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PubMed1993

Management of lower urinary tract infections.

Most urinary tract infections (UTIs) present as bacterial cystitis in healthy women in the sexually active age group. The commonest pathogen is Escherichia coli and most of the remainder are due to Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Many women are prone to recurrent UTIs and these are invariably due to a reinfection with a different organism. After diagnosis, a curative course of treatment should be given, but the approach should be different if the infection is uncomplicated (normal urinary tract and normal renal function) as opposed to complicated (male patient, abnormal urinary tract, impaired host defence mechanisms, impaired renal function, infection with a virulent organism). It is believed that traditional dosage regimens for uncomplicated UTIs are extravagant. There is no convincing evidence that a long course of medication is more effective than a short one; in fact, the use of single dose therapy for uncomplicated UTIs is gaining support. Trimethoprim 600mg, cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) 1.92g, fosfomycin trometamol 3g and the 4-quinolones are the preferred agents for single dose treatment. Failure of single dose therapy is a simple guide for the need for further urinary tract investigation or more intensive therapy. If UTIs recur, it may be necessary to consider long term, low dose prophylaxis. The most effective drugs for this type of treatment include nitrofurantoin 50mg, trimethoprim 100mg and norfloxacin 200mg, given at night. More recent studies show that a dose administered on alternate nights, 3 nights a week or after intercourse is just as effective.

4-Quinolones↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Aetiology and antibiotic sensitivity of the most frequent outpatient infections, except those of the lower respiratory tract].

Reporting of antimicrobial susceptibility profiles is recommended in order to improve antibiotic prescribing policies and to avoid the emergence of bacterial resistance. During 2001, susceptibility data from bacterial isolates collected from urine, faeces and ear swabs and antimicrobial susceptibility for Streptococcus pyogenes during the first five months in 2002 were recorded in the Health Area of Pamplona (389,489 inhabitants) and compared against data for antibiotic prescriptions. More than 80% of bacteria from urine were susceptible to amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, oral cephalosporins, fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin. Of the Salmonella Enteritidis isolates, 98.3% were susceptible to trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole and 96.6% of Campylobacter jejuni to erythromycin. Amoxicillin remained susceptible for more than 95.5% of middle ear isolates. Gram-negative bacilli isolates from otitis externa swabs were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and polimyxin B in over 80% of cases. Of the Streptococcus pyogenes isolated, 22.5% were resistant to erythromycin. Antimicrobial consumption in defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants, day (DID) during 2001 was 14.8. Here, we highlight the over-prescription of some broad-spectrum antibiotics and macrolides for the empiric treatment of infectious diseases in our area. Knowledge of local susceptibility patterns is essential in order to inform empiric therapy.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1984

Sensitivity of 523 blood culture isolates to 33 antibiotics.

523 blood culture isolates collected during 18 months (July 1980-December 1981) were analysed by the agar dilution method for sensitivity to 33 antibiotics. Breakpoints corresponding to the SIR system were used but for N-formimidoyl-thienamycin (N-f-thienamycin), azthreonam and fosfomycin serial dilutions were made. Aminoglycosides (netilmicin, gentamicin, amikacin and tobramycin) inhibited from 90 to 86% of the strains. This was comparable to the percentage inhibited by some cephalosporins (cefotaxime, cefoperazone, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cephamandole and moxalactam) ranging from 95 to 89%. A very high number of strains (99%) were inhibited by N-f-thienamycin. By combination of certain antibiotics more than 99% of the strains could be inhibited.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1995

Human nocardiosis in northern Italy from 1982 to 1992. Northern Italy Collaborative Group on Nocardiosis.

