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At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Evolution of contingent altruism when cooperation is expensive.

The ubiquity of cooperation has motivated a major research program over the last 50 years to discover ever more minimal conditions for the evolution of altruism. One important line of work is based on favoritism toward those who appear to be close relatives. Another important line is based on continuing interactions, whether between individuals (e.g., reciprocity) or between lines of descent in a viscous population. Here, we use an agent-based model to demonstrate a new mechanism that combines both lines of work to show when and how favoritism toward apparently similar others can evolve in the first place. The mechanism is the joint operation of viscosity and of tags (heritable, observable, and initially arbitrary characteristics), which serve as weak and potentially deceptive indicators of relatedness. Although tags are insufficient to support cooperation alone, we show that this joint mechanism vastly increases the range of environments in which contingent altruism can evolve in viscous populations. Even though our model is quite simple, the subtle dynamics underlying our results are not tractable using formal analytic tools (such as analysis of evolutionarily stable strategies), but are amenable to agent-based simulation.

Altruism↗
PubMed2006

[One case report of anti-JK1 antibody undetected on plasma sample].

The sensitivity of the detection of irregular antibodies (DIA) is one of the fundamental bases of transfusion safety. Its implementation is specified in accordance with a very specific framework that allows the use of serum or plasma. The case reported here points out a failure to detect irregular antibodies in plasma sample. Thus a low intensity anti-JK1 antibody detected and identified in serum slipped through unnoticed in plasma. The difficulties to detect and identify this antibody, well-known as a deceptive and dangerous one, are being discussed in order to better assess the limitations of DIA.

Aged, 80 and over↗
PubMed2004

New concepts in organ transplantation.

Long-term graft survival is the desired outcome of organ transplantation. The surrogate metric elimination of acute rejection episodes is not only inadequate but also deceptive, since this freedom does not promise long-term graft survival. Current clinical immunosuppressive agents have reduced acute rejection, but not prolonged graft survival. New paradigms in organ transplantation focus on adhesion-migration events using a selectin antagonist, an antisense oligonucleotide, and FTY 720; on peptide or allochimeric antigens on cytokine disruption, and on inhibition of costimulatory signals. Due to the array of adverse reactions to the available immunosuppressive drugs, these new approaches aim not only to augment long-term graft survival, but also minimize the associated toxicities.

Cytokines↗
PubMed2006

[Diagnosis and treatment of carotid body paragangliomas. Presentation of 9 cases and review of the literature].

Carotid body paragangliomas (CBP) are relatively rare tumors arising from the carotid body paraganglion. Clinical signs and images are necessary to establish the diagnosis. Surgery is the preferred method of treatment, paying special attention to the carotid artery. Nine patients with carotid body tumors were identified, three of them with complicated diagnosis. One patient is treated with radiotherapy. Out of the eight surgical patients, three preserved the whole arterial structure, the external carotid artery is resected in two patients, the carotid artery is replaced (safen graft, gore tex prosthesis) in other two patients, and the common carotid was tied in the remaining patient. Our objective is to show the decisions taken in the patients from our casuistic, comparing them to the literature data. We conclude that the diagnosis may be deceptive, and that the attitude forward the carotid is variable, always being prepared to do arterial replacement techniques.

Carotid Body Tumor↗
PubMed2000

Target-specific rib biopsy using the gamma probe.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative localization of rib abnormalities identified on bone scan can be deceptively difficult. Previously used techniques have had limited sensitivity and accuracy. The gamma probe can help localize these bone scan "hot spots." METHODS: Over the past 17 months, 5 patients underwent gamma-probe-directed limited rib resections following intravenous administration of Tc99m-MDP. Three patients required biopsies for suspected malignancy, and the other 2 underwent therapeutic resections for pain. The device was easy to work with following minimal training. RESULTS: Localization was excellent, limiting the extent of surgery needed. Comparison with rib counting and preoperative bone scan localization showed a discrepancy of up to 13 cm. Sensitivity and accuracy were each 100%. CONCLUSIONS: The gamma probe offers a simple and significant advance in the performance of rib biopsies for nonpalpable lesions.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2002

Early esophageal transit study after laparoscopic fundoplication: how useful is it?

