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PubMed2003

[An approach to the cardiovascular technology through the interdisciplinarity: a Latin American necessity].

The progresses obtained in the cardiovascular medicine during the last years come to transform the content and the practice of the profession. These advances are consequence of the contribution of basic disciplines like the physics, the chemistry and sciences of the information. Thanks to those disciplines, which establish narrow bonds to each other, appear in the language the transdisciplinary sciences like the biophysics and the biochemistry, an approach between biological and the inorganic thing; as well as the interdisciplinary techniques of the biomedical engineering, whose work move in the medical surroundings using tools of engineering, like the bioinstrumentation, the biomechanics, the bioelectronic and the biomaterials. With these set of tools, it has been possible to extend the diagnoses methods as well as the therapeutic ones in the cardiovascular area, improving substantially the quality of life of the patients. As a result of it, the doctor-engineer encounter becomes transcendent, increasing the dialogue between both disciplines; in what must take part professionals of wide diversity of areas: cardiologists, cardiovascular surgeons, mechanical engineers, electronics engineers, industrial systems engineers, physicists, designers, among others; contributing each one in its field of the knowledge, but coming together towards a same axis of action.

Biochemical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Andhra Pradesh builds a model immunization system Indian state protects millions and shows what new vaccines and technologies can do.

Andhra Pradesh has built a model immunization program over the last few years. Main accomplishments include the state's adoption of hepatitis B for all its newborns and now, for the first time, the Indian government is offering universal coverage of all Indian infants with Hepatitis B vaccine. The AP government, working in partnership with PATH, an international, nonprofit organization based out of Seattle, Washington, USA, has made a series of improvements to the health system. The partnership fostered widespread adoption of safe injection practices and technologies, and improved immunization systems through responsive, supportive management. Japanese encephalitis (JE) control was greatly enhanced through the AP government partnership with PATH, resulting in a 90 percent reduction in cases of JE within the first year of joint efforts.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2006

Ubiquitous technologies in health: new challenges of opportunity, expectation, and responsibility.

In spite of their name, 'ubiquitous' technologies are not yet ubiquitous in the true sense of the word, but rather are 'novel', being at the research, pilot, and selective use stages. In future, the proliferation in types of application, the major increase in cases and data volumes, and above all the dependence on ubiquitous technologies will raise practical, ethical, and liability issues. Equally significantly, it will require health service redesign, including new response services. Health informaticians need to be active in stimulating consideration of all these issues, as part of both social and professional responsibility.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2006

Application of mass spectrometry to the discovery of biomarkers for detection of prostate cancer.

There has been an impressive emergence of mass spectrometry based technologies applied toward the study of proteins. Equally notable is the rapid adaptation of these technologies to biomedical approaches in the realm of clinical proteomics. Concerted efforts toward the elucidation of the proteomes of organ sites or specific disease state are proliferating and from these efforts come the promise of better diagnostics/prognostics and therapeutic intervention. Prostate cancer has been a focus of many such studies with the promise of improved care to patients via biomarkers derived from these proteomic approaches. The newer technologies provide higher analytical capabilities, employ automated liquid handling systems, fractionation techniques and bioinformatics tools for greater sensitivity and resolving power, more robust and higher throughput sample processing, and greater confidence in analytical results. In this prospects, we summarize the proteomic technologies applied to date in prostate cancer, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. The development of newer proteomic strategies for use in future applications is also discussed.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed1992

Value issues in biomedical science: public concerns and professional complacency.

