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PubMed2002

Epidemiological and serological aspects in canine toxoplasmosis in animals with nervous symptoms.

The presence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG antibodies was studied in samples of blood serum taken from eighty dogs with nervous symptoms at the Serviço de Enfermidades Infecciosas dos Animais, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. The frequency of IgG titers were 16 (13.7%), 64 (13.7%), and 256 (5%), and for IgM titers were 16 (7.5%), 64 (15%), and 256 (8.7%). Positive reactions were more frequent in the older animals, males, from a rural environment, in constant contact with small animals, principally birds and rodents. There was a higher frequency of a positive reaction in dogs fed with kitchen food, especially in those fed with raw ingredients. The most common neurological pictures were alterations in consciousness, in movement, and in the hand-cart test. The percentage of reagents with specific IgM antibodies was high, indicating active infections, but the possibility of co-infection with the distemper virus can not be discarded, and this may be a predisposing factor for toxoplasmosis infection, once the distemper virus has a potent immunosuppressive action.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Selective degeneration of oligodendrocytes mediated by reactive oxygen species.

The mechanism underlying demyelination in inflammatory canine distemper encephalitis is uncertain. Macrophages and their secretory products are thought to play an important effector role in this lesion. Recently, we have shown that anti-canine distemper virus antibodies, known to occur in chronic inflammatory lesions, stimulate macrophages leading to the secretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To investigate whether ROS could be involved in demyelination, dog glial cell cultures were exposed to xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO), a system capable of generating O2-. This treatment resulted in a specific time-dependent degeneration and loss of oligodendrocytes, the myelin producing cells of the central nervous system. Initial degeneration was not associated with a decrease in viability of oligodendrocytes as judged by trypan blue and propidium iodide exclusion. Astrocytes and brain macrophages were not affected morphologically by this treatment. Further, an evaluation of the effect of several ROS scavengers, transition metal chelators and inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase suggests that a metal dependent formation of .OH or a similar highly oxidizing species could be responsible for the observed selective damage to oligodendrocytes.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Viral susceptibility of newly established cell lines from the Hawaiian monk seal Monachus schauinslandi.

Ten of 11 cell lines, recently established from the snout (MS-SN), periorbital soft tissue (MS-EY), liver (MS-LV), kidney (MS-KD), lung (MS-LG), spleen (MS-SP), heart (MS-HT), thyroid (MS-TY), brain (MS-BR) and urinary bladder (MS-UB) of a juvenile Hawaiian monk seal Monachus schauinslandi, were evaluated in vitro for their susceptibility to 5 mammalian viruses: herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), reovirus type 3 (Reo-3), poliovirus type 1 (Polio-1) and vaccinia virus (Vac); 5 fish viruses: channel catfish herpesvirus (CCV), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), fish rhabdovirus carpio (RC) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV); and 2 marine mammal morbilliviruses: phocine distemper virus (PDV) and dolphin distemper virus (DMV). Four well-established continuous cell-lines of nonhuman primate (Vero) and fish (EPC, CHSE-214 and BB) origin served as controls to standardize the virus infectivity assays. Virus yields were quantified as 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) ml(-1) on Day 7 post-inoculation. Results of the viral challenge assays revealed that the monk seal cell lines shared a similar pattern of susceptibility to the mammalian viruses. Despite their different tissue origins, all monk seal cells were sensitive to HSV-1, Vac, VSV and Reo-3, but were refractory to Polio-1. A characteristic viral-induced cytopathic effect was noted with VSV and Reo-3, and distinct plaques were observed for HSV-1 and Vac. Monk seal cell lines were also susceptible to PDV and DMV, 2 morbilliviruses isolated from seals and dolphins, respectively. By contrast, these cell lines were generally resistant to VHSV, IHNV and IPNV, with varying susceptibility to RC and CCV. The wide range of viral susceptibility of these monk seal cell lines suggests their potential value in studying viruses of monk seals and other marine mammals.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Diseases, parasites and survival of coyotes in south-central Georgia.

