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PubMed1992

The ergonomic analysis of a trauma resuscitation room.

Ergonomics is the practical and scientific study of people in relation to their working environment. We describe its application to the operation of a trauma resuscitation room. We used specifically designed computer software. This methodology enables a unique and objective assessment of the design and operation of a clinical system. It may be particularly applicable to other hospital areas where the efficient interaction of staff, patients and equipment is crucial to the optimal clinical outcome.

Equipment and Supplies, Hospital↗
PubMed1991

Algorithms for Bayesian belief-network precomputation.

Bayesian belief networks provide an intuitive and concise means of representing probabilistic relationships among the variables in expert systems. A major drawback to this methodology is its computational complexity. We present an introduction to belief networks, and describe methods for precomputing, or caching, part of a belief network based on metrics of probability and expected utility. These algorithms are examples of a general method for decreasing expected running time for probabilistic inference. We first present the necessary background, and then present algorithms for producing caches based on metrics of expected probability and expected utility. We show how these algorithms can be applied to a moderately complex belief network, and present directions for future research.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1987

Post registration training in gastroenterology for nurses.

This article is a review of the prospects for a specialised European training programme for nurses in gastroenterology. It discusses the possible integration of training in endoscopy and stoma therapy together with conventional nursing of acute gastrointestinal emergencies and the care of patients with chronic intestinal conditions. Despite the existence of a number of interested bodies, at present no such courses exist. If they are developed they should lead to an internationally recognised diploma of gastrointestinal nursing. Training in counselling techniques, terminal care and research methodology, together with computing techniques need to be incorporated in each course. The future of such nurses will be in non-academic hospitals, where they will have a role in the follow-up and management of patients.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1996

Determination of proton transfer rate constants using Ab initio, molecular dynamics and density matrix evolution calculations.

In this work we give an overview of the methodologies required to compute the rate of proton transfer in hydrogen bonded systems in solution. Using ab initio or density functional methods we determine proton potentials of a truncated system as a function of proton-donor proton-acceptor distance as well as nonbonding parameters. By classical molecular dynamics we evaluate a swarm of proton potentials with the proton fixed in the reactant well. The rate of proton transfer is calculated perturbatively using the Density Matrix Evolution (DME) method, going beyond the Born Oppenheimer approximation. The method is illustrated by two examples: hydrogen malonate and the active center of HIV-1 protease.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1994

["ARCHIDIA": a system for patients' data collection and computerized filing. Part I. Methodology].

This report describes a computer based program of patient clinical data collection: the ARCHIDIA system. The project relies on descriptive analysis of clinical events according to well defined methodological criteria. This allows the formulation of a concise diagnosis which is, at the same time, exhaustive of all essential information. Two are the basis principles of this methodology: To define, as accurately as possible, the logical steps necessary to elaborate the diagnosis, that is construed by a sequence of codes. To define all the conditions that must be followed so to use any code in a controlled and independent way. These criteria were derived from literature. The major claim of the system is likely to be the introduction of a "common language" between different ICUs. Uniformed diagnostic and clinical criteria are the main source of large data collection for descriptive, analytic and prospective studies. After a one year pilot study performed by 4 ICUs, ARCHIDIA was used, in 1991, by 20 centers from the area of Milan, Pavia, Como, Varese (70% of total) and 4148 patient data were collected. A descriptive analysis will be reported in the following paper.

Electronic Data Processing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analyze of hospital computer networks.

Methods for the analysis of hospital computer networks have been developed without the need for a large-scale computer simulation of the queueing events in the problem. A table-driven methodology and a simple computer program are provided for an analysis of the computer utilization and channel utilization for a network of computers supporting hospital tasks. An example, using a DEC 11/780 VAX and six DEC 11/44's is given. The example network is also analyzed by large-scale computer simulation techniques, and the results are compared.

Computers↗
PubMed2006

Parallelized-over-parts computation of absolute binding free energy with docking and molecular dynamics.