Biomedical research was once an unquestioned good, and generous funding for a short time allowed researchers to work on whatever interested them. Two contradictory pressures have changed this. As costs have risen and economic rationalism has become politically dominant, governments, private corporations and granting agencies have increasingly demanded compliance with their own priorities, instrumental values and performance criteria. On the other hand, social and ethical critics have characterized biomedical research as being out of touch with real health needs and community values and as being an agent of social control that entrenches the power of a technocratic hegemony. The profession has largely acquiesced in bureaucratic and corporate intervention in exchange for continued funding, and assumed that social concerns could be allayed by 'top down' paternalistic education of the public. However, this response tends to add weight to the criticism that biomedicine is an agent of social control. What is needed is a spirited defence of the value of independent scholarship and research that is not limited to science but includes the humanities. Equally important is a process of community education in which scientists not only transmit their knowledge and enthusiasm to the public, but themselves become open to the social and ethical concerns of the community.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1993

Human gene therapy: down the slippery slope?

The strength of a slippery slope argument is a matter of some dispute. Some see it as a reasonable argument pointing out what probably or inevitably follows from adopting some practice, others see it as essentially a fallacious argument. However, there seems to be a tendency emerging to say that in many cases, the argument is not actually fallacious, although it may be unsubstantiated. I shall not try to settle this general discussion, but merely seek to assess the strength of the slippery slope argument applied to human gene therapy. The structure of my argument will be the following. First, I shall distinguish between three different versions of the slippery slope argument; two logical versions and an empirical one. Next, I will address human gene therapy in terms of each of the three versions, partly relying on slippery slope arguments against this practice that have already surfaced in the literature. I shall argue that neither version pulls through. The logical versions fail primarily because relevant distinctions can be made between different uses of gene therapy, contrary to what the proponents of the arguments claim. The empirical version fails because there seems to be no evidence supporting the claim that we shall in fact slide down the slope if we engage in gene therapy, and because if we accepted the conclusion that we should not allow gene therapy on the basis of the empirical argument, we should have to make very far-reaching and undesirable modifications in health care in general, in order to be consistent. Or at least so I shall argue.

Altruism↗
PubMed2004

Progress in antisense technology.

Antisense technology exploits oligonucleotide analogs to bind to target RNAs via Watson-Crick hybridization. Once bound, the antisense agent either disables or induces the degradation of the target RNA. Antisense agents can also alter splicing. During the past decade, much has been learned about the basic mechanisms of antisense, the medicinal chemistry, and the pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicologic properties of antisense molecules. Antisense technology has proven valuable in gene functionalization and target validation. With one drug marketed, Vitravenetm, and approximately 20 antisense drugs in clinical development, it appears that antisense drugs may prove important in the treatment of a wide range of diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Medical application of carbon-nanotube-filled nanocomposites: the microcatheter.

Carbon nanotubes hold great promise for use in biomedical fields. Among numerous potential applications, including DNA and protein sensors, bioseparators, biocatalysts, and tissue scaffolds, this article emphasizes the use of carbon-nanotube-filled polymer composites as medical devices, namely, microcatheters. The currently hot topic of the biocompatibility (e.g., toxic properties) of carbon nanotubes is discussed. In addition, critical issues that must be clarified for the full utilization of current carbon-nanotube science and technology in biomedical fields are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The challenges of responding to "high-tech" cardiac implant patients in crisis.

Complex new technologies are frequently added to the palate of modern cardiac care, and numerous potential technologies are poised for patient availability upon successful clinical trials. Some cardiac implants, while thoroughly understood by many cardiologists and most cardiac surgeons, are poorly understood by prehospital (e.g., paramedic, emergency medical technician) and emergency department care providers (e.g., physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists), potentially facilitating improper or inadequate patient care. Exploring the technologies of coronary stents, left ventricular assist devices, and the currently experimental total artificial heart, it is offered that prehospital and emergency department care providers (and ultimately their patients) would benefit by formal training regarding these devices.

Advance Directives↗
PubMed2004

A future without health? Health dimension in global scenario studies.

