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Results for “BODY FLUID BALANCE”

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At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Effects of ingesting a large volume of carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on rehydration during recovery and subsequent exercise capacity.

This randomized, double-blind study examined the effects of rehydration per se and rehydration plus carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion during recovery (REC) on subsequent endurance running capacity. Nine men ran at 70% VáO2max on a level treadmill for 90 min (T1) on two occasions, followed by a 4 hour REC and a further exhaustive run at the same speed (T2). During the first 3 hours of REC, subjects drank either a 6.9% CHO-electrolyte solution (CE) or a CHO- and electrolyte-free sweetened placebo (PL) every 30 min. Volumes prescribed were 200% of the fluid lost after T1, but the actual volume of fluid ingested during the REC ranged from 113-200% and 88. 5-200% of the body mass lost for the CE and PL trials (NS). However, positive fluid balance was found in both trials after REC. During T2, run time was 24.3 +/- 4.4 min longer in the CE trial (69.3 +/- 5.5 vs. 45.0 +/- 4.2 min; p <.05). Higher blood glucose concentrations were observed throughout REC in the CE trial. These results suggest that ingesting a CHO-electrolyte solution is more effective in restoring endurance capacity compared to the same large volume of placebo, even though complete rehydration was achieved in both trials.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The effect of dDAVP with saline loading on fluid balance during LBNP and standing after 24-hr head-down bedrest.

Shuttle astronauts currently drink approximately a quart of water with eight salt tablets before reentry to restore lost body fluid and thereby reduce the likelihood of cardiovascular instability and syncope during reentry and after landing. However, the saline loading countermeasure is not entirely effective in restoring orthostatic tolerance to preflight levels. We tested the hypothesis that the effectiveness of this countermeasure could be improved with the use of a vasopressin analog, 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP). The rationale for this approach is that reducing urine formation with exogenous vasopressin should increase the magnitude and duration of the vascular volume expansion produced by the saline load, and in so doing improve orthostatic tolerance during reentry and postflight.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Fluid balance and endurance exercise performance.

Dehydration alters cardiovascular, thermoregulatory, central nervous system, and metabolic functions. One or more of these alterations will degrade endurance exercise performance when dehydration exceeds 2% of body weight. These performance decrements are accentuated by heat stress. To minimize the adverse consequences of body water deficits on endurance exercise performance, it is recommended that fluid intake be sufficient to minimize dehydration to less than 2% of body weight loss. This can usually be achieved with fluid intakes of under 1 L x h(-1).

Body Water↗
PubMed2006

Hypovolemia and dehydration in the oncology patient.

Dehydration is commonly but often inappropriately diagnosed in cancer patients. Dehydration is the loss of water from the intracellular compartment due to hypernatremia. Dehydration can occur among patients who are hypervolemic, euvolemic, or hypovolemic. Cancer patients are more often hypovolemic, reflecting depletion of water from the extracellular space due to excessive loss, such as from vomiting and diarrhea, or inadequate intake of fluids. Hypovolemia can be hypernatremic, eunatremic, or hyponatremic. The appropriate state of the patient should be determined prior to attempts at correcting the problem. A hyponatremic patient would rehydrate more quickly with a solution higher in sodium, whereas this solution could be dangerous for a hypernatremic patient. Rapid or inappropriate treatment of hypernatremia can lead to death. Subjective findings, physical findings, and laboratory values will help direct the appropriate resuscitation methods. This paper reviews the physiologic control of extracellular volume and electrolytes, diagnosis of sodium and water balance problems, and the management of these concerns.

Body Fluid Compartments↗
PubMed2006

The definition of weight maintenance.

