Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CONTRACEPTIVES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Complications of pregnancy and labor in former oral contraceptive users.

Complications of pregnancy and delivery, and obstetric interventions, were studied in a sample of Israeli women questioned post-partum about contraceptive use. The 2,953 women who had used the pill were compared with 13,630 controls. There were no significant differences between users and controls in the frequencies of bleeding in pregnancy, premature rupture of membranes, placenta previa, placental abruption, fetal distress or asphyxia, ABO incompatibility, hydramnios, transverse lie, cephalopelvic disproportion, and persistent occipitoposterior or post-partum hemorrhage. New cases of hypertension, varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, urinary tract infection, and cervicitis were reported in primigravidae and multigravidae without past histories of these conditions; there were no differences between oral contraceptive users and controls other than an excess of cervicitis in primigravidae among former users. There was a slight decrease in normal deliveries in former oral contraceptive users due to an increase in inductions of labor. On the other hand, rates of forceps and vacuum deliveries, caesarian sections, and interventions in the third stage did not differ between former oral contraceptive users and controls. These results indicate that former oral contraceptive users can anticipate the same frequency of complications of pregnancy and labor as women who have used other, or no, methods of contraception.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Adolescent contraceptive use and its determinants in Bangladesh: evidence from Bangladesh Fertility Survey 1989.

This study is concerned with contraceptive use among the currently married adolescents in Bangladesh utilizing the 1989 Bangladesh Fertility Survey (BFS) data. The study analyzes the factors affecting the current use of contraception among the adolescents through bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results indicate that although adolescents have almost universal knowledge about contraceptive methods, only 15 percent are currently using any method of contraception. The corresponding figures for the adults and for the nation as a whole are 34.4 percent and 31.4 percent, respectively. Among the individual methods currently used by the adolescents, the pill appears as the most popular method, followed by safe period. A substantial proportion of the adolescents were found to rely on the traditional methods of contraception. Among the socio-economic variables (as revealed by the logistic regression analysis), respondents' education, participation in the family planning decision, visit by family planning workers, region of residence, husband's occupation and possession of electricity in the household appear as the most significant factors determining the current use of contraception among the adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Lea's Shield: a study of the safety and efficacy of a new vaginal barrier contraceptive used with and without spermicide.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety, efficacy and acceptability of Lea's Shield, a new vaginal contraceptive barrier device, when used with either spermicidal or non-spermicidal lubricant. One-hundred-eighty-five (185) women enrolled at six centers. Half were randomized to use the device with spermicide and half with a non-spermicidal lubricant. To be eligible, volunteers had to be 18-40 years old (inclusive), in good health with regular menses, sexually active in an ongoing relationship and at risk for pregnancy, and willing to use Lea's Shield as their sole means of contraception for six months. Participants were seen at admission, one week, one month, three months and six months. Gross cumulative life table rates were calculated for pregnancy and others reasons for discontinuation. Adverse experiences and responses to an acceptability questionnaire were evaluated. One-hundred-eighty-two (182) volunteers contributed data to the analysis of safety and 146 to that of contraceptive efficacy. The unadjusted six-month life table pregnancy rate was 8.7 per 100 women for spermicide users and 12.9 for non-spermicide users (p = 0.287). After controlling for age, center, and frequent prior use of barrier methods, the adjusted six-month life table pregnancy rate was 5.6 for spermicide users and 9.3 for non-spermicide users (p = 0.086), indicating that use of spermicide lowered pregnancy rates, although not significantly, during typical use. For purposes of comparison, it is important to note that this study differed from the cap/diaphragm and sponge/ diaphragm studies in that a high percentage (84%) of volunteers were parous. For reasons that are unclear, pregnancy rates among parous women using barrier contraceptives tend to be higher than among nulliparous women. Indeed, in this study there were no pregnancies among nulliparous users of Lea's Shield. Standardization of parity of this study population on those of the cap/diaphragm and sponge/diaphragm studies suggests that unadjusted pregnancy rates for this device would have been considerably lower (2.2 and 2.9 per 100 users of spermicide and non-spermicide, respectively) had the study been done using the populations of earlier studies. Since no directly comparative study has been done, these figures provide a tentative estimate of the relative efficacy of Lea's Shield compared with the sponge, cap, and diaphragm. There were no serious adverse experiences attributed to the use of Lea's Shield. Acceptability was very good. Seventy-five percent (75%) of women responded to an end-of-study questionnaire; 87% of these reported that they would recommend Lea's Shield to a friend. Lea's Shield is a new vaginal contraceptive that does not require clinician fitting. Pregnancy rates in this study compare favorably with other studies of barrier contraceptive methods including the cervical cap, diaphragm, and sponge, even though this study was done with greater rigor and with a greater percentage of parous women than previous barrier studies. Lea's Shield appears to be safe and very acceptable to study volunteers.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Nonbarrier contraceptives and vaginitis and vaginosis.

