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At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Male physical aggression as a function of alcohol intoxication and frustration: experimental results and methodological considerations.

Forty-five undergraduate students were assigned to either an Alcohol, a Placebo, or a Control group. The alcohol dose was 0.80 g of 100% alcohol/kg body weight. Subjects were informed that they could win a sum of money depending on the performance of a partner. They then supervised the partner over a series of trials on a visual scan test and could influence the partner by either giving an uncomfortable electric shock (aggressive alternative) or a comfortable vibration (nonaggressive alternative) at each incorrect response from the partner. Both alternatives were said to be equally instrumental in reaching the goal of winning the money and both could be varied in intensity on a 10-point scale and without limits in terms of duration. Aggression was measured as number of aggressive responses chosen, and in terms of intensity and duration. Nonaggression was measured in terms of intensity and duration. Intoxicated subjects did not increase their aggression but all groups chose significantly more nonaggressive responses and did so with higher intensity and duration. Frustration did not significantly affect these types of responding. Results are discussed in terms of methodological considerations and the importance of using realistic experimental paradigms is stressed. Also, theoretical implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Effects of alcohol intoxication on risk taking, strategy, and error rate in visuomotor performance.

Adult men (N = 44) participated for 2 days (alcohol vs. placebo treatment) in a double-blind, crossover experiment. Performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Task (DSST) and a visuomotor (VM) task was measured 4 times each day. On the alcohol-treatment day, data were obtained once during ascending breath alcohol levels (BALs), once during maximal BALs (0.05 or 0.10), and twice during descending BALs. Data were collected at the same time points on the placebo-treatment day. Limited evidence for acute tolerance was obtained with the DSST, but error rates on the VM task were higher during maximal and descending BALs. Error rates remained near placebo values, and participants displayed slightly greater caution, while BALs were ascending. Strategy scores on the VM task exceeded placebo scores during maximal intoxication. Data interpretation is focused on individuals in higher level (e.g., professional) positions.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Behavioral undercontrol and subjective stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol intoxication: independent predictors of drinking habits?

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated relations between behavioral undercontrol (e.g., sensation seeking) and higher levels of alcohol use. The mechanism underlying this relation is not yet understood. In this article, we investigate the role of subjective stimulant and sedative effects of intoxication on drinking habits, and we test the possibility that these effects mediate or moderate relations between behavioral undercontrol and drinking habits. METHODS: College drinkers (n = 91) consumed 0.85 ml/kg of alcohol (approximately four drinks) and completed self-report measures of stimulation and sedation at three time points: (1) before drinking; (2) 15 min after consumption, on the ascending limb of the blood alcohol curve; and (3) 45 min after consumption, on the descending limb of the curve. In addition, participants completed the MacAndrew Alcoholism and Sensation Seeking Scales, indices of behavioral undercontrol, and a self-report questionnaire of drinking habits (quantity, frequency, and maximum). RESULTS: As expected, undercontrol was strongly related to drinking habits (p < 0.0005). Undercontrol was also significantly related to ascending limb stimulation ( < 0.005), which, in turn, was related to drinking habits (p < 0.005). Finally, stimulation was found to moderate the relations between undercontrol and drinking habits such that relations were stronger at higher levels of stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may help to better understand the variability in drinking behavior, and this may be critical in eventually developing and appropriately targeting prevention efforts.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biological markers in the accurate diagnosis of chronic alcohol intoxication. The significance of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase].

The late diagnosis of severe alcoholism--often after the onset of somatic complaints and the appearance of psychic disorders needs extensive research able to identify new objective clinical and paraclinical markers to allow early and accurate identification of alcoholism also after various periods of abstinence. The scores obtained are the consequence of alcohol abuse and not of nutritional deficiencies or some other associated visceral-humoral sufferings. The authors underline the significance of gamma-GTP in assessing early severe alcoholism state and the necessity and importance of finding certain specific biological markers--early and sensitive for etillic intoxication--that would considerably simplify the manner of diagnosis and an efficient therapy. The identification of certain significant and specific markers before the onset of visceral-humoral disorders would improve the psychoprotective measures before the onset of tolerance and withdrawal--determinant factors of severe etillic intoxication.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Isolated intraperitoneal bladder rupture in patients with alcohol intoxication and minor abdominal trauma.