There is currently no consensus on the definition of weight maintenance in adults. Issues to consider in setting a standard definition include expert opinion, precedents set in previous studies, public health and clinical applications, comparability across body sizes, measurement error, normal weight fluctuations and biologic relevance. To be useful, this definition should indicate an amount of change less than is clinically relevant, but more than expected from measurement error or fluctuations in fluid balance under normal conditions. It is an advantage for the definition to be graded by body size and to be easily understood by the public as well as scientists. Taking all these factors into consideration, the authors recommend that long-term weight maintenance in adults be defined as a weight change of <3% of body weight.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Renal failure in obstructive jaundice.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The optimal preoperative management of patients with acute obstructive jaundice is still a matter of debate. Reduction in effective plasma volume and systemic endotoxemia are major consequences both in experimental acute bile duct ligation and in patients with acute obstructive jaundice (AOJ). The objective of this study is to show the necessity for adequate preoperative hydration and lactulose administration for the prevention of postoperative renal dysfunction in patients with AOJ. METHODOLOGY: Fifty-five patients (35 male, 20 female) with a mean age of 62 years were entered into the study. There were 23 benign and 32 malignant strictures in this group. All patients received oral lactulose (30-45mL per day) and IV cefazoline (3-4g/day) before surgery. Fluid and electrolyte balance was precisely maintained throughout the hospitalization via daily body weight calculations. High-risk elderly patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction were assessed by echocardiography and therapeutic measures were undertaken. Renal function was assessed by creatinine clearance (ClCr) measurements and impairment of renal function was defined as a >20% fall in ClCr value post-surgery. RESULTS: Mean preoperative bilirubin level was 11.05mg/dL (range: 3.45-27.0mg/dL). None of the patients developed postoperative renal failure. The difference between pre- and postoperative ClCr value (104.02mL/min vs. 101.0mL/min respectively) was not significant (t=0.698, P=0.489). One patient with mild renal function impairment before surgery (ClCr=45.4mL/min) successfully recovered with 60% rise in creatinine clearance (ClCr=78.1mL/min) after the operation. Three patients with normal functioning kidneys died within 30 days of operation. The principle cause of death was carcinomatosis and pulmonary embolus in two and intraoperative hemorrhagic shock in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: These results further substantiated the importance of adequate preoperative hydration and endotoxin inactivation in terms of acute renal failure prophylaxis in patients with AOJ. This regimen obviates the afferent events in obstructive jaundice and provides prevention of acute renal failure even in high-risk elderly patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

Time course of changes in blood pressure, aldosterone and body fluids during enalapril treatment: a double-blind randomized study vs hydrochlorothiazide plus propranolol in essential hypertension.

Aldosterone suppression is said to play a major role in the long term hypotensive efficacy of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. However, in previous reports from other laboratories, plasma volume has been found mostly increased and sodium balance sometimes positive. The effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril (10-40 mg/day, p.o., for 6 weeks) on blood pressure, body fluid volumes, renal function and plasma aldosterone were compared to those of hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg/day, p.o.) alone for 2 weeks and in association with propranolol (80-160 mg/day, p.o.) for 4 more weeks during a randomized double-blind parallel study in 14 essential hypertensives. Hydrochlorothiazide alone and in combination with propranolol induced slight and not significant change in either blood pressure and body fluids. The maximum hypotensive response to enalapril was achieved only after 2 weeks of continuous treatment possibly because after 1 week the hypotensive efficacy was lessened by a significant (P less than 0.05) fluid retention secondary to a transient and not significant fall in renal perfusion. At this time aldosterone was not significantly changed compared to pretreatment values. After 6 weeks on enalapril, blood pressure was significantly reduced, plasma aldosterone further but not significantly decreased and extracellular fluid volume was normal. These findings indicate that aldosterone suppression contributes to the blood pressure lowering effect of enalapril by offsetting the salt and water retention observed on starting treatment and due to direct vasodilation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The effect of acetylcholine depletion on behavior following traumatic brain injury.

Rats were injected with either saline; A-4 (40 mg/kg, i.p.), a bis tertiary amine derivative of hemicholinium-3; or A-5 (50 micrograms/kg, i.p.), a bis quaternary amine derivative of hemicholinium-3, 1 h prior to moderate fluid percussion brain injury. A variety of reflexes and responses were measured up to 60 min following injury, and body weight and several neurological measures were taken daily up to 10 days following injury. Pretreatment with either A-4 or A-5 significantly attenuated components of transient behavioral suppression, as well as more enduring deficits in body weight and beam walk and beam balance performance. A-4 administered prior to fluid percussion was found to reduce striatal, but not pontine, acetylcholine content. A-5 did not significantly reduce acetylcholine content in either area. Both A-4 and A-5 pretreatment prevented a significant increase in acetylcholine content in the cerebrospinal fluid following fluid percussion injury; however, only A-5 significantly reduced plasma acetylcholine content. These results confirm cholinergic involvement in the production of both transient and longer-lasting behavioral deficits following traumatic brain injury. Furthermore, traumatic brain injury may allow plasma constituents to gain access to the central nervous system.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1985

Short-term, high-dose muzolimine treatment in patients with chronic renal failure and acute fluid retention.

