Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Acceptance Process”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Rape myth acceptance and judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault: an Internet experiment.

Processing strategies in risk assessment were studied in an Internet experiment. Women (N = 399) who were either low or high in rape myth acceptance (RMA) were asked to recall either two or six behaviors that either increase or decrease the risk of being sexually assaulted. Later they judged their personal vulnerability to sexual assault under either no time pressure (no response deadline) or time pressure (response deadline of 5 s). Without time pressure, the results were opposite to previous research: Women low in RMA relied on ease of recall and reported higher vulnerability after recalling few rather than many risk increasing behaviors, or many rather than few risk-decreasing behaviors; women high in RMA relied on the amount of information recalled, which resulted in an opposite pattern of vulnerability judgments. No influences of ease of recall or amount recalled on vulnerability judgments were detected under time pressure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of consent for peer physical examination: students reflect on their clinical skills learning experience.

INTRODUCTION: Early clinical skills teaching often requires students to learn through examining one another. This model should acknowledge ethical, practical and individual issues, disclosure and identification of abnormalities. Consent to peer physical examination (PPE) is usually expected rather than discussed and sought. OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate a formal written consent process for PPE and to explore students' views of this approach. METHOD: A survey tool was designed and distributed to all years 2 and 3 students in the Auckland University medical programme (2004). Results were analysed using univariate statistics and thematic analysis. RESULTS: The response rate was 57% (146/258). Most students had read the participant information sheet prior to signing, with 78% giving consent. They had not felt coerced and the in-course experience matched the 'promise'. Comments included: PPE gave insights into the 'patient's world', encouraged peer learning and raised some professional issues. More than 95% of students took the examination role at least once (less likely if female, P = 0.002). Some European, Maori and Pacific students never took the role; all Asian students did at least once. Students preferred PPE in groups consisting of 'friends'. The task influenced group composition by sex (P < 0.0001) but not ethnicity. DISCUSSION: Students accept and support a formal consent process. PPE participation rates are similar to predictions. The experience must match the promises made. Formal preparation alone might have produced similar student outcomes. Female students are more selective about tasks undertaken. The influence of ethnicity and the effect on future behaviour and attitudes needs further exploration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Residents as members of intern selection committees: can they partially replace faculty?

BACKGROUND: Faculty involvement in the residency selection process is important, but increasing pressures on available faculty resources have made their ability to participate more difficult. Residents may be acceptable substitutions for some faculty in the selection process. PURPOSE: To test 2 new interview models and explore whether residents could partially replace faculty by examining what role the interview itself plays in the overall assessment of an applicant, comparing faculty and resident ratings of the interview, and asking whether partially substituting residents for faculty had an impact on the match outcome. METHODS: Applicants to an internal medicine residency program were assigned to 1 of 3 interview models: faculty-faculty, resident-faculty, resident-faculty-faculty. The 12 interview days were randomly assigned to a model and all applicants on each day had the same model. Interviewers used an applicant assessment form to assign ratings to 6 components of the portfolio and a final score. RESULTS: For both residents and faculty, the final score was highly correlated with the formal interview component. Within-model analyses showed residents consistently gave more favorable scores than faculty interviewers. There was no impact of interview model on initial or final rank position. Similarly, there was no difference between models in their match "success" rates. CONCLUSIONS: Residents can be successfully substituted for some faculty in the residency selection process. The use of residents does not impact the match results. Developing a small, committed group of interviewers should benefit both programs and applicants.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Historical perspectives on plant developmental biology.

The early studies of plant growth and development focused on embryogenesis. In the past twenty five years, it became possible to successfully analyze many more developmental processes, hence plant developmental biology became the generally accepted terminology. It refers to a multidisciplinary approach using expertise and tools from genetics, molecular biology and cell biology to study processes in development also beyond the formation of the embryo. Around that time, initiatives were taken to address biological questions in just a few model systems, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Zea mays, Antirrhinum majus and Petunia hybrida, while the < > model systems, i.e. potato, tobacco, used in regeneration and grafting experiments, were increasingly abandoned. International research programs were initiated in Arabidopsis at first to create stock centers and databases to proceed faster with the scientific research and to get deeper insight into plant biology. During the last five years the maize community made tremendous progress in developing tools and resources for their system. Milestones in plant developmental biology discussed relate to the molecular-genetic approach to study embryogenesis, autoregulation of meristems, leaf and flower initiation, leaf and flower formation and cell specification in the root. Developmental biology changed the research from descriptive to causal resulting in a number of genetic models. Future developments in research will focus on the study of a specific gene activity in a genome-wide context. The building of molecular networks will allow computer modeling of biological processes and its use for predictions and further experimentation. Sequence information derived from the multiple genome projects will be exploited in comparative biology.