We present a technique for biomolecular free energy calculations that exploits highly parallelized sampling to significantly reduce the time to results. The technique combines free energies for multiple, nonoverlapping configurational macrostates and is naturally suited to distributed computing. We describe a methodology that uses this technique with docking, molecular dynamics, and free energy perturbation to compute absolute free energies of binding quickly compared to previous methods. The method does not require a priori knowledge of the binding pose as long as the docking technique used can generate reasonable binding modes. We demonstrate the method on the protein FKBP12 and eight of its inhibitors.

Biophysics↗
PubMed1981

[Follow-up of retrobulbar neuritis with the octopus computer perimeter (author's transl)].

Methodological possibilities of quantifying the visual field course in retrobulbar neuritis were studied. In nine patients suffering from this condition the visual field had been examined repeatedly using the Octopus computer perimeter (program 31, stimulus size 3). Total loss of sensitivity and the number of test points with pathologic results had been chosen to correlate to recovery of visual function. These parameters, as well as visual acuity, were compared with the cumulative steroid dose. It is concluded that rapid recovery of visual function with initial steroid therapy may have a starter effect for spontaneous further improvement of sensitivity in the central visual field. However, a prospective, controlled clinical trial would be required to provide definite proof of the usefulness of steroid therapy in retrobulbar neuritis.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed2003

Computational design of variant TNF molecules: a novel methodology for inhibition of proinflammatory cascades.

Site-directed mutagenesis of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) based on prediction of the interaction of specific residues with TNF receptors generated dominant-negative constructs, in which single- or double-amino acid changes result in decreased receptor binding and cellular activation. These dominant-negatives not only provide a novel manner to block the proinflammatory effects of TNF, but also can be used as a tool to examine ligand-receptor interactions and their importance in signaling. Because these TNF mutant molecules are smaller than those used for conventional anti-TNF therapies, such as etanercept or infliximab, they are likely to achieve greater tissue concentrations and may provide enhanced therapeutic effect. However, the immunogenicity, as well as efficacy, of the dominant-negative TNF constructs must be more completely examined.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed2001

Effect of computer-assisted self-interviews on reporting of sexual HIV risk behaviours in a general population sample: a methodological experiment.

OBJECTIVES: To develop methods to maximize the accuracy of reporting HIV risk behaviours in a general population survey. We assessed the feasibility of using a computer-assisted self-completion interview (CASI) in comparison with pen-and-paper self-completion interview (PAPI). DESIGN: A probability sample survey of residents aged 16-44 years in Britain, with alternate assignment of addresses to interview by CASI (462) or PAPI (439). METHODS: Personal interviews exploring demographic and sexual behaviour variables. Principal outcome measures were the impact of CASI in relation to PAPI on data quality and rates of reporting a range of behaviours. RESULTS: A total of 901 interviews were completed; 829 individuals were eligible for and accepted the self-completion module. Internal consistency of data items was greater with CASI than PAPI and item non-response was lower. Overall, there was no significant difference in rates of reporting between CASI and PAPI. The main effect for CASI compared with PAPI in a generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis was an OR (95% CI) of 1.04 (0.92-1.17). Variables were also examined individually, including homosexual partnership (adjusted OR 1.26 95%, CI 0.69-2.29), payment for sex (adjusted OR 0.68 95% CI 0.29-1.59), masturbation (adjusted OR 0.89 95% CI 0.66 1.22) and five or more partners in the past 5 years (OR 0.85 95% CI 0.61 -1.19). CONCLUSION: We found no evidence of a consistent effect of CASI on rates of reporting sexual HIV risk behaviours in this sample. CASI resulted in improvement in internal consistency and a reduction in missed questions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Quantitative autoradiography of central neurotransmitter receptors: methodological and statistical aspects with special reference to computer-assisted image analysis.

In the last few years, quantitative receptor autoradiography has been extensively employed to study the distribution and the functional role of area-specific transmitter receptors in the central nervous system. In the present paper we have developed quantitative methodologies for the analysis of autoradiograms using computerized image analysers coupled with standard TV camera input for the microdensitometrical evaluations. These procedures include the assessment of the film response to radioactivity using appropriate standards calibrated according to brain tissue quenching and non-linear conversion of density measurements in radioactivity values adopting the best mathematical model fitting to give as little variability as possible in the transformations. The reliability of the proposed approach has also been evaluated by means of a computer-assisted Monte Carlo simulation and parallel biochemical determinations.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Computer simulation of sphenopsid architecture. I. Principles and methodology.