Muzolimine, the new sulphonamide-free loop-diuretic with both high ceiling and long-lasting activities, was tested in 21 adult patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) (creatinine clearance ranging from 30 to 5 ml/min) and acute fluid overload. Low-protein diet and individual drug therapy were unchanged throughout the study. All patients received a single oral dose of 240 mg of muzolimine for 4 or 6 consecutive days depending on individual response. Clinical status, diuresis, body weight, blood and urine chemistry were recorded daily. In 19 out of 21 patients muzolimine treatment induced reversal of edema and congestive heart failure and a satisfactory fluid balance was achieved. Only two patients did not respond to diuretic treatment and required dialysis to control fluid balance and azotemia. In responsive patients diuresis increased by 50-100% and no rebound antidiuresis was observed after drug withdrawal. Body weight decreased meanly by 9%. No significant change occurred in serum concentration of K throughout the study, even in the 11 patients on digoxin. Except for a slight decrease of serum Cl by the end of treatment, no significant change in serum electrolytes was recorded. No effect was observed on blood glucose, urea and creatinine clearance whereas a slight increase of serum uric acid was recorded. Urinary lysozyme and gamma-GT were similar before and after the trial. Apart from a single case of muscle cramps, no significant side-effects were recorded. In conclusion, the present results indicate that short-term, high-dose oral muzolimine treatment is effective and safe in most patients with advanced CRF and acute fluid retention.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Techniques for assessing and achieving fluid balance in acute renal failure.

Fluid therapy, together with attention to oxygen supply, is the cornerstone of resuscitation in all critically ill patients. Hypovolemia results in inadequate blood flow to meet the metabolic requirements of the tissues and must be treated urgently to avoid the complication of progressive organ failure, including acute renal failure. The kidney plays a critical role in body fluid homeostasis. Renal dysfunction disturbs this homeostasis and requires special attention to issues of fluid balance and fluid overload. In addition, fluid therapy is the only treatment that has been shown to be effective in the prevention of acute renal failure. Special attention to volume status is therefore required in patients at risk for acute renal failure. Hypovolemia is also a major causal factor of morbidity during hemodialysis and may contribute to further renal insults. Although the importance of fluid management is generally recognized, the choice of fluid, the amount, and assessment of fluid status are controversial. As the choice of fluids becomes wider and monitoring devices become more sophisticated, the controversy increases. This article provides an overview of the concept of fluid management in the critically ill patient with acute renal failure.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1995

Preparing for and competing in the heat: the human perspective.

This review provides an overview of the challenges that face man and horses when exercising in the heat. Some of the strategies that are used and are being developed for human athletes exercising in the heat are reviewed. There are many similarities between human and equine physiological responses to exercise in the heat; and equine exercise science may gain some useful insights from the training, fluid replacement and heat acclimatisation strategies used by human athletes. There are, however, some important differences that impact on the ability of horses to thermoregulate and to regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. The major differences are the low surface area to body mass ratio in horses compared to man; and the high metabolic capacity of equine skeletal muscle. These 2 factors may limit the ability of horses to dissipate heat when exercise is performed under hot conditions. Some of the more important equine differences are highlighted within the context of the "human perspective'.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1983

The edematous client: causes, physical assessment and treatment.

Fluid movement between the plasma and interstitial compartments is regulated by a balance of forces at the capillary level. Several factors can alter this balance and lead to edema formation. Since the body has no compensatory mechanism to rid the body of excess fluid once edema appears, it is essential for nurse practitioners to accurately assess clients who may be at risk for fluid retention. This article describes the factors responsible for excess fluid accumulation, client assessment and treatment of generalized edema.

Diet, Sodium-Restricted↗
PubMed1981

The influence of high and low sodium intakes on post-operative antidiuresis.

There remains some doubt over the influence of intravenous fluid and electrolyte therapy on the development of postoperative hyponatraemia. We believe the effect of varying sodium intakes on fluid balance during both the early antidiuresis phase and the later postoperative period has received insufficient emphasis. Therefore, the effects of intravenous regimens, containing either 450 mmol/24 h of sodium (saline group) or no sodium (dextrose group), on salt and water balance, plasma sodium and plasma water concentrations have been studied in two groups of 6 patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery. Hyponatraemia was not seen in the saline group but marked salt (+ 1023 mmol) and water retention (+ 3509 ml) were seen by day + 4. The dextrose group became relatively hyponatraemic (131.8 mmol/l) by day +1 but, following a phase of fluid retention during the 24 h following surgery, they developed negative fluid balance with some recovery of plasma sodium levels. This study confirms the importance of the sodium content of intravenous fluids both on the early development of hyponatraemia and on water and salt balance during the later postoperative period.

Adult↗