We conducted a retrospective survey of nocardiosis in 9 city hospitals in northern Italy from 1982 to 1992. The medical records of 30 patients with documented nocardiosis were reviewed. Microbiological data included morphology, biochemical characteristics, serology and in vitro susceptibility testing. The 29 isolates (1 case was diagnosed on the basis of serological results) were Nocardia asteroides (n = 25) and Nocardia farcinica (n = 4). Predisposing factors including immunosuppression for organ transplant rejection prophylaxis, lung disease (silicotuberculosis and pulmonary fibrosis), solid tumours and hematological malignancies, and AIDS. Three patients had no identified risk factors. 20 cases of pulmonary nocardiosis were observed. Sites of infection in patients without previous pulmonary involvement were: brain abscesses, soft tissues, pericardium, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. Most strains tested were susceptible to amikacin and imipenem. Resistance to several antimicrobial agents was found, particularly erythromycin, fosfomycin, pefloxacin, sulphonamides and trimethoprim. Antimicrobial chemotherapy included sulphonamides, amikacin, ceftriaxone, imipenem and minocycline. 21 patients survived, although 2 relapsed transiently. Nocardiosis appears to be more common than generally realised by physicians in northern Italy. The local species distribution and disease spectrum are similar to those described elsewhere. Nocardiosis should be part of the differential diagnosis in patients with pulmonary infiltrates or brain abscess, particularly those with predisposing factors.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1993

Effects of antimicrobials on corneal epithelial migration.

The slowed healing rates observed by some investigators may be caused by vehicles or preservatives in the antimicrobials preparations tested. To determine whether antimicrobials directly inhibit corneal epithelial wound healing, we cultured blocks of the rabbit cornea in media containing various concentrations of antibiotics or antimicrobials (at 1, 10, or 100 micrograms/ml); after 24 hours, we measured the distance of epithelium that had migrated down the side of each block. The higher concentrations of fluoroquinolones (ofloxacin; 74 +/- 5.8% of control at 100 micrograms/ml, p < 0.05, ciprofloxacin; 4.4 +/- 1.5% of control at 100 micrograms/ml, p < 0.01, or norfloxacin; 71 +/- 7.0% at 10 mu g/ml, p < 0.01, and 1.5 +/- 0.4% of control at 100 mu g/ml, p < 0.01) and the highest concentrations of peptides (polymyxin B; 64 +/- 3.0% of control at 100 micrograms/ml, p < 0.01, or colistin; 67 +/- 5.7% of control at 100 micrograms/ml, p < 0.01) or fosfomycin (79 +/- 6.2% of control at 100 micrograms/ml, p < 0.05) had an inhibitory effect on corneal epithelial migration. Among aminoglycosides tested, sisomicin (85 +/- 10.0% of control, not significant), dibekacin (76 +/- 11.6% of control, p < 0.05) and streptomycin (77 +/- 9.4% of control, not significant) were inhibitory at 100 micrograms/ml, but tobramycin had no effect. Penicillins (aspoxicillin, sulbenicillin or ampicillin), cephalosporins (cefmenoxime or cefminox), oxytetracycline, erythromycin and chloramphenicol did not affect epithelial migration at all. These results demonstrate that some antimicrobials are inhibitory at high concentrations, but penicillins, cephalosporins, oxytetracycline, erythromycin or chloramphenicol has no inhibitory effect on corneal epithelial migration.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Effect of chemotherapeutic agents on Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in White Pekin ducklings.

In a series of experiments, various chemotherapeutic agents administered in feed were evaluated for their efficacy against experimental Pasteurella anatipestifer (PA) infection in White Pekin ducklings. The feeding of medicated diets was started 3 days prior to challenge and continued throughout each experiment. Novobiocin and lincomycin, when fed at adequate concentrations, were the most effective medicaments tested. Mortality in treated groups was 0-18% compared with 45-92% mortality in controls. Sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim, sulfaquinoxaline, and lincomycin-spectinomycin were moderately effective. Drugs that were not effective included chlortetracycline, tylosin-sulfamethazine, fosfomycin, furazolidone, nihydrazone, penicillin, bacitracin, and erythromycin. Six antibiotics were tested parenterally against experimental PA infection in another series of experiments. A single dose of an antibiotic was injected subcutaneously 5 to 6 hr after infection except in one experiment in which treatment was delayed until 24 hr after infection. When given 5 to 6 hr after infection, lincomycin-spectinomycin, penicillin-streptomycin, penicillin, oxytetracycline, and spectinomycin significantly reduced mortality. Gentamicin tested under the same conditions was ineffective. Drugs injected 24 hr after infection were not effective.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Activity of bicozamycin against Escherichia coli O157:H7 producing Vero toxin].

