribution of both hormone families, however, is different from that in mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Enzymes of anabolic and catabolic nucleic acid pathways in human hepatomas, in liver of healthy persons, and in liver of patients with cancer of gastrointestinal tract].

The activities of enzymes catalyzing the formation of nucleic acid precursors, nucleoside kinases, as well as of those involved in the degradation of nucleic acids, were studied in nuclei of the liver of healthy persons, human hepatomas and the liver of patients with cancer of gastrointestinal tract. The activities of thymydine kinase and uridine kinase in the human hepatoma nuclear sap were found to increase 40- to 50-fold and 120- to 150-fold, respectively, as compared to those in normal human liver. The activities of DNase and RNase in the fraction of chromatin protein of human hepatomas, on the contrary, decreased almost to zero. As to the liver of patients with cancer of gastrointestinal tract, drastic alterations in the activities of nucleoside kinases and nucleases in the direction characteristic of tumors themselves were observed. This phenomenon is regarded as a manifestation of the systemic effects of the tumor on the host.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
PubMed1987

Gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity in endocrine cells and nerves in the gastrointestinal tract of the cod, Gadus morhua, and the effect of peptides of the gastrin/CCK family on cod gastrointestinal smooth muscle.

Immunohistochemistry shows the presence of one or several gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK)-like peptides in the gastrointestinal tract of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Immunoreactive (IR) endocrine cells are present mainly in the lower part of the cardiac and in the pyloric stomach, with a concentration to the inner curvature, and in the proximal part of the intestine, especially in the area of the pyloric caeca, after which the population density of IR cells decreases anally. IR nerve fibers are found in the myenteric plexus and muscle layers of the stomach only. Radioimmunoassays, performed with two C-terminal specific gastrin/CCK antisera, confirm the immunohistochemical findings. The highest levels of IR material are found in the mucosa of the pyloric caeca, the proximal intestine, and the pyloric part of the stomach. The smooth muscle layers contain IR material in a decreasing gradient toward the rectum. The excitatory effect of gastrin/CCK-related peptides on gut smooth muscle is investigated in isolated strip preparations of the gut wall. Of the peptides tested, cerulein is the most potent, followed by CCK 8 and gastrin 17, while gastrin 5 is the least effective. Sulphated CCK 8 gives a higher amplitude of the response but in the same concentration range as nonsulphated CCK 8. It is concluded that one or several gastrin/CCK-like peptides are present in the gut of the cod and may be involved in the nervous and endocrine control of the cod gut motility.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Upper gastrointestinal tract ablation for patients with extensive injury after ingestion of strong acid.

OBJECTIVE: Extensive corrosive injury involving the structures beyond the pylorus caused by ingestion of strong acid has a poor prognosis. We reviewed six cases of patients who underwent total upper gastrointestinal tract ablation to see the effect of this extensive procedure for such an injury. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Tertiary care center. PATIENTS: Six patients who ingested more than 250 mL of 20N hydrochloric acid were treated in the Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, from 1986 to 1992. RESULTS: Three patients with preoperative metabolic acidosis and renal failure died of multiple organ failure within the first postoperative month. The other three patients survived the acute stage. While being readied for a late reconstructive procedure, sepsis developed in one patient due to cholecystostomy leakage about 1 year postoperatively. Another patient died of respiratory failure after development of aspiration pneumonia due to poor drainage of a spit fistula, after surviving for 6 months. Only one patient had a good recovery following a full reconstruction procedure and restoration of the continuity of the gastrointestinal tract. CONCLUSIONS: Three of six patients died in the hospital. The risk factors were preoperative metabolic acidosis, renal failure, and an upper jejunal resection greater than 100 cm in length. Early and aggressive approaches to resect all the necrotic tissue certainly provide good chances to survive the acute stage and later reconstruction.

Adult↗
PubMed1953

Rupture of the gastrointestinal tract; dealing with lesions caused by non-penetrating trauma.

The possibility of rupture of the gastrointestinal tract should be considered in every case of abdominal trauma, and the patient should be carefully observed for a period of 12 to 48 hours. There are many factors that may confuse diagnosis, but in the presence of persistent pain and tenderness, persistent or recurring shock, fever, leukocytosis, roentgen demonstration of free intra-abdominal air, or of other signs of peritonitis, operation should be carried out. The mortality rate is much higher when definitive treatment is delayed more than 12 hours.

Abdominal Cavity↗
PubMed2005

Seasonal dynamics of antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the gastrointestinal tract of domestic sheep.

Considerable variation in counts of antibiotic-resistant enterobacteria in the ovine gastrointestinal tract was observed. The occurrence of ruminal and fecal isolates resistant to ampicillin (Ap), kanamycin (Km) and tetracycline (Tc) culminated in summer months, followed by rapid decline in subsequent months. Using PCR the tem1bla (Apr), aphA1 (Kmr) and tetB (Tcr) genes were found to be predominant. Under in vitro conditions all resistance genes were transferable into laboratory Escherichia coli strain with relatively high frequency (10(-3) transconjugants per recipient).