DNA, Plant↗
PubMed1991

Microbiological aspects of heat sterilization of drugs. III. Heat resistance of spore-forming bacteria, isolated from large-volume parenterals.

In order to calculate the minimum sterilization process conditions to obtain the generally accepted sterility level (less than 1.10(-6) probability of microbial survival), we determined the bioburden and its heat resistance of 500 ml large-volume parenteral bottles over a period of 5 years. For the bioburden determination 1,832 bottles were examined by the membrane filtration method. Mean bioburden was 9.36 colony-forming units/bottle. Of the colony-forming units isolated 118 were heat resistant (0.69%). These were spore-forming Bacillus species. Of the isolated Bacillus species heat resistance was determined in 5% glucose, 0.9% sodium chloride and 8% amino acids solution. D values greater than 1 min at 105 degrees C were found for 2, 5 and 4 different Bacillus species in glucose 5%, sodium chloride 0.9% and amino acids 8%, respectively. 2 Bacillus species showed a D value over 2 min at 105 degrees C in all three media. D values at 110 degrees C in sodium chloride 0.9% for these 2 Bacillus species were 1.8 and 2.6 min and in amino acids 8% 0.9 and 1.7 min, respectively. The minimum sterilization process time at 110 degrees C, calculated with the experimentally determined bioburden and D values is less than 25 min. When introducing reduced exposure times/temperatures, each individual manufacturer should assess the bioburden. The time-consuming determination of the heat resistance of bioburden isolates is not always necessary. By dividing the isolated colony-forming units in a 'heat-resistant' group and a 'not-heat-resistant' group, changing from standard overkill sterilization procedures to processes with lower F0 values is possible.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2001

Development of economic thresholds and monitoring systems for Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in tomatoes.

Field sampling methods and economic thresholds were developed to provide management recommendations for Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on processing tomatoes, based on a commercially acceptable damage level of 5% fruit damage. Population estimates from destructive sampling and a rapid 1-min plant scouting method were related to fruit damage, and a nominal economic threshold of one larva per plant was derived. The economic threshold was confirmed in a designed trial where it resulted in acceptable levels of fruit damage. The 1-min scouting method and economic threshold was validated in 17 commercial crops in the Gisborne, Poverty Bay region of New Zealand. Scouting in these fields was based on 10 plants in each of four quadrants proportionally representing the topography of each field. In unsprayed areas, egg and larval populations were usually below the economic threshold in early-planted crops but often exceeded thresholds in late-planted crops. In commercial demonstration trials where standard calendar spraying practice was compared with no spraying, calendar-based applications maintained fruit damage below 3.4%, but insecticide was applied unnecessarily to more than half the crops. Larval populations were a significant predictor of damage in these commercial crops. In 12 implementation trials, where spraying recommendations were based on the 1-min scouting threshold of one larva per plant, the worst fruit damage observed was 2.3%. The definition of an economic threshold, scouting methods, and establishment of parasitoids have reduced spray applications and contributed to the implementation of an integrated pest management program for processing tomatoes in New Zealand.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[The effect of melatonin as anti-convulsant and neuron protector].

INTRODUCTION: Melatonin is the principal hormone secreted by the pineal gland. In human beings the pineal gland is found on the posterior aspect of the midbrain. Melatonin is synthesized from tryptophan following a circadian rhythm, with low levels during the day and high levels during the night. It regulates many biological processes in relation to the cycles of light and darkness. DEVELOPMENT: Its first known function was that of inducing sleep. In experimental animals its effect as a depressor of the central nervous system and its anti-convulsive action have been shown. Few studies have been done in human beings, although there is some evidence of its beneficial effect in epileptic patients, improving both the frequency of the crises and the EEG tracing. In our experience we gave melatonin to a girl with severe myoclonic epilepsy which did not respond to usual treatment, obtaining improvement in both the number of crises daily and in psycho-motor development. Several possible modes of action have been described for melatonin; increase in Gabaergic transmission at a cerebral level, where GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter; interaction with benzodiazepinic cerebral receptors; it may owe its effect to the activity of its metabolites, particularly kinurenic and kinurenic acid; it may induce hormone changes in the organism. Recent studies show the marked anti-oxidant activity of melatonin. Its considerable capacity to accept free radicles resulting from biological processes has been shown and it thus acts as a cell protector. CONCLUSIONS: It seems reasonable to assume that melatonin has anticonvulsant and neuroprotector properties. Further study may define its pharmacological usefulness in these disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Is there a correlation between low-level auditory processing and phonological processing in preschool children?].