Serologic testing, radio-telemetry and post-mortem diagnostic evaluations were used to investigate survival and causes of mortality among 17 coyotes (Canis latrans) in south-central Georgia (USA). Prevalence of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) microfilariae was lower (P = 0.057) among fall-captured (22%) than among winter-captured (75%) coyotes. Prevalence of heartworm was higher among adults than juveniles in the fall, but no significant difference was detected between animals captured in winter. Antibodies were found against canine parvovirus (65%), canine parainfluenza virus (59%), infectious canine hepatitis virus (41%), and Toxoplasma gondii (18%). Antibodies were not found to Brucella canis, canine coronavirus, five serovars of Leptospira interrogans, or canine distemper virus. Seroprevalence of canine parvovirus was lower (P = 0.009) among fall-captured animals (33%) than winter-captured animals (100%). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of annual survival was 0.500 for all animals. Juvenile survival did not differ (P = 0.79) from adult survival, but male survival (S = 0.217) was lower (P = 0.11) than female survival (S = 0.804). Two of nine (22%) mortalities were human-caused, one was due to concurrent canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus infections, one animal died of trauma, two were considered natural mortalities of unknown cause, and no cause of death could be determined for the remaining three animals. Natural mortality may be significant for coyotes in south-central Georgia, although there was no apparent link between exposure to pathogens and the animals' subsequent fate in our small sample.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Diseases and parasites of red foxes, gray foxes, and coyotes from commercial sources selling to fox-chasing enclosures.

Fifty-six red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 18 gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 13 coyotes (Canis latrans) obtained by the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department during an investigation of suspected illegal wildlife translocation were examined for diseases and parasites. Red foxes and coyotes were confiscated from an animal dealer based in Ohio (USA), and gray foxes were purchased from an animal dealer in Indiana (USA). Emphasis was placed on detection of pathogens representing potential health risks to native wildlife, domestic animals, or humans. All animals were negative for rabies; however, 15 gray foxes were incubating canine distemper at necropsy. Serologic tests disclosed antibodies to canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus, canine coronavirus, canine herpesvirus, and canine parainfluenza virus in one or more host species. Twenty-three species of parasites (two protozoans, three trematodes, four cestodes, eleven nematodes, and three arthropods) were found, including species with substantial pathogenic capabilities. Echinococcus multilocularis, a recognized human pathogen not enzootic in the southeastern United States, was found in red foxes. Based on this information, we conclude that the increasingly common practice of wild canid translocation for stocking fox-chasing enclosures poses potential health risks to indigenous wildlife, domestic animals, and humans and, therefore, is biologically hazardous.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Histological investigations on the thyroid glands of marine mammals (Phoca vitulina, Phocoena phocoena) and the possible implications of marine pollution.

In 1988 and 1989, thousands of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) died in the North Sea from phocine distemper infection. The morphology of thyroid glands from 40 harbor seals found dead on the North Sea coastlines of Schleswig-Holstein, Federal Republic of Germany, during an epizootic of phocine distemper, was compared with the morphology of thyroid glands from five healthy harbor seals collected in Iceland. Thyroid glands from seven harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) found dead in 1990 on the North Sea coastlines also were evaluated. Colloid depletion and fibrosis were found in the thyroid glands of harbor seals which died during the epizootic, but not in animals from Iceland. Thyroid glands of the porpoises showed similar lesions, but to a lesser degree, than those observed in the North Sea seals.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Significance of paramyxovirinae protein F in physiopathology and immunity].