Bicozamycin (BCM) which inhibits protein synthesis by inhibiting Rho-dependent transcription termination factor ATPase activity is used for treatment of animal infections. BCM had moderate activity of MIC 16-32 micrograms/ml against enterohemorrhagic Verotoxin (VT)-producing Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 and inhibited production of VT1 and VT2. The activity of BCM against EHEC was slightly higher in anaerobic conditions, and was more evident in vivo. BCM decreased CFUs of EHEC in caecum more effectively than fosfomycin, cefixime and norfloxacin in a mouse infection model. Moreover, BCM did not increase the amount of either VT1 or VT2 in caecum in mice. In contrast, norfloxacin increased mortality of mice infected with EHEC by inducing VT production. The results suggest that BCM is useful for the treatment of EHEC infection and eradication of EHEC. Dairy live stock, especially young animals, have been implicated as a principal reservoir of EHEC. Eradication of EHEC from live stock will become an important problem in the near future. The narrow spectrum antibiotic BCM is expected to be a safe and effective antibiotic to eradicate EHEC from live stock.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[A study on maximal permissible drug concentration for transnasal medication from the viewpoint of ciliary activity of the cultured human paranasal mucosa].

Aerosol therapy has been widely used for upper and lower airway diseases. However, maximal permissible concentrations of drugs have not yet been clarified. The purpose of this study was to find the maximal drug concentration for transnasal medication that does not inhibit ciliary activity or tissue. Human paranasal sinus mucosa taken at surgery was cut into small pieces. These were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium under the conditions of 5% CO2 and 100% relative humidity at 37 degrees C. Histopathologic damage was observed under a microscope at 400 x magnification. The rate of ciliary beating was measured by a photoelectric method with a cadmium sulphite photometer. In order to compare the findings with those of repeated clinical nebulizer therapy, drug application once a day for 3 days and combined use with steroids were examined for 30 min, considering maximal retention time of the drugs in the nasal cavity as an aerosol therapy. The maximal permissible concentrations of several drugs in single use obtained by these experiments were as follows: acetylcysteine 4.4%, tyloxapol 0.03%, sodium cromoglycate 4%, Broncasma Berna 2 times, prednisolone 1%, dexamethasone 0.2%, betamethasone 0.4%, kanamycin 20%, gentamicine 1%, amikasine 4%, dibekasin 4%, astromysin 4%, fosfomycin 3%, clindamycin 3%, ampicillin 10%, cefazolin 5%, and lidocaine 0.01%. When antibiotics and ateroids were used at the same time, the ciliary activity and the tissue were damaged more strongly than with single use. Therefore, the maximal concentration of some drugs has to be reduced. For example, the maximal concentration of prednisolone, 1%, was reduced to 0.2%, and that of kanamycin, 20%, was changed to 10%.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed2004

[Antimicrobial susceptibility of shiga toxin producing E coli (STEC) strains isolated from human infections and food].

BACKGROUND: Shiga toxin-producing E coli (STEC) are zoonotic pathogens associated to sporadic episodes of bloody diarrhea, foodborne outbreaks, and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), with worldwide public health impact. Antibiotic use in STEC infections is controversial because of the potential to increase production and secretion of Shiga toxins. AIM: To study the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility profile of STEC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The in vitro susceptibility profile against 10 antimicrobials of STEC strains isolated from 29 meat products, 20 patients with diarrhea and 9 HUS patients was studied. Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (microg/ml) by agar dilution method for ampicillin, cloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, gentamycin, cotrimoxazol, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, fonsfomycin and azihromycin were measured according to NCCLS recommendations. RESULTS: Strains from patients with diarrhea or HUS were all susceptible to the 10 antimicrobials and only 13.7% had intermediate resistance to cloramphenicol. Strains from meat products had a similar susceptibility profile, with only 3.5% resistance to tetracycline, 3.5% intermediate resistance to cloramphenicol and 7% to fosfomycin. All 58 strains were considered resistant to azithromycin (MIC >32 microg/ml). CONCLUSIONS: Similarity of susceptibility profiles between STEC strains from human and food origin suggests a role of food chain in transmission to humans.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

tmRNA decreases the bactericidal activity of aminoglycosides and the susceptibility to inhibitors of cell wall synthesis.