BACKGROUND: It appears to be widely accepted that specific language impairment (SLI) and developmental dyslexia result from some form of phonological deficit. Some theorists contend that these deficits are directly and exclusively caused by a cognitive deficit specific to representation and processing of speech sound. However, separate theories hold that phonological deficits indeed may cause SLI or dyslexia but phonological deficits arise due to sensory, mainly auditory, deficits. Here we studied if there is a correlation between two hotly debated measures of auditory low-level processing and measures of phonological processing in preschool children. METHODS DESIGN: prospective study. SAMPLE: preschool children. VARIABLES: monaural and binaural temporal order judgement (TOJ(b) and TOJ(m)), several standardized measures of broad and narrow phonological processing (Bielefelder Screening BISC). STATISTICS: correlation analysis. RESULTS: A significant correlation was found between TOJ(b)/TOJ(m )and phonological processing. However, these data show that "impaired" TOJ(b) and TOJ(m) is neither a necessary nor a sufficient prerequisite for impaired phonological processing. DISCUSSION: Although TOJ(b) and TOJ(m) as measures of auditory low-level processing show a correlation with some measures of phonological processing, the precise nature of mechanisms leading to SLI or dyslexia still remains an unsolved problem.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed2006

Acceptance and cognitive load in a clinical setting of a novel device allowing natural real-time data acquisition.

INTRODUCTION: This paper reports the findings of an evaluation study in the field of human-computer interaction about the use of a new data acquisition device, the digital pen. It focuses on specific aspects of the interaction between the users and the technology: the cognitive burden induced by the design of the tool in real conditions of use and its impact on user acceptance. METHODOLOGY: Human cognition is embedded in a complex sociocultural world. Therefore, we opted for ethnographically informed investigations reinforced by a satisfaction survey. The work context chosen for these investigations was the emergency room triage process. RESULTS: The technology meets a high acceptance (median 3 on a [-5,5] scale) shaded by unexpected additional cognitive burdens. These burdens originate in several technological and ergonomic flaws that have been discovered during the observations. These results have been used to improve the technology. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate the importance of this kind of field study to uncover unexpected possible sources of failure of acceptance of a new technology. Such kind of study should be held prior to the introduction of a new technology to lower the common failure rate encountered in the field of medical informatics.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed1997

Elongated styloid process: diagnostic problems related to symptomatology.

A certain number of patients with elongated styloid process may not have the classic cervicofacial complaints which were originally described by W. Eagle in 1937. Some of those cases who have radiologic evidence of elongated styloid process are symptom free and can be accepted as normal anatomical variants. On the other hand, some of those symptomatic cases may present uncommon neurologic signs and can be misdiagnosed as neurologic or infectious disease. Sometimes, the radiologic presence of an elongated process may cause the clinician to miss another pathology. Therefore, it is essential for the clinician to be aware of the clinical variants with different symptomatology or to particularly seek the origin of the pain in the head and neck before reaching a conclusion, since the only effective treatment in symptomatic cases is the surgical shortening of the process. We report five patients with elongated processes. Problems related to an elongated styloid process with different symptomatology are discussed and the associated literature is reviewed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Understanding Dispute Resolution Processes for American and Australian Public Wildlands: Towards a Conceptual Framework for Managers.