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Distribution of the novel eNOS-interacting protein NOSIP in the liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract of the rat.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Recently, a yeast 2-hybrid screen served to identify a new endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-interacting protein (NOSIP), which causes redistribution of eNOS from the plasma membrane to intracellular compartments and reduces eNOS activity. Its in situ distribution is unknown and is reported here in comparison with that of eNOS and neuronal NOS for the rat gastrointestinal tract. METHODS: Immunofluorescence was performed on acetone-fixed cryosections by using a polyclonal antiserum raised against a NOSIP-glutathione S-transferase fusion protein; specificity was verified by Western blotting. RESULTS: Cytoplasmic NOSIP immunoreactivity was observed in endothelial cells of some locations, e.g., the hepatic central vein, but it was mainly observed in the striated esophageal muscle; vascular, gastric, and intestinal smooth muscle; and in interstitial cells of Cajal. Nuclear NOSIP immunoreactivity was more widespread, including some myenteric neurons and several epithelial cell types of esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, and gut. This cellular distribution matched with that of its potential binding partner eNOS, as determined by immunohistochemistry and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry, and eNOS, but not neuronal NOS, could be coimmunoprecipitated with NOSIP from small intestine. CONCLUSIONS: NOSIP coimmunoprecipitates and is widely codistributed with eNOS in nonvascular cells in the gastrointestinal tract, suggesting an involvement of eNOS/NOSIP in the regulation of gastrointestinal secretion and motility.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Site-specific modulation of carcinogen-induced gastrointestinal tract nuclear anomalies in B6C3F1 mice by chloroform.

Chloroform (CHCl3) is an established rodent carcinogen and a prevalent contaminant of chlorine-disinfected drinking water. Thus in the United States CHCl3, along with other trihalomethanes, is regulated not to exceed 100 ppb in potable water. Recently, several studies have shown that CHCl3 also has anti-cancer properties as it inhibits tumor growth in mouse liver and in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. In this paper we show that CHCl3 also inhibits the propensity for three gastrointestinal tract carcinogens, benzo(a)pyrene (BAP), 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and methylnitrosourea (MNU), to induce nuclear anomalies in the proximal colon of the B6C3F1 mouse. For example, in mice pre-adapted to 1800 ppm CHCl3 for 30 days prior to the carcinogen administration the level of nuclear anomalies induced in the proximal colon by BAP was reduced by four-fold (0.9 +/- 0.7 v. 3.6 +/- 1.0 anomalies/10 crypts; p less than 0.001) and two-fold for MNU (2.4 +/- 1.0 v. 4.6 +/- 1.6; p less than 0.001) and DMH (0.9 +/- 0.9 v. 1.7 +/- 0.8; p = 0.03). In the duodenum CHCl3 was effective at inhibiting unclear anomalies only for MNU (45.3 +/- 4.6 v. 30.4 +/- 3.5; p = 0.02). The inhibitory effect of CHCl3 does not extend to nuclear anomalies of the forestomach. The anti-cancer properties of CHCl3 are discussed in light of its cancer causing potential and possible application to human risk assessment.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗
PubMed2003

Apelin, a new enteric peptide: localization in the gastrointestinal tract, ontogeny, and stimulation of gastric cell proliferation and of cholecystokinin secretion.

Apelin is a recently discovered peptide that is the endogenous ligand for the APJ receptor. The aim of this study was to characterize apelin expression (mRNA levels) in the rat gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, to localize distribution of apelin peptide-containing cells in the stomach by immunohistochemistry, and to characterize the ontogeny of gastric apelin expression and peptide and the influence of apelin on gastric cell proliferation in vitro. Additionally, the effect of apelin on cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion and the involvement of MAPK, protein kinase C, and changes in intracellular Ca(2+) in apelin-induced CCK secretion in vitro were examined. Northern analysis showed a maximal apelin expression in the stomach with a lower expression level in the intestine. Apelin expression was not detected in the pancreas. Immunohistochemistry revealed abundant apelin-positive cells in the glandular epithelium of the stomach. The ontogeny study showed a higher apelin expression in the fetal and postnatal rat stomachs when compared with the adult stomach. In contrast to apelin expression, apelin peptide was not detected in the rat stomach until 20 d of age and then increased progressively with age. Apelin was shown to stimulate gastric cell proliferation in vitro. Apelin also stimulated CCK secretion from a murine enteroendocrine cell line (STC-1); apelin-stimulated CCK secretion is mediated through MAPK but not by intracellular Ca(2+) signaling. Together, these data indicate that apelin is an important new stomach peptide with a potential physiological role in the gastrointestinal tract.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Cloning of rat betacellulin and characterization of its expression in the gastrointestinal tract.

Betacellulin (BTC) is relatively a more recently discovered member of the EGF family of growth factors. As a prelude to its expression and functional studies in rat models of gut damage/repair, we have cloned rat BTC and examined its expression in the gastrointestinal tract. Rat BTC was found to be nearly identical to mouse betacellulin. A single 3 kb mRNA species was detected by Northern blotting, and ribonuclease protection analysis showed that its expression was ubiquitous but low in abundance throughout the gut. BTC mRNA and protein were found expressed in the gastric surface and upper pit epithelium as well as in some cells of gastric glands. In the jejunum, BTC mRNA and protein were localised to the crypt epithelium and in villous goblet cells. In the colon, BTC mRNA and protein were found produced in crypt and surface epithelium as well as in goblet cells. Taken together, the wide spread expression in the gut epithelium and in mucous cells in particular suggests an important and unique role for BTC in the gastrointestinal tract.

Amino Acid Sequence↗