BACKGROUND: Early complications of laparoscopic fundoplication, if immediately recognized, may be promptly treated laparoscopically with minimal morbidity. A suggested strategy for identification is a routine postoperative esophageal transit study. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of early postoperative esophagogram with Gastrografin in predicting major complications, failures, or severe dysphagia. DESIGN: Esophagograms performed in 92 patients, 24 hours after laparoscopic fundoplication, were correlated to major complications. Esophageal transit time was scored and correlated with dysphagia. RESULTS: Esophagogram detected two of three observed complications: acute paraesophageal hernia and intrathoracic migration, but not a fundic perforation. Only a severe transit impairment predicted a disabling dysphagia (specificity 82%, sensitivity 70%). CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative swallow is an appropriate investigation to diagnose anatomical abnormalities but may be deceptive for perforations. Severe transit delay may predict the risk of severe dysphagia. Although useful, postoperative routine transit studies would probably not change the therapeutic strategies in most patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Comprehending a word: the influence of speed and redundancy on auditory comprehension in aphasia.

To assess the contribution of various factors to comprehension of a target word, an auditory comprehension test was devised and administered to a series of aphasic patients. Patients were required to select from an array that picture which corresponded to a spoken target word. Each patient heard the target word under five conditions: (1) target spoken alone; (2) target embedded in a neutral (low redundancy) sentence enunciated at a normal rate of speaking; (3) target in a neutral sentence enunciated at a slow rate of speaking; (4) target embedded in a sentence containing semantic support (high redundancy); (5) target embedded in a sentence containing a semantically-deceptive element. Semantic redundancy and rate of presentation made contributions to comprehensibility. Semantic confusions were prevalent among all aphasics but, contrary to earlier reports, posterior patients were especially prone to acoustic confusions. Except for conduction aphasics, patients were more likely to confuse words which began with the same sounds than words which ended with the same sounds. Patients with adequate comprehension at the start of the testing displayed a uniform tendency to improve on the conditions administered later, while those with impaired comprehension at the start usually did not.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1997

The use of air weapons in attempted suicide.

The use of airguns in attempted suicide is uncommon. In such instances, the surface wounds caused by discharged pellets may be inconspicuous or appear deceptively trivial to the medical examiner. Airgun pellets however are easily capable of penetrating the skull or abdominal cavity when fired at the close ranges involved in suicide attempts. The destructive power of these weapons at close range should not be underestimated. We describe three cases of attempted suicide and review the other nine cases reported in the medical literature: of the 12 suicide attempts there were three fatalities. Seventeen out of a total of 19 pellets fired penetrated either the cranial or peritoneal cavity or damaged deep structures. Most of the victims were male. The majority of wounds were right sided. Four of the attempts were extremely determined, involving repeated discharge of the airgun or the use of other means to effect suicide.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed2001

Capillary electrophoresis for measuring major and trace anions in thermal water and condensed-steam samples from hydrothermal springs and fumaroles.

A new application of capillary electrophoresis for measuring major and trace anions in thermal water and condensed-steam samples is presented. Ten fluid samples were collected from hydrothermal springs and fumaroles located in a volcanic zone of Deception Island, Antarctica. Anion separation was achieved in less than 6 min using indirect UV detection at 254 nm with a negative power supply (-15 kV). The electrolyte consisted of 4.7 mM sodium chromate, 4.0 mM electroosmotic flow modifier (OFM) hydroxide, 10 mM 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid and 0.1 mM calcium gluconate (pH 9.1). Major anions (Cl-, SO4(2), PO4H2+, and CO3H-) were measured using hydrostatic injection (10 cm for 30 s) at 25 degrees C. Trace amounts of anions (F-, Br-, and NO3-) were better determined by electromigration injection (4 kV, 10 s) at 15 degrees C. Good reproducibility of the migration times (<0.72% RSD), a satisfactory linear response and accuracy as well as acceptable detection limits were successfully obtained.