/ The last 20 years have seen the successful application of environmental dispute resolution processes, where people voluntarily negotiate toward mutually acceptable solutions, to many environmental disputes. The effects of contextual influences, such as the number of parties and presence of deadlines, on outcomes are known and frequently described. Less well documented and understood are the interaction processes themselves. This paper draws on two case studies to develop a conceptual framework describing these processes. Disputes associated with management planning for the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex in the United States and Fitzgerald River National Park in Australia provided the cases. The conceptual framework derived had eight sequential stages: (1) joint definition of problems, (2) uncertainty about what to do, (3) agreement on group procedures, (4) realization of interdependence, (5) enthusiasm about collective possibilities, (6) commitment to working together, (7) consolidation of the group, and (8) implementation of a resolution. The framework provides new insights for managers of public wildlands, especially the need for varying but ongoing managerial involvement in dispute resolution processes. High levels of involvement and influence are essential at the beginning in problem definition and group procedure design and at the end in implementing resolutions. Conversely, agency members must be willing to exert less influence, while still being involved and committed to collective purposes, during the middle stages. Also apparent from the conceptual framework is the importance of developing shared understandings and of allowing sufficient time for understanding to develop, if successful resolution is to be achieved. KEY WORDS: Environmental dispute resolution; Conceptual framework; Public wildlands; Shared understandings; Australia

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Microbiological safety of irradiated foods.

This paper attempts to summarize relevant information on microbiological safety of irradiated foods in the light of previous reports of expert committees and current literature references. After a brief survey of the relative radiation resistance of food-borne microorganisms, the importance of microbial load for dose requirement, and the role of post-irradiation conditions, it addresses the following questions: Could selective changes in the microflora, caused by non-sterilizing radiation doses, make known pathogens more likely to occur, or bring into prominence unfamiliar pathogens? Is it probable that 'mutational' (including adaptive) changes might make pathogens more virulent, more harmful, or more difficult to recognize, and could new pathogens arise in this way? Is it possible that development of radiation-resistant strains might render the antimicrobial irradiation processes ineffective? The present survey of relevant scientific evidence related to these questions reaffirms the basic conclusion of earlier reviews, that microbiological safety of irradiated food is fully comparable with that of foods preserved by other acceptable preservation methods. Similar to other preservation processes, gains in microbiological or keeping quality attained by food irradiation can be and must be safeguarded by proper control in the food irradiation facilities and by proper care of the product before and after processing.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1994

Indicators of physician timeliness in the process of care.

Physician timeliness at the junctures that define an episode of inpatient care is an extremely important clinical process variable. Medical staff policies that describe acceptable performance with respect to timeliness could be used in peer review and continuous quality improvement activities. The authors' external peer review experiences suggest that physician timeliness may be of concern during the admission and discharge processes, the monitoring and follow-up of patient progress, the provision of verbal orders, the transfer of responsibility between physicians, and the use of consultants. A full discussion of the implications of physician timeliness could provide the vehicle for greater understanding of the value of continuous quality improvement in the hospital setting and lead to more complete participation in developing strategies to improve the processes of care.

Aftercare↗
PubMed1995

Hospice and palliative care.

The emergence of AIDS and the aging of the population, with the numerous malignant and debilitating maladies associated with growing older, have focused attention on the provision of cost-effective quality care by hospice and palliative care programs. Hospice and palliative care is a venerated system of care, which uses an interdisciplinary approach to address the medical, psychosocial, and spiritual issues that arise in the treatment of terminally ill patients. This interdisciplinary stratagem for symptom control is necessary to ensure that dying patients and their families are afforded dignity and quality of life through death and the period of familial bereavement. Although death is dominant in palliative situations, terminal care requires an affirmation of life and a recognition that dying is not an aberration of medical care but a natural and normal process. Palliative care, however, also requires a personal acceptance of death and an acknowledgment that dying does not denote a failure to provide good medical care but, rather, calls for an acquiescence that curative treatment is no longer feasible. Accordingly, the terminal state is an integral process and a time to reconcile differences so that patient and family may accept death with a minimum of physical, spiritual, and psychosocial anguish. This article discusses the various precepts cardinal to hospice and palliative care, including the philosophy of terminal care, the management of pain, the adverse effects of analgesic medications, the management of nonpain symptoms, the use of terminal sedation, and the stages of familial bereavement.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Ammonium and bicarbonate homeostasis in chronic liver disease.