Trans-translation is a process that recycles ribosomes stalled on problematic mRNAs. tmRNA, coded by the DeltassrA gene, is a major component of trans-translation. Bacteria lacking tmRNA are more sensitive to several inhibitors of protein synthesis when compared to a wild type strain. We measured bacterial growth of the DeltassrA and wild type strains in Escherichia coli in the presence of 14 antibiotics including some that do not target protein synthesis. Both the optical density of the bacterial cultures and the number of viable cells were monitored. For the ribosome-targeted antibiotics, sensitization was observed on erythromycin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, puromycin and streptomycin. Minor or no effects were observed with clindamycin, tetracycline and spectinomycin. Surprisingly, the DeltassrA strain is more sensitive than wild type to inhibitors of cell wall synthesis: fosfomycin and ampicillin. No growth difference was observed on drugs with other target sites: ofloxacin, norfloxacin, rifampicin and trimethoprim. Sensitization to antibiotics having target sites other than the ribosome suggests that trans-translation could influence antibiotic-induced stress responses. In trans-translation-deficient bacteria, cell death is significantly enhanced by the two aminoglycosides that induce translational misreading, streptomycin and kanamycin.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed2006

Placental transfer of antibiotics administered to the mother: a review.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of antibiotic treatment in pregnant women is to treat the mother and/or the fetus since it is known that antibiotics administered to the mother cross the placenta and reach the fetus. A comparison of the drug concentration in maternal and fetal plasma gives an indication of the exposure of the fetus to the maternally administered antibiotics. AIM: The aim of this study was to review the literature pertaining to the placental transfer of antibiotics in man and to classify the antibiotics according to the type of transfer involved. A table has been developed for use by physicians that lists the name of the antibiotic, the drug concentration in the cord and maternal plasma at delivery and the type of transfer involved. METHODS: An initial medline search was performed with the key words "placental transfer of antibiotics" with the limit of "human". A second medline search was performed with the key words "placental transfer of..." followed by the class names of the antibiotic such as penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines and macrolides. The bibliographic search on the placental transfer of antibiotics covered the period up to July 2005. RESULTS: 3 types of placental transfers were identified. A few antibiotics cross the placenta rapidly and equilibrate in the maternal and cord plasma; this type of transfer is termed "complete" and include the antibiotics ampicillin, methicillin, cefmenoxime and cefotiam. Antibiotics which show incomplete transfer to the placenta where concentrations are lower in the cord than maternal plasma are said to have "incomplete" transfer and these include azlocillin, dicloxacillin, piperacillin, sulbenicillin, cefoxitin, amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, fosfomycin, thiamphenicol, griseofulvin, vancomycin and colistimethate. Ceftizoxime is the only antibiotic so far known whose concentrations are higher in the cord than maternal plasma. This type of transfer is called "exceeding" transfer. CONCLUSION: All examined antibiotics cross the human placenta including those with a molecular weight greater than 1000 kDa such as vancomycin and colistimethate but there are 3 distinct types of placental transfer: complete, incomplete and exceeding and most antibiotics exhibit incomplete transfer.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

Synergistic effects of a macrolide and a cell wall-affecting antibiotic on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo. 3. Incorporation of [14C]midecamycin acetate (MOM) into P. aeruginosa pretreated with cell wall-affecting antibiotics.

The occurrence in beta-lactam treated patients of unstable L-forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa insensitive to various antibiotics and synergistic effect of combined action of cell wall-affecting antibiotics and macrolide on Pseudomonas infection led us to examine the effects of macrolide on P. aeruginosa pretreated with cell wall-affecting antibiotics. The effects of macrolide antibiotics such as midecamycin acetate (MOM) on P. aeruginosa was investigated, a rapid killing effect by MOM was noted after treatment with suboptimal doses of cell wall-affecting antibiotics such as polymyxin B, carbenicillin, dibekacin or fosfomycin. Incorporation of [14C]MOM into intact P. aeruginosa cells was not significant, but was apparent into L-form cells or cells pretreated with cell wall-affecting antibiotics. The incorporated radioactivity was found in the 70 S ribosome fraction, binding with the 50 S subunits of ribosome in both cases. These results indicate that under certain conditions a macrolide antibiotic can enter the P. aeruginosa cell.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

Increase of cardiolipin content in Staphylococcus aureus by the use of antibiotics affecting the cell wall.