The modelling system AMAP 1 provides morphological models that reproduce the series of shapes developed in a plant structure during its growth. It is applicable to plants that have architectural features consistent with the principles introduced by Hallé et al. (Hallé, F., Oldeman, R.A.A., Tomlinson, P.B., 1978. Tropical Trees and Forest. Springer, Berlin, 441 pp.). We present the main principles of the methodology including the use of an architectural template and the statistical processing of the data collected on sample plants and a description of its components and parameters. We use models of Equisetum telmateia aerial shoots as examples of adaptations of this methodology to plants represented by a limited number of specimens. The main features of this approach that make it especially relevant for modelling incomplete and fragmented fossil plants include the use of architectural templates constructed by adding discrete morphological entities limited to a number of axial components as follows: as many branch orders as are identified in the sample plants, a single extension unit per branch order, and its internodes. This approach is viewed as a means to provide visual representations of plants at different ontogenetical stages, expressing our current knowledge of their growth and branching strategies, and of the parameters that control their geometries.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

A methodology for incorporating web technologies into a computer-based patient record, with contributions from cognitive science.

Cognitive science is a rich source of insight for creative use of new Web technologies by medical informatics workers. I outline a project to Web-enable an existing computer-based patient record (CPR) in the context of ideas from philosophy, linguistics, artificial intelligence, and cognitive psychology. Web prototypes play an important role (a) because Web technology lends itself to rapid prototype development, and (b) because prototypes help team members bridge among disparate medical, computing, and business ontologies. Six Web-enabled CPR prototypes were created and ranked. User scenarios were generated using a user communication matrix. Resulting prototypes were compared according to the degree to which they satisfied medical, computing, and business constraints. In a different organization, or at different time, candidate prototypes and their ranking might have been different. However, prototype generation and comparison are fundamentally influenced by factors usefully understood in a cognitive science framework.

Cognitive Science↗
PubMed1995

Computer-assisted image processing for quantitative measurements of fractional bone area. A methodologic study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a method for computer-assisted image processing to assess quantitatively fractional bone volume in sections of bone biopsies (part I). A second purpose was to apply this method in an experimental study to determine bone loss by measuring fractional bone area in sections of calvarial bone of gastrectomized rats and to compare this with a control group. Stained paraffin sections of skull bone of young rabbits (part I) and rats (part II) were examined. The histologic sections were placed on a microscope. A video camera was connected to the microscope, and the image transferred to a display monitor connected to a PC with dedicated software, performing the measurements. In the first part of the study tests of the reproducibility of the method were performed. The influence of factors such as external illumination and light intensity in the microscope was evaluated by measuring the same area several times at different times (= different illumination) and at different microscope light intensity levels. The automatic method was compared with a manual method, using a Merz grid but automatically calculated. The difference between the means of the manual and automatic measurements was determined with the paired t test. In the second part of the study the unpaired t test was used to determine the differences between the control group and experimental group, both for the manually and the automatically measured values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Computer-assisted continuous ST-segment analysis for clinical research: methodological issues.

Continuous ST-segment monitoring has been used to detect acute myocardial ischemia, determine the success of the reperfusion therapy, and predict outcomes in both research and a variety of clinical settings. However, analyzing the abundant electrocardiography (ECG) data recorded using continuous multilead ST-segment monitoring techniques is time consuming and requires expertise. Experienced data interpreters in dedicated ECG core laboratories handle many continuous ECG data records from large clinical trials. Little information on measurement issues for computer-assisted ST-segment analysis is available for individual investigators. Unsupervised or inexperienced computer analysis of ST-segment deviations can, under certain circumstances, yield invalid or unreliable summary indices. The goal of this article is to discuss basic ST-segment measurement principles in evaluating acute myocardial ischemia and methodological issues surrounding the use of computer-assisted ST-segment analysis for continuous ECG data. Variables affecting ST-segment measurements will be examined. Sources and examples of variability for these potential errors will be identified.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