Whereas traditionally in acid-base physiology one considers just two organs (lungs and kidneys) to be involved in the regulation of systemic acid-base homeostasis, recent developments indicate that also the liver must be viewed as an important organ for pH regulation. This is because urea synthesis is a quantitatively important bicarbonate-consuming process, which in turn underlies a feedback control by the acid-base status at least in vitro. Consequently, renal ammoniagenesis, generally accepted to be a direct bicarbonate-generating process, can be viewed as a pH-controlled ammonium homeostatic response. In view of the controversies regarding the roles of ureogenesis and renal ammoniagenesis in acid-base regulation, their relationships were studied in 28 patients with normal renal functions, but varying degrees of a well-compensated chronic liver disease. Progressive loss of urea cycle capacity (as determined by in vitro incubations of human liver tissue) was parallelled by increasing in vivo plasma bicarbonate levels (and metabolic alkalosis) and an increasing NH4+ excretion into the urine. Accordingly, renal ammoniagenesis rose with the extent of metabolic alkalosis. Neither hypokalemia, hyperaldosteronism, diuretic treatment, or volume contraction were present, and a satisfactory explanation for this unusual behavior of renal ammoniagenesis in terms of traditional acid-base physiology cannot be given. Here, it seems that renal ammoniagenesis is governed rather by the need to eliminate ammonia than by the acid-base status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed2004

The quantitative assessment of domino effects caused by overpressure. Part I. Probit models.

Accidents caused by domino effect are among the more severe that took place in the chemical and process industry. However, a well established and widely accepted methodology for the quantitative assessment of domino accidents contribution to industrial risk is still missing. Hence, available data on damage to process equipment caused by blast waves were revised in the framework of quantitative risk analysis, aiming at the quantitative assessment of domino effects caused by overpressure. Specific probit models were derived for several categories of process equipment and were compared to other literature approaches for the prediction of probability of damage of equipment loaded by overpressure. The results evidence the importance of using equipment-specific models for the probability of damage and equipment-specific damage threshold values, rather than general equipment correlation, which may lead to errors up to 500%.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1995

Chemical synaptic transmission in the cochlea.

The last two decades have witnessed major progress in the understanding of cochlear mechanical functioning, and in the emergence of cochlear neurochemistry and neuropharmacology. Recent models describe active processes within the cochlea that amplify and sharpen the mechanical response to sound. Although it is widely accepted that outer hair cells (OHCs) contribute to these processes, the nature of the medial efferent influence on cochlear mechanics needs further clarification. Acetylcholine (ACh) is the major transmitter released onto OHCs during the stimulation of these efferents. The inhibitory influence of this system is mediated by post- and presynaptic nicontinic and muscarinic receptors and the role of other neuroactive substances [gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) or nitric oxide (NO)] remains to be determined. The inner hair cells (IHCs) that transduce the mechanical displacements into neural activity, release glutamate on receptor-activated channels of AMPA, kainate, and NMDA types. This synapse is in turn controlled and/or regulated by the lateral efferents containing a cocktail of neuroactive substances (ACh, GABA, dopamine, enkephalins, dynorphin, CGRP). This glutamatergic nature of the IHCs is responsible for the acute destruction of the nerve endings and subsequently for neuronal death, damage usually described in various cochlear diseases (noise-induced hearing losses, neural presbycusis and certain forms of sudden deafness or peripheral tinnitus). These pathologies also include a regrowth of new dendritic processes by surviving neurons up to IHCs. Understanding the subtle molecular mechanisms which underly the control of neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity and neuronal death in cochlear function and disease is a very important issue for the development of future therapies.

Adenosine↗
PubMed2005

Department of Defense picture archiving and communication system acceptance testing: results and identification of problem components.

The PACS implementation process is complicated requiring a tremendous amount of time, resources, and planning. The Department of Defense (DOD) has significant experience in developing and refining PACS acceptance testing (AT) protocols that assure contract compliance, clinical safety, and functionality. The DOD's AT experience under the initial Medical Diagnostic Imaging Support System contract led to the current Digital Imaging Network-Picture Archiving and Communications Systems (DIN-PACS) contract AT protocol. To identify the most common system and component deficiencies under the current DIN-PACS AT protocol, 14 tri-service sites were evaluated during 1998-2000. Sixteen system deficiency citations with 154 separate types of limitations were noted with problems involving the workstation, interfaces, and the Radiology Information System comprising more than 50% of the citations. Larger PACS deployments were associated with a higher number of deficiencies. The most commonly cited systems deficiencies were among the most expensive components of the PACS.

Civil Defense↗