Anions↗
PubMed2003

The relationship between theory of mind and episodic memory: evidence for the development of autonoetic consciousness.

The study investigated a link between theory of mind and episodic memory involving autonoetic consciousness (). Eighty-nine Japanese 4- to 6-year-olds received two versions of a false belief task, a task of aspectuality or knowledge origins, and four memory tests. After controlling for age, most theory of mind abilities showed no interrelations, and own and other's belief understandings in deceptive appearance tasks were solely related to source memory, but not to free recall, temporal ordering, or working memory. Moreover, even when age and verbal intelligence were controlled, the association between representational change and source memory was highly significant in 6-year-olds but not in 4- and 5-year-olds. Results suggest that during development only a particular kind of theory of mind ability is integrated with episodic memory.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Müllerian anomalies and renal agenesis: autosomal dominant urogenital adysplasia.

We report two families in which müllerian anomalies or renal agenesis appeared to be caused by an autosomal dominant gene that produces unilateral or bilateral renal agenesis and a spectrum of müllerian anomalies. This single gene disorder may account for the high incidence of müllerian anomalies observed in females with bilateral renal agenesis and the increased frequency of renal anomalies in patients with müllerian malformations. The range of müllerian anomalies in this disorder includes bicornuate uterus, uterus didelphys, Rokitansky- Kuster -Hauser syndrome (vaginal atresia with or without absence of the uterus), and total müllerian aplasia. Gene expression is not sex limited. Affected males can have bilateral or unilateral renal agenesis, and possibly may have unilateral or bilateral absence of the vas deferens or seminal vesicles. We suggest that autosomal dominant urogenital adysplasia is common, but underdiagnosed because of the deceptive variability in gene expression. In addition, reduced gene penetrance and reduced biologic fitness from lethal renal anomalies or genital tract anomalies may obscure the autosomal dominant nature of this disorder in most families.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Denial in physical illness.

Denial is a concept often encountered in literature describing patients' psychological responses to physical illness. Definitions and theories of denial have drawn on clinical, cognitive, psychodynamic, organic, and interpersonal frameworks. Denial is related to other concepts such as lack of insight, self-deception, and anosognosia. Empirical studies have yielded mixed results with regard to the adaptive properties of denial. These results require interpretation in the light of: (1) the definitional complexities of denial; (2) the diversity of methods used for its assessment; and (3) the choice of different clinical samples and heterogeneous outcome measures. The clinical management of maladaptive denial poses a challenging problem which requires consideration of factors pertaining to the patient, the illness, the treating clinician, as well as the patient's social environment. To achieve further clarification of the role of denial in physical illness, future research would benefit from clearer definitions and more refined, consistent methods of assessment. A number of recommendations are outlined.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

Ultrasonic velocimetry in resection of renal arteriovenous fistulas and other intrarenal surgical procedures.

The Doppler velocimetry is considered to be useful frequently and indispensable occasionally for intrarenal surgery. Current equipment is relatively inexpensive, the operation is technically simple and maintenance is minimal. The instrument provides an instantaneous appraisal of the precise location of a blood vessel and some characteristics of blood flow with a facility unlikely to be achieved with any other technique. It is important that the limitations of current instruments be appreciated since the concepts of the procedure and current instrumentation are deceptively conductive to expectations beyond their capability.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Use and abuse of medical service marks.