The Paramyxovirinae sub-family contains viruses of major importance for humans (measles and mumps viruses) and animals (Newcastle disease virus, canine distemper virus, rinderpest virus) but also zoonotic viruses (Hendra and Nipah viruses). Newcastle disease virus, a Rubulavirus, which is specific of birds, can be used as a model for understanding the pathogenicity mechanisms of Paramyxovirinae and for the study of vaccination against the diseases they cause. The F protein of pathogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus have a polybasic cleavage site (K/R-Q-K/R-R) which is specific of furine, a cellular enzyme present in all cellular types, what allows viral multiplication in all cells of the host. Such cleavage site is also present in the F protein of measles and mumps viruses. Antibodies against the F protein are the most effective in the immune response against Newcastle disease virus. The major role played by the F protein in the immunity against Paramyxovirinae arises also from the research performed on other animal (rinderpest and canine distemper viruses) and human (measles virus) viruses. Recombinant and sub-unit vaccines as well as DNA vaccination based on the expression of viral glycoproteins allow effective vaccination of chickens against Newcastle disease. The use of a similar approach could lead to the development of new vaccines against measles or mumps and if necessary to produce vaccines against zoonotic Paramyxovirinae.

Paramyxovirinae↗

PubMed1992

[Analysis of disorders of adolescent behavior at the Diagnostic- Referral Family Center in Szczecin].

As many as 120 subjects, directed in 1984-1988 to the Diagnostic-Consultative Family Centre in Szczecin, were studied due to behaviour disorders or penal acts. Thirteen (10.8%) juveniles were exempted from further studies, since they were diagnosed to have mental deficiency or encephalopathy. The rest was studied by means of diagnostic criteria for behaviour disorders according to DSM-III-R. Those complying with the criteria made up a group with Behaviour Distemper Syndrome (BDS)--74 persons (55 boys and 19 girls), while the others formed a group holding Single Behaviour Distemper (SBD)--33 persons (21 boys and 12 girls). Two age subgroups, 7-14 and 15-17 years, were isolated from each of the groups. Use was made of own questionnaire to collect data concerning factors that might induce the revealed behaviour disorders. Groups BDS and SBD were compared with regard to the type and incidence rate of respective signs of behaviour disorders, according to criteria DSM-III-R, and also the age, sex as well as social background, living environment, and hereditary encumberance, course of pregnancy and delivery, former psychophysical development, use of condiments, somatic disorders actually evidenced, parental and school environmental atmosphere and that of peers of the studied group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Pathology of morbillivirus infection in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from Valencia and Murcia, Spain.

During the summer and fall of 1990 hundreds of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) died in the Spanish Mediterranean as a result of morbillivirus infection. A pathological investigation was carried out on dolphins from Valencia and Murcia which were among the first to die in the epizootic. The dolphins were in poor body condition and pneumonia was the main necropsy finding. Microscopic lung lesions characterized by necrosis of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium and infiltration of alveoli with macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils and multinucleated syncytia were seen in most dolphins. Cytoplasmic and nuclear eosinophilic viral inclusions were present in bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium and in syncytia. Focal granulomatous inflammation associated with nematodes was also present. Brain lesions included diffuse degeneration and necrosis of neurons, microgliosis, perivascular cuffing, formation of syncytia and focal demyelination. Cytoplasmic and nuclear eosinophilic inclusions were present in neurons and glial cells. There was severe lymphoid necrosis and depletion of spleen and lymph nodes and syncytia also occurred in lymph nodes. Biliary and transitional epithelium contained nuclear and cytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions. Immunoperoxidase staining using monoclonal antibodies to phocine distemper virus confirmed the presence of morbillivirus antigens in lung and brain. The distribution and severity of lesions in striped dolphins are similar to those of distemper in seals, harbor porpoises and terrestrial mammals. The formation of syncytia in the lung and brain may be a useful pathological indicator of morbillivirus infection and may be used in the investigation of pinniped and cetacean strandings in North America.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

The seal death in Danish waters 1988. 2. Virological studies.

Mass abortions and high mortality were observed in harbour seals in Danish waters during 1988. Severe pneumonia and emphysema were typical clinical and post-mortem findings. Virological studies were carried out to identify the cause of the epidemic. Although seal herpesvirus (SeHV) was isolated in 23 of 114 animals this virus was subsequently found not to be the primary cause of the disease. Following the observation of seroconversion against canine distemper virus (CDV) in diseased seals (Osterhaus & Vedder 1988) a CDV-like morbillivirus (phocine distemper virus, PDV) was identified in organs of diseased animals. It is concluded that the epidemic was caused by introduction of PDV into a highly susceptible population presumably free from morbillivirus infection. The origin of PDV remains unknown but evidence of prior morbillivirus infection has been found in arctic and antarctic seal populations.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Virus infections of the respiratory tract of dogs].