Rupture of the urinary bladder secondary to abdominal trauma is uncommon and is usually associated with visceral or bone injuries; less than 10% of all cases occur without associated injuries. We present two cases of bladder rupture in intoxicated patients after minor abdominal trauma and without evidence of associated injuries. Given the absence of any symptoms in either case, we did not initially suspect bladder rupture. One of the two patients also presented with an intravesical herniation of the rectosigmoidal junction.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1989

[Prognosis in severe alcoholic intoxication].

Out of 489 patients admitted to the poisoning treatment centre in 1986, 122 had serum ethanol values of greater than or equal to 66 mmol/l (0.3 per cent). 55% of the patients were men and 45% women. 69.1% of this fraction was in the age range 30-49 years. Verbal contact could be achieved in 69.9%. 4.9% of the selected patients had systolic blood pressures of less than 90 mmHg. 0.8% had rectal temperatures of less than 36.5 degrees C. Aspiration of the gastric contents was performed in 63%. Tracheal tubes were inserted in 6.6% and three of the patients required ventilation. A woman of 36 years with a serum ethanol value of 0.32% died. 58.5% were alcohol addicts, among these 64% were males. 53% had psychiatric histories. The average stay was 1.0 days. Signs of serious poisoning were rare and therapeutic problems moderate. Contrary to what might be expected, no excess of non-abusers was found among the patients without verbal contact. The importance of close observation of persons with severe alcohol poisoning is emphasized.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Monoamine content of the blood in the experimental pharmacotherapy of alcoholic intoxication].

Experiments on rabbits have shown that caffeine (10 mg/kg), ethimizol (10 mg/kg) and particularly bemegride (5 mg/kg) increase the blood adrenaline and noradrenaline content up to the level characteristic for intact animals under acute ethanol poisoning (2.5 g/kg per os). This effect has been found to be more remarkable on repeated administration. The shifts in the serotonin content are inconsistent in this case.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Monoamine oxidase and adenylate deaminase activity of mitochondrial fractions of the rat liver in alcoholic intoxication].

Decrease in monoamine oxidase and increase in diamine oxidase and adenylate deaminating activities were found in rat liver mitochondrial fractions after repeated injections of ethanol. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline and an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase theophylline prevented the increase in adenylate deaminating activity in a subfraction of mitochondrial membranes in the ethanol intoxicated rats. In a subfraction of soluble mitochondrial proteins pargyline did not affect but theophylline prevented completely the increase in adenylate deaminating activity. The stimulation of adenylate deaminating activity in mitochondrial fractions of rat liver in ethanol intoxication might be caused by: 1) transformation of mitochondrial monoamine oxidases (in the subfraction of mitochondrial membranes) and 2) activation (or increased biosynthesis) of the adenylate deaminase in the subfraction of soluble mitochondrial proteins. The adenylate cyclase system is probably involved in the latter process.

AMP Deaminase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dynamics of met-enkephalin level in the adrenal glands and plasma of rats during acute alcoholic intoxication].

Content of Met-enkephalin in rat adrenal glands and blood plasma as well as activity of the enzymatic systems catalyzing the enkephalins catabolism in blood serum were studied after a single administration of ethanol into rats. Dynamics of Met-enkephalin alterations studied suggest that phases of activation and inhibition occur in the secretion of the peptide from adrenal gland into circulation.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Activity of various enzymes of the initial stages of glycerolipid biosynthesis and glycerophosphate content in alcoholic intoxication].

A distinct increase in activity of glycerokinase and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and in content of L-alpha-glycerophosphate were observed in brain and liver tissues of rats treated with ethanol for 40 days. The similar alterations were observed after treatment with ehtanol for 80 days but in these conditions the content of L-alpha-glycerophosphate in liver tissue was decreased.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1985

Effect of alcoholic intoxication on the appreciation of different types of humor.

