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PubMed1980

Giardiasis.

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Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1985

Management of typhoid.

Typhoid fever is still a major problem in developing Third World countries where socioeconomic conditions and standards of hygiene are still well below standard. Prophylaxis is far from satisfactory. However, recent developments using live oral vaccines are encouraging. Specific treatment for the disease consists of chloramphenicol or co-trimoxazole; amoxycillin and ampicillin are inferior agents but are of value in several situations because their potential toxic effects are less marked. Most other agents also have drawbacks or are relatively ineffective. In the severely toxic patient, corticosteroids seem to affect prognosis favourably. Of the many other acute complications of typhoid fever, ileal perforation is the most serious; there is still controversy concerning the respective roles of conservative and surgical management, but it is clear that individual cases must be assessed on their merit. Amoxycillin, because it is very rapidly absorbed and produces very high blood concentrations, is probably the best antibiotic for the carrier state.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2003

Chronic treatment with carvedilol improves ventricular function and reduces myocyte apoptosis in an animal model of heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Beta blocker treatment has emerged as an effective treatment modality for heart failure. Interestingly, beta-blockers can activate both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic pathways. Nevertheless, the mechanism for improved cardiac function seen with beta-blocker treatment remains largely unknown. Carvedilol is a non-selective beta-blocker with alpha-receptor blockade and antioxidant properties. We therefore studied the impact of the effects of carvedilol in an animal model of end-stage heart failure. RESULTS: To test whether chronic treatment with beta-blockade decreases apoptosis, we treated myopathic turkeys with two dosages of carvedilol, 1 mg/kg (DCM1) and 20 mg/kg (DCM20), for four weeks and compared them to non-treated DCM animals (DCM0) and to control turkeys (CON). Echocardiographic measurements showed that non-treated DCM animals had a significantly lower fractional shortening (FS) when compared to CON (68.73 +/- 1.37 vs. 18.76 +/- 0.59%, p < 0.001). Both doses of carvedilol significantly improved FS (33.83 +/- 10.11 and 27.73 +/- 6.18% vs. 18.76 +/- 0.59% for untreated DCM, p < 0.001). DCM left ventricles were characterized by a higher percentage of apoptotic nuclei when compared to CON (5.64 +/- 0.49 vs. 1.72 +/- 0.12%, respectively p < 0.001). Both doses of carvedilol significantly reduced the number of apoptotic nuclei (2.32 +/- 0.23% and 2.36 +/-6% 1 mg and 20 mg/kg respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Carvedilol improves ventricular function. Furthermore, treatment with carvedilol decreased the incidence of apoptosis in cardiac myocytes from failing hearts at both doses. These data suggest that the inhibition of apoptosis with carvedilol may lead to improvement in ventricular function and may underlie a beneficial effect of beta-blockade independent of heart rate lowering effects.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