Canine respiratory infections are reviewed with special reference to those caused by agents, other than distemper and canine infectious hepatitis viruses, but producing, both naturally and experimentally, the so-called distemper-like syndromes. The existence of canine infections caused by Adeno-Herpes-,Reo-, and Paramyxoviruses is reported, and for each of these agents the physicochemical characteristics, pathogenicity for dogs and other animal species, incidence and methods of dissemination are described. As regrads the prophylaxis of the individual infections that appear particularly widespread in kennels, the possible availability in the short or long term of immunizing preparations is indicated, along with the basic measures of hygiene for their control. The availability of immunizing preparations depends, firstly, on a more exact knowledge of the aetiological agents involved in canine respiratory conditions, and secondly, on a precise determination of the mechanisms by which the immune reactions are elicited. It is, however, obvious that the incidence of respiratory infections could be substantially reduced by the application of all the hygienic measures that can ensure a high environmental standard for the animals.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed1987

[The growth of attenuated strains of canine parvovirus, mink enteritis virus, feline panleukopenia virus, and rabies virus on various types of cell cultures].

The growth characteristics were studied in the attenuated strains of canine parvovirus CPVA-BN 80/82, mink enteritis virus MEVA-BN 63/82 and feline panleucopenia virus FPVA-BN 110/83 on the stable feline kidney cell line FE, and in the attenuated canine distemper virus CDV-F-BN 10/83 on chicken embryo cell cultures (KEB) and cultures of the stable cell line VERO. When the FE cultures were infected with different parvoviruses in cell suspension at MOI 2-4 TKID50 per cell, the first multiplication of the intracellular virus was recorded 20 hours p. i. In the canine parvovirus, the content of intracellular and extracellular virus continued increasing parallelly until the fourth day; then, from the fourth to the sixth day, the content of extracellular virus still increased whereas that of intracellular virus fell rapidly. In the case of the mink enteritis virus the release of the virus into the culture medium continued parallelly with the production of the cellular virus until the sixth day. In the case of the feline panleucopenia virus the values concerning free virus and virus bound to cells were lower, starting from the second day p. i. When KEB or VERO cultures were infected in cell suspension with the canine distemper virus at MOI about 0.004 per 1 cell, the replicated intracellular virus was first recorded in the KEB cultures five hours after infection but in the VERO cultures only 20 hours after infection, with a timely release of the virus into the culture medium in both kinds of tissue. In the KEB and VERO cultures the highest values of infection titres were recorded on the fourth day p. i., the course of virus multiplication on the cells being parallel with its release into the culture medium.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Serologic evaluation of vaccinated American river otters.

The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation acquired 20 American river otters (Lutra canadensis) between 1984 and 1985 for reintroduction into Oklahoma waterways. In 1985, 10 otters were evaluated for serum antibody titers after vaccination with canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus type 2, canine parvovirus (CPV), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline rhinotracheitis virus (FRV), and feline calicivirus. Prevaccination serum-virus neutralization (SVN) antibody to feline rhinotracheitis virus was found in 2 otters and to feline calicivirus in 1 otter. Using an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) assay, prevaccination antibody to CPV and FPV was found in 2 otters. A significant increase in SVN antibody titers was found after vaccination of otters with canine adenovirus type 2 (6 of 8 animals) and feline calicivirus (1 of 8 animals). One of 8 otters developed significant antibody titers to CPV and FPV, as measured by IFA assay. Otters did not develop SVN antibody titers to canine distemper virus after vaccination. Antigens of feline leukemia virus, using ELISA, or antibodies to feline infectious peritonitis, using IFA assay, were not found in the 20 otters.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed1986

Pathologic findings in rabies-suspect, random-source, and accidentally killed skunks.