Male subjects were placed into one of three intoxication conditions (no ethanol, low dose, high dose) and were exposed to humorous segments from television programs. During manifest intoxication or the corresponding period in the no-intoxication control condition, they were exposed, in a balanced order, to a segment containing blunt (i.e., unsophisticated, raw) humor and to a segment containing subtle (i.e., sophisticated, refined) humor. Subjects' facial reactions to the humorous stimuli were unobtrusively recorded and later analyzed by judges who were naive about the experimental conditions. Subjects also rated the funniness of the segments. The perceived funniness of blunt humor was found to increase with ethanol intoxication. For subtle humor, in contrast, perceived funniness was found to decrease with intoxication. This divergent interaction of reported humor appreciation was less apparent in the analysis of facial expressiveness. Although correlations between ratings and aspects of facial expression were generally positive, clearly corroborative support for the humor appraisals was found only in the frequency of smiles in response to subtle humor.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Proliferative activity of the matrix cells in lateral ventricles and granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in rats after pre- and postnatal alcoholic intoxication].

The treatment of pregnant and lactating female rats with ethanol inhibits the proliferation of matrix cells in the lateral brain ventricles of fetuses and, during the early postnatal period, of granule cells in the dentate gyrus and cells of the ventral horn of Ammon. A low proliferation rate leads to a decrease in the number of neurons forming the granule layer of the dentate gyrus and pyramidal neurons in the CA-1 field of the horn of Ammon.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1987

Alcohol intoxication in humans: effects on vigilance performance.

Effects of ethanol on vigilance in tasks requiring continuous performance are reviewed. Evidence is presented to indicate that ethanol has adverse effects on both the overall level of performance and the rate of performance decrement over time. The effects on performance level are attributed to nonspecific sedative properties of ethanol whereas the effects on rate of decrement are interpreted as a more specific loss in cognitive processing capacity.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biological markers in the precise diagnosis of chronic alcoholic intoxication--the significance of blood changes].

The frequency of some blood disturbances during chronic alcoholism determined us to extend the biological investigations of alcohol abuse effects on blood figurated elements and hemostasis. The investigation of some series of alcohol addicts revealed clear-cut differences, directly proportional with the quantity and length of intoxication. The obtained results certify a disordered hemostasis, insufficiently elucidated as a possible biological cause of alcoholic states, manifested by alterations of some humoral elements in various forms of chronic alcoholism with mental disturbances.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1993

[Alcohol intoxication at the wheel in the Waadt canton (Switzerland).A comparative study of penal and administrative measures 1970 and 1989 in the canton capital city (Lausanne) and a rural area].

The canton of Vaud is one of the major wine-growing areas of Switzerland. The driving ban rate for drunk driving is the highest in the country. This is the result of the very important rise in the number of drivers intercepted by the police for drunk driving (accidentless cases), in the course of the last ten years (+260%). In order to find out what penal and administrative measures were taken against drunk drivers (those who did not commit an accident), a comparative retrospective study of the offenses committed in the area of Lausanne and in rural area of the canton of Vaud (La Broye) was undertaken. This study deals with the years of 1970 and 1989. In a parallel, the average blood alcohol concentration (BAC) value, relative distribution of the BAC (frequency profile), and the concordance between the doctor's medical examination and the suspect's BAC were studied. Our results demonstrate that only the urban area (Lausanne) showed a significant increase in the drunk-driving offenses without accident, resulting in a significant decrease in the average BAC value as well as a veering towards the left of the BAC frequency profile curve. The legal sanctions and the administrative measures diverge according to the different areas, the most striking fact is the lowering of the average term of imprisonment for second-time or multiple offenders in the study group of Lausanne. The results of the clinical examination undertaken by the doctor at the moment of the blood test have shown that there is often a difference between the clinical evaluation and the actual BAC: for a BAC of 2 to 3/1000, the objective clinical symptoms of drunkenness (Romberg, unstable gait, coordination troubles) are noticed in only half of the cases. As a result, the assessment is no longer based on objective criteria but on subjective criteria as well as on the life-style of a certain period. In conclusion it is our belief that the efforts made by the vaudois police (especially in urban areas) should be pursued further, since positive results are apparent. The Judiciary system should however rebalance the sanctions delivered to drunk-drivers, showing greater severity towards second-time or multiple offenders.

Adolescent↗