This paper reviews the health dimension and sociocultural, economic, and ecological determinants of health in existing global scenario studies. Not even half of the 31 scenarios reviewed gave a good description of future health developments and the different scenario studies did not handle health in a consistent way. Most of the global driving forces of health are addressed adequately in the selected scenarios, however, and it therefore would have been possible to describe the future developments in health as an outcome of these multiple driving forces. To provide examples on how future health can be incorporated in existing scenarios, we linked the sociocultural, economic, and environmental developments described in three sets of scenarios (special report on emission scenarios (SRES), global environmental outlook-3 (GEO3), and world water scenarios (WWS)) to three potential, but imaginary, health futures ("age of emerging infectious diseases", "age of medical technology", and "age of sustained health"). This paper provides useful insights into how to deal with future health in scenarios and shows that a comprehensive picture of future health evolves when all important driving forces and pressures are taken into account.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Wireless technologies in health care.

Advances in wireless technology are opening up an ever-increasing field of opportunities for cost reduction, increased patient safety, better data collection and increased convenience for practitioners and patients. This overview of developments highlights the technical solutions on offer for new medical devices.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed1999

Indulging anxiety: human enhancement from a Protestant perspective.

At the heart of any ethics of human enhancement must be some normative assumptions about human nature. The purpose of this essay is to draw on themes from a Protestant theological anthropology to provide a basis for understanding and evaluating the tension between maintaining our humanity and enhancing it. Drawing primarily on the work of theologian Reinhold Niebuhr, I interpret enhancement as proceeding from the anxiety that characterizes human experience at the juncture of freedom and finiteness. Religious and moral dimensions of human sinfulness are considered in relation to cultural values that motivate human enhancement generally. I employ these dimensions in a series of benchmarks to suggest a background of theological, anthropological, and moral considerations against which enhancement is not to be condemmed but rather critically evaluated.

Anthropology↗
PubMed2002

Future of technology to augment patient support in hospitals.

This chapter explores the potential of using computer technology to support and augment psychotherapeutic interventions in hospitals, communities and homes. We describe two applications piloted at Children's Hospital Boston. The first pilot explored how patients with pediatric heart disease used the Storytelling Agent Generation Environment (SAGE) computer program to create interactive storytellers and share their personal stories. The second involved youngsters on hemodialysis for end stage renal disease using the Zora graphical multi-user environment to create a virtual city and form a therapeutic virtual community. In this chapter we show how computer technology can be used to help patients explore their identity, cope with their illness and provide mutual support and interaction. We also present design recommendations for future interventions of this kind.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Declining sex ratio: role of society, technology and government regulation in Faridabad district, Haryana.

BACKGROUND: A declining sex ratio at birth has been documented during censuses in India. The decline is especially more in the northern states of Haryana and Punjab. We attempted to assess the role of society (preference for a male child, awareness and acceptability of the practice of sex determination), technology (availability and affordability) and government regulation in the adverse ratio for girls in the Ballabgarh block of Haryana in northern India. METHODS: The population (about 80 000) in the Ballabgarh block has been under constant demographic surveillance for the past 30 years and the data are stored electronically. This was used to determine the sex ratio at birth in the area since 1990. The data on availability of ultrasound machines was collected from the district authorities, as registration of these machines was made mandatory under the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994. We interviewed 160 mothers and grandmothers to determine the awareness and acceptability of sex determination methods and practices. RESULTS: The demographic data for the past 10 years showed a declining sex ratio-from 881 in 1990-91 to 833 in 2000-01. The data support the view that in the initial part of this period, ultrasound was used for sex determination of all-order births but subsequently was used more in higher-order births. Our interviews with the mothers and grandmothers of the area showed that the practice of sex determination is prevalent and the attitude of the society is ambivalent. The increased availability of ultrasound machines in the area in the past 10 years corresponded to the decline in sex ratio. When the government made the practice illegal, the sex ratio improved only to fall again as the law was not implemented. Later years saw a more stringent implementation of the law and the sex ratio improved again. CONCLUSION: There is a 'demand' for sex determination technology and, therefore, this would continue to be 'supplied'. At most the 'supply' can be regulated. Social engineering efforts need to be targeted at reducing the demand if the sex ratio is to be improved.

Abortion, Eugenic↗