To evaluate sampling biases, pathologic findings in accidentally killed skunks (ie, killed by motor vehicles) were compared with those in random-source skunks (live-trapped and euthanatized, or trap-killed during research) and skunks submitted to a public health laboratory as rabies-suspect. Presence or absence of microscopic lesions in the brain, kidneys, liver, and lungs were used to test the null hypothesis that prevalence of disease did not differ by source of collection. Brain lesions differed with the source; rabid and nonrabid skunks submitted to a public health laboratory had higher prevalences of lesions than did other skunks. Kidney, liver, and lung lesions did not differ among skunks by source of collection. Liver and lung lesions were attributed mainly to parasitism, were not severe, and did not cause debilitated condition. Lesions were seen more often in the kidneys than in other tissues. Usually, lesions were mild to severe, focal, chronic, nonsuppurative, interstitial nephritis (possibly a consequence of leptospirosis). Six of 177 skunks necropsied appeared cachectic. Aleutian disease was diagnosed in one skunk and histoplasmosis was diagnosed in another, but rabies and canine distemper virus infection were the only diseases found with the potential to cause the high population mortality. Public health surveillance cases were biased toward diseased animals (rabies and canine distemper virus infection), but random-source or accidentally killed animals provided unbiased data. Although other factors must be considered, accidentally killed skunks provided cost-effective and useful data for the evaluation of enzootic rabies.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1985

[Vaccination of rabbits and fur animals].

Short survey of vaccination programmes for rabbits and fur animals and of vaccines, available in Western Germany. Rabbits: myxomatosis, pasteurella infection, dysenteria; mustelides (mink, polecat a.o.): distemper, virus enteritis, botulism, pseudomonas infection; fox: leptospirosis, distemper, fox encephalitis; ocelot: panleukopenia; chinchilla: pseudomonas infection, coli infection, yersinia infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Thrombocytopenia associated with vaccination of a dog with a modified-live paramyxovirus vaccine.

Thrombocytopenia (10,000/mm3), with hematochezia and melena, appeared in a dog 8 days after it was given modified-live canine distemper, virus vaccine and persisted for approximately 5 days. Clinical investigation discounted other possible causes of thrombocytopenia; the condition was considered to be associated with vaccination. The problem spontaneously resolved. The appearance of thrombocytopenia after modified-live canine distemper virus vaccination is not unknown and may assume a severe form. This condition may be mistaken for idiopathic thrombocytopenia of immune origin, and in other instances, it may contribute significantly to surgical risk if concurrent coagulation disorders are present. Administration of levamisole HCl may alleviate the decrease in platelet count in affected animals.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Paramyxoviruses of the morbilli group in the wild hedgehog Erinaceus europeus.

Dead and sick hedgehogs (Erinaceus europeus) were examined, together with apparently healthy individuals, and paramyxo virus of the morbilli group was isolated. One animal's symptoms were similar to those caused by canine distemper and the virus isolate from faecal suspensions from this animal were antigenically related in various degrees to measles, canine distemper, rinderpest and PPRV viruses. Isolates from normal hedgehogs were found to belong to the same group. The variability and host specificity of members of paramyxo morbilli group virus are discussed and the role of natural infections of wild communities is considered in relation to disease in domestic animals and man.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

[Immunopathogenesis of virus diseases of cats and dogs].

Immunopathological reactions may determine the pathogenesis of some viral infections of cats and dogs. Three pathomechanisms may aggravate the viral disease or may ultimately cause death. Some viruses cause transient or persistent immunosuppression (Feline Immunodeficiency, Feline Leukemia, Feline Panleukopenia Virus, Canine Parvovirus-2, Canine Distemper Virus). In other viral infections cells and tissues are destroyed as a sequela of cell-mediated cytotoxicity reactions (demyelinating encephalitis in distemper). The third example of a pathogenic immune reaction is virus-induced immune complex diseases (infections with FeLV, FIPV and CAV-1).

Animals↗