Effect of antibiotics affecting cell wall synthesis on phospholipid composition in Staphylococcus aureus 209P was examined. Each antibiotic was added in the middle exponential growth phase and the growth was followed turbidimetrically. Penicillin, fosfomycin, cycloserine, moenomycin and cefazolin caused a leveling off of turbidity and growth to cease without lysis. Enramycin and bacitracin were bacteriolytic. Bacteriolytic antibiotics caused a greater increase of cardiolipin content than those that were non-bacteriolytic. The amount of phosphatidylglycerol decreased in proportion to the increment of cardiolipin content. Since bacteriolytic antibiotics bind to undecaprenol, the role of cardiolipin was discussed in relation to the mechanism of synthesis of cell surface materials.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1993

Excellent activity of FK037, a novel parenteral broad-spectrum cephalosporin, against methicillin-resistant staphylococci.

FK037 exhibits potent in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci. In in vitro studies, FK037 was the most active of the cephalosporins and imipenem tested against the highly methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MIC > 100 micrograms/ml). Only 2 of 57 strains of highly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (H-MRSA) had a FK037 MIC value of 50 micrograms/ml. On the other hand, 55, 40 and 19 strains had MICs of 50 or > or = 100 micrograms/ml to cefpirome, flomoxef and imipenem, respectively. Against 13 strains of highly methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (H-MRCNS), FK037 inhibited all the strains at < or = 50 micrograms/ml, but there were many strains highly resistant to the reference drugs with MICs of > or = 100 micrograms/ml. The influence of culture conditions such as low temperature, high inoculum and supplementation with 4% NaCl on the anti-MRSA activity of FK037 was less than those with cefpirome, flomoxef and imipenem. The in vitro frequency of spontaneous mutant cells highly resistant to FK037 in MRSA was lower than that to cefpirome and flomoxef. These findings were supported by lack of colonies inside the inhibition zone demarcated by FK037 in a disk sensitivity test, although many colonies proliferated inside the inhibition zone demarcated by flomoxef and imipenem. The increase in MIC of FK037 against a MRSA strain during subculture in the presence of the drug was smaller than that noted with the reference drugs. FK037 had higher affinity and faster binding for the PBP 2a of MRSA than that of the reference drugs. Moreover, the capacity to induce PBP 2a was lower for FK037 than that of cefpirome but higher than that of flomoxef. In an in vitro pharmacokinetic model simulating human plasma concentrations, FK037 showed potent bactericidal activity against H-MRSA in the plasma concentrations after intravenous infusion dosing with 1.0 g. FK037 was synergistically active against H-MRSA in combination with either imipenem of fosfomycin. The in vitro post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of FK037 against H-MRSA ranged from 1.2 to 1.7 hours at one to four times the MIC. FK037 had potent therapeutic effects against lethal systemic infections and experimental local infections in mice such as pneumonia, endocarditis, subcutaneous abscess, intrauterine infection and granuloma pouch infection due to MRSA or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). FK037 was about 4, 8 and 1.5 times more effective than cefpirome, flomoxef and imipenem, respectively, against lethal systemic infections with H-MRSA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Abscess↗
PubMed2002

A pathway-specific cell based screening system to detect bacterial cell wall inhibitors.

A pathway-specific cell-based screen is described to detect compounds that inhibit the biosynthesis of the cell wall of bacteria. The basis for detection is the discovery that the beta-lactamase gene from Citrobacterfreundii, cloned into Escherichia coli, is induced when cells are exposed to known cell wall inhibitors, and not just beta-lactam-based antibiotics. In a wild type host, cell wall inhibitors such as moenomycin, vancomycin, and ramoplanin, which are excluded by the outer membrane, only induce at high concentrations. However, these compounds, as well as fosfomycin, cycloserine, and cefoxitin, induce at concentrations at or below the MIC of a host carrying the envA-mutation, which causes a defect in the outer membrane. As additional proof that induction of beta-lactamase is the direct result of cell wall inhibition, a host strain carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation in the murG gene, whose product converts the cell wall intermediate Lipid I, to Lipid II, also induced beta-lactamase at the restrictive temperature. A protocol is described for screening samples in high-throughput mode.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

Laboratory surveillance of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in KwaZulu-Natal.