Within the limitations of the available data, it has been reported that oral contraceptive use versus other contraceptive methods is associated with a greater or similar frequency of candidiasis, increased numbers of anaerobic microorganisms, an increased or similar frequency of chlamydia trachomatis, and a reduced frequency of bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis. The impact of contraceptive steroids on cellular and humoral immunologic factors may explain these observations. Intrauterine contraceptive device use is reported to be associated with an increased rate of bacterial vaginosis and anaerobic organism recovery from the vagina regardless of symptoms. Patients having a contraceptive vaginal ring were found to have the same number and types of vaginal organisms as oral contraceptive users. Levonorgestrel-releasing subdermal implant (Norplant, Wyeth-Ayerst, Philadelphia, Pa.) users have been reported to have approximately half the rate of vaginitis and vaginosis compared with that of Copper T-200 intrauterine device users.

Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal↗
PubMed1993

Contraceptive methods for women with neurologic disorders.

Sex steroids in oral contraceptives exert several effects on the central nervous system and are therefore of concern when used by neurologically compromised women. In general, oral contraceptives do not aggravate epileptic seizures and are not contraindicated in cases of tension headache. Oral contraceptives can be used in cases of migraine without focal neurologic symptoms as long as headache symptoms do not worsen. Levels of sex steroids can be diminished through enzyme induction by antiepileptic drugs, giving rise to the possibility of contraceptive failure and exposure of the fetus to the teratogenic properties of antiseizure medications. Women with common migraine (without focal neurologic symptoms) who are taking oral contraceptives should be monitored for possible exacerbation of their symptoms. Women who do experience worsening of headache symptomatology when taking the pill should consider alternate means of contraception.

Contraception↗
PubMed1986

Weight gain in adolescent and young adult oral contraceptive users.

This study analyzed weight gain as a side effect of oral contraceptive use in teens and young adults. A retrospective chart review from 1978 to 1983 was conducted at two family planning clinics. Weight gain over 12 months was compared between females starting oral contraceptive pills and a control group using an IUD or a barrier method. One-hundred thirty-eight charts were included in the oral contraceptive group and 35 in the control group. There was no significant difference between the oral contraceptive group and control group in initial weight and weight after one year of use. Distribution of weight was also similar. There were no significant blood pressure changes. In the oral contraceptive group only five (3.7%) users listed weight gain as a side effect. The results suggest that for many young women who use oral contraceptive pills there is no greater risk of weight gain than for other sexually active young females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Adolescent satisfaction with postpartum contraception and body weight concerns.

PURPOSE: To explore factors that could be related to adolescents' satisfaction with postpartum contraceptives. METHODS: Three focus groups were conducted with a total of 22 adolescent mothers. The groups covered four content areas: feelings about birth control since becoming a mother, decision making about contraceptive use, factors that would influence contraceptive discontinuation, and the perceived side effects of the current contraceptive. Audiotapes from the groups were analyzed to identify major themes. RESULTS: Nineteen subjects received Depo-Provera when they were discharged after delivery and the majority reported that menstrual irregularities and weight gain were side effects. Two body weight-related themes were dominant: dissatisfaction with heavier than desired body weights and resignation about not returning to prepregnancy weights. CONCLUSIONS: Depo-Provera may be an effective contraceptive for adolescent mothers who are generally at high risk for rapid repeat pregnancy. This qualitative study suggests that contraceptive continuation may be enhanced with specific counselling to manage body weight concerns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A model to detect interactions between roxithromycin and oral contraceptives.

Twenty-two healthy women participated in a study to determine whether roxithromycin (a new macrolide antibiotic agent) obtunds the activity of a triphasic oral contraceptive. The duration of the study was four menstrual cycles. Medication was given as follows: (1) cycle 1, no medication to demonstrate ovulation; (2) cycle 2, triphasic oral contraceptive daily to suppress ovulation; (3) cycle 3, triphasic oral contraceptive daily plus roxithromycin, 150 mg b.i.d.; and (4) cycle 4, triphasic oral contraceptive daily plus rifampin, 300 mg daily. Sonography of the ovaries was performed on day 13, and serum progesterone was measured on day 21 of each cycle. Elevated progesterone indicated ovulation. The presence of a maturing follicle supported this finding. All volunteers ovulated in the first cycle and no volunteers ovulated in the second and third cycles. However, 11 women ovulated when rifampin and the triphasic oral contraceptive were given concomitantly. The findings suggest there is no reason to believe that roxithromycin interferes with the efficacy of oral contraceptives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

A prospective study of past use of oral contraceptive agents and risk of cardiovascular diseases.