Medical service marks, like other service marks and trademarks, are subject to public misuse and infringement. Such misuses are sometimes innocent and sometimes fraudulently motivated. For example, throughout the history of the Mayo Clinic, the Mayo name has been publicly appropriated by unauthorized users attempting to claim an endorsement or affiliation with the clinic. On at least two occasions, the Mayo Clinic has sued misusers. Mayo prevailed in a 1962 appeal in the Minnesota Supreme Court against a business incorporating into its name the word "Mayo" and selling medicinal products in the Rochester, Minnesota, area. The supreme court banned such deceptive use, finding that persons would associate the name Mayo on medically related products with the Mayo Clinic. Mayo did not prevail, however, in a 1972 federal appeal against a food company attempting to register a trademark of "mayo" and "7" for mayonnaise. The court found that purchasers would not associate the "mayo" on a food product with the Mayo Clinic. From 1989 to 1991, a fraudulent "Mayo Diet Pill" circulated in Europe, where advertisements suggested that it originated at the Mayo Clinic. Its sale was stopped only after the Mayo reputation incurred an undetermined amount of damage in Europe. Public misuse of medical service marks is likely to increase as the health-care marketplace becomes more competitive.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1994

The physician as private attorney general.

A physician whose patient suffered permanent injuries due to a prescribed theophylline-based medication successfully sued the drug manufacturer under the Washington State Consumer Protection and Product Liability Acts. He claimed damages for injury to his professional reputation and for his personal physical and emotional distress. Evidence showed that the drug company had engaged in deceptive trade practices by concealing from physicians information about the risks associated with use of theophylline. On appeal, the Washington Supreme Court affirmed the physician's claim under the Consumer Protection Act but reversed the award of damages under the Product Liability Act. The court decided that, although the Consumer Protection Act normally applies to the ultimate user of a product, physicians are appropriate parties under the act in the case of medication injuries due to the special relationship between physicians and drug manufacturers, in which manufacturers deal directly with the prescriber, not with the patient. The prescribing physician may be a "private attorney general" under the act because the manufacturer caused harm to his professional reputation. The physician, however, could not recover damages for personal distress after injuries experienced by his patient because such damages are available only under the Product Liability Act, a law that applies to parties directly injured by a product, their relatives, and certain bystanders witnessing the injury.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1998

On the distinction between access and store disorders in schizophrenia: a question of deficit severity?

This study documents a severe face naming impairment in schizophrenic patients. A series of twelve patients was examined further to determine whether this deficit conformed to either an access or store disorder as described originally by Warrington and Shallice. This analysis of consistency across time, effects of cueing and familiarity effects revealed heterogeneous performance patterns; pointing to access disorders in some patients and store disorders in others. However, the difference between access-like and store-like patterns of performance was strongly correlated with quantitative differences in patient deficit-severity. Hence, the notion of dichotomous access and store disorders, in schizophrenic patients, may be deceptive; with the naming performance of schizophrenics varying according to the extent of their stored knowledge, rather than any qualitative differences between patients. These findings have implications for our understanding of: cognitive deficits in both schizophrenic and neurological patients; the relationship between psychotic and neurological disorders and perhaps for the underlying neurophysiological dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Amino acid and energy needs of pediatric patients receiving parenteral nutrition.

The technique of parenteral nutrition has become such an established part of modern pediatric care that it is difficult to imagine how pediatricians, as recently as 25 years ago, managed a large group of very difficult patients; however, despite its obvious nutritional advantages, the technique is not without problems. Many of these can be circumvented or controlled by careful attention to all aspects of the technique. Certainly the incidence of these problems can be maintained at a level sufficiently low that the benefits of the technique far outweigh its risks; however, the technique clearly can be further improved. One requirement for doing so is to recognize that the technique is deceptively simple and that it should not be used indiscriminantly without careful consideration of indications and alternative strategies for nutritional management. Additional research also is required. As discussed earlier, the available parenteral amino acid mixtures and lipid emulsions, although considerably improved over earlier versions, remain far from optimal. Some of the actual and theoretic problems that should be addressed in the near future are discussed in the preceding sections; there also are many others.

Amino Acids↗