OBJECTIVE: To collect data on the antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in KwaZulu-Natal, including the testing of newer therapeutic agents, and to evaluate the ability of laboratories to participate in a provincial surveillance programme. DESIGN: Prospective descriptive study. SETTING: Hospital laboratories in KwaZulu-Natal, including peripheral laboratories and the medical microbiology laboratory of the University of Natal. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of surveillance strains and evaluation of the ability of provincial laboratories to isolate Shigella. RESULTS: All 354 strains tested were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Co-trimoxazole resistance was found in 92.2% of strains, and 0.8% of strains were resistant to nalidixic acid. All strains were susceptible to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, pivmecillinam, azithromycin, loracarbef and fosfomycin. Of the 29 laboratories surveyed, 18 (62.1%) were able to isolate and identify S. dysenteriae correctly, and 9 (32%) were able to serotype it further to S. dysenteriae type 1. Twenty-seven (93.1%) had appropriate culture media and 26 (89.7%) had antisera for Shigella identification. CONCLUSIONS: There is little variation among strains of S. dysenteriae type 1 in KwaZulu-Natal with regard to their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Nalidixic acid should remain the antimicrobial of choice for treatment of dysentery in our region as resistance to it is low. The majority of KwaZulu-Natal laboratories have the expertise and equipment to perform the isolation and identification of Shigella species.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

[A consideration on the results of nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibilities--gram-negative bacilli].

The results of the semi-annual nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibilities, conducted by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare during the period of January 1993 to July 1995, were analyzed for typical Gram-negative bacilli in the purpose of provision of an index for antimicrobial selection. During these 3 years, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes and Proteus mirabilis showed slightly increasing tendency in susceptibility to fosfomycin (FOM) and Citrobacter freundii. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes showed slightly increasing tendency to minocycline (MINO). While Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae showed slightly decreasing tendency to cefmetazole (CMZ). However, these annual changes were almost negligible. Generally, these microorganisms showed relatively good susceptibilities, every year, to the principal antimicrobial agents being approved for use against Gram-negative bacilli. However, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed tendencies of decreased susceptibility to some of the antimicrobial agents. On the other hand, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (ST), CMZ, latamoxef (LMOX), gentamicin (GM) and amikacin (AMK) showed good activities against some of the Gram-negative bacilli to which no indications are approved. In conclusion, bedside the identification of the causative microorganisms and the performance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing, such analyses (graphics of susceptibility tendency of clinical isolates to variety of antimicrobial agents) could be used as an index for selection of antimicrobial agents, when emergent and urgent selection of antimicrobial agents is necessary.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1976

[Drug sensitivity of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis].

Drug-sensitivity of 70 strains of Y. enterocolitica and 24 of Y. pseudotuberculosis including reference strains and isolates from men or animals were determined by the agar plate-dilution method. All the strains of Y. enterocolitica were relatively resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins, while all of Y. pseudotuberculosis were sensitive to both of the agents. Most of the strains of both species excluding 13 resistant ones were sensitive to streptomycin. The resistant strains, however, were sensitive to other aminoglycoside antibiotics, i.e. kanamycin, paromomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, dibekacin and amikacin. All of the strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol. Most of the strains excluding 3 resistant ones were highly sensitive to tetracycline. The resistant strains were also resistant to doxycycline and methacycline but not to minocycline. All of them were resistant to erythromycin, to lincomycin and to novobiocin. Most of them excluding 7 resistant strains were sensitive to sulfisoxazole. All of them were sensitive to nalidixic acid, piromidic acid, and also to dihydroxymethylfuratrizine. A new synthetic agent, fosfomycin showed a relatively wide range of activity to the strains, but none of resistant strains were noticed. These resistant strains were all found in the isolates from men and animals but not in reference strains. Among these resistant strains, resistance patterns were as follows; TC, SM, SA in 3 of Y. enterocolitica, SM, SA in 3 of Y. enterocolitica and in 1 of Y. pseudotuberculosis, and SM in 3 of the both species, respectively. As for polypeptide antibiotics, polymyxin B and colistin, some strains of the both species showed an uncontinous susceptibility, i.e. inhibited growth at a certain lower concentration but growth at a higher concentration.

Amikacin↗