We evaluated the effects of past use of oral contraceptive agents on the risk of various cardiovascular diseases among women in the Nurses' Health Study cohort. We studied 119,061 women who were 30 to 55 years of age in 1976, who provided information on their use of oral contraceptives, and who at entry had had no previous coronary disease or stroke. End points were documented by medical records. During eight years of follow-up (484,096 person-years among those who had never used oral contraceptives, 415,488 among past users, and 22,376 among current users), there were 485 new cases of major coronary disease (380 nonfatal myocardial infarctions and 105 deaths from coronary disease), 282 strokes (205 nonfatal and 77 fatal), and 48 other deaths from cardiovascular causes. We found no evidence to suggest an increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases among past users of oral contraceptives, even with prolonged previous use. After adjustment for a variety of risk factors, the relative risk of major coronary disease for women who had used oral contraceptives in the past, as compared with those who had never used such agents, was 0.8 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.6 to 1.0); of stroke, 1.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.7 to 1.3); and of death from all cardiovascular causes, 0.9 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.7 to 1.2). We found neither evidence of increased risk with longer use nor any trend with the amount of time since the last use. According to these prospective data, the use of oral contraceptive agents in the past does not materially raise a woman's risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Use of contraceptives by women of upper socioeconomic status.

This was a descriptive correlational study of the contraceptive knowledge, methods, and consistency of contraceptive use by women of upper socioeconomic class. Socioeconomic class was determined using Hollingshead's Four-Factor Index of Social Status (1975) and was based on the woman's own educational and occupational status. The mean socioeconomic score for participants in this study (N = 83) was high in the second of five socioeconomic classes. Study participants were found to be consistent users of their contraceptive method and had fewer unplanned pregnancies in their history than the general population. They were more knowledgeable about contraceptives and reproduction than others tested with the same contraceptive knowledge instrument. They used barrier methods predominantly, with the use of less theoretically effective methods correlating significantly with a greater number of contraceptive methods used in the past.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Contraceptive methods and the transmission of HIV: implications for family planning.

Heterosexual transmission is the predominant mode of spread of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in most of the world. Whether the use of hormonal contraceptives, IUDs and spermicides is associated with an increased or decreased risk for HIV acquisition remains controversial. Several mechanisms whereby contraceptive methods may influence the transmission of HIV have been proposed. As contraceptive use increases among women of reproductive age, the group most vulnerable to HIV infection, any associations between contraceptive method and HIV risk become even more important. The available studies of these associations are predominantly cross-sectional and give conflicting results. We review the published evidence for associations between HIV and individual contraceptive methods. At this time no definitive conclusions regarding these associations can be drawn. Further research, especially prospective epidemiological studies and basic biological research on mechanisms of heterosexual transmission and the effect of contraceptives on these mechanisms, is urgently needed.

Condoms↗
PubMed1996

Contraceptive and sexually transmitted diseases protection among adult and adolescent women infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

The goal of this study was to describe contraceptive and sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention practices in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected adult and adolescent women, and to determine if hormonal contraception has unique adverse effects in this population. A retrospective review of 241 HIV-infected women age 15-45 years was performed. The associations between contraceptive methods and selected characteristics were determined by chi-square methods and logistic regression modelling. African American race (RR 8.6, 95% CI 3.3, 22.5), injection drug use history (RR 5.0, 95% CI 2.2, 11.2), age < 25 years (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1, 3.5) and progestin only contraceptive use (RR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4, 6.6) were significantly associated with incident STDs. The only potential adverse effect of hormonal contraception noted in this retrospective study was the significant association between STDs and progestin-only contraception. Prospective studies to better delineate the true association between STDs and progestin-only agents after adjustment for behaviour patterns are warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Epidemiology of contraception with steroids in Western Europe.

A study of contraceptive practice, essential knowledge and communication concerning contraception as well as the related perceptions was conducted among women aged 15-44 in Italy, France, Great Britain, Spain and the Federal Republic of Germany in the years 1984 and 1985. The pattern of contraceptive use and its differential varied strongly between countries. Knowledge, information and communications were observed to be different to a similar degree. Motives for changing contraceptive methods were largely inspired by concern for health and, to a lesser degree, reliability. Perceptions of contraceptive methods were found to be reasonably well in concurrence with reality, with the important exception of the perceptions of the health hazards of the pill which were largely overestimated, giving oral contraception and injustified bad image where effects on health are concerned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Postcoital contraception.

Changes in sexual mores have led to the need for an effective emergency postcoital contraceptive agent. To meet this need various individual steroids, either alone or in combination, have been evaluated and shown to be effective in preventing pregnancy as a result of a single, unprotected coital act. No drug has received specific marketing approval in North America for this purpose. However, in western Europe, the combination of ethinyloestradiol and levonorgestrel is marketed specifically for use as a postcoital contraceptive agent. Intrauterine copper contraceptive devices have also been shown to be effective postcoital contraceptive agents, but their applicability is confined to a specific segment of the population. Other agents are also being investigated for their postcoital contraceptive effectiveness, including prostaglandins, anti-progestins, GnRH agonists, super agonists and antagonists, and HCG antagonists. Sufficient interest exists in postcoital contraception that the World Health Organization has undertaken, through their task force dealing with postcoital, once-a-month and menses-inducing agents, to develop other postcoital drugs.

Contraceptives, Postcoital↗
PubMed1983

Oral contraceptive use and fibrocystic breast disease with special reference to its histopathology.

The relationship between use of oral contraceptives and fibrocystic breast disease was examined in a hospital-based case-control study undertaken in New Haven, Connecticut, from 1977 to 1979. Particular emphasis was placed on the extent of epithelial atypia and other histopathologic characteristics found in the biopsy specimens from the cases. Women who had ever used oral contraceptives were at a somewhat decreased risk for fibrocystic disease as a whole. Cases with high atypia and controls had similar patterns of oral contraceptive use, whereas cases with low and intermediate atypia had less oral contraceptive use than controls. Cases with intermediate atypia reported the lowest oral contraceptive use. Subjects with biopsy specimens exhibiting gross cysts, microscopic cysts, or papillomatosis were about 50% less likely to have used oral contraceptives than controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Contraception in the adolescent: current concepts for the pediatrician.

An overview is presented of the major methods of contraception available to the sexually active adolescent. Emphasis is given to the combined birth control pill, while the literature describing absolute and relative contraindications to oral contraception is reviewed. It is noted that adolescents with chronic illness must also be evaluated for contraceptive needs. Other methods covered include the intrauterine device, barrier methods (diaphragm, condom, and vaginal contraceptives), injectable contraceptives, postcoital contraception, and methods under current investigation. The approach to each patient must be individualized, based on her coital activity, understanding of alternatives, medical status, and what method is chosen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Oral contraceptives and liver tumors].

That oral contraceptives have repercussions on the liver and bile ducts can no longer be denied. The role of oral contraceptives in inducing malignant or benign hepatic tumours is not universally admitted. From 1968 to 1979 the authors enumerated 29 hepatic tumours (18 benign, 11 malignant). In 13 cases the benign tumour was associated with the use of oral contraceptives and the tumour was diagnosed during or after the course of contraceptives. The signs and symptoms leading to the discovery of the benign hepatic tumour were an abdominal mass or enlarged liver in 3 cases and intraabdominal hemorrhage in one. In 9 cases the tumour was discovered at surgery. The contraceptive used was a preparation containing ethinyl-oestradiol, mestranol and a progesterone. The number of benign hepatic tumours has increased relatively in recent years, and this would seem to coincide with the utilization of oral contraceptives. For the moment definite proof is lacking, as the period during which the authors have studied this problem is still too short.

Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMed1998

[Which contraceptive methods are recommended for young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus? A survey among practitioners in Germany].

AIM: The aim of this study was to find out which recommendations German gynecologists gave to young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in respect to contraception. In addition, it was asked to what extent German gynecologists/obstetricians had experience regarding counselling of young women with type 1 diabetes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A structured questionnaire containing questions about attitudes, health care beliefs and contraception in young women with type 1 diabetes was developed. 804 attendees of the Giessen Gynecological Seminar which was held in January 1997 were asked to participate in the study. RESULTS: Only 142 (17.7%) of the questionnaires were returned. There was no consensus in respect to contraception in young women with diabetes. 61% of the respondents referred to the micropill (< 0.3 mg estrogen) as the preferred contraceptive method for young women with diabetes. Condoms were regarded as second line contraceptive devices in this age and patient group. There was only very limited experience in regard to counselling and treating adolescents/young women with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSION: Among the German gynecologists questioned there was no consensus in respect to contraception in young women with diabetes. Most importantly, there was only very limited individual experience in regard to counselling and treating adolescents/young women with type 1 diabetes among the doctors who participated in the study.

Adolescent↗