The family's contribution to the etiology of schizophrenia: current status.
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Acting Out↗
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Are you sure you want to be a manager?
Management has a substantial effect on organizational outcome and is critical for the organization in terms of obtaining long-term goals. Therefore, the selection of successful managers is crucial to attaining organizational objectives. However, a staff technologist who functions very successfully in his or her present role may not have the characteristics needed for successful management. Unfortunately, success in one's current, nonsupervisory position is usually the very attribute that is considered when a management position is offered. Because of this, there are many who fail miserably in the management role. These managers are ill-suited for the duties they must perform, unhappy in the position, disliked and seen as ineffectual by their subordinates and colleagues. It is essential that any individual who is offered a management position critically evaluate his or her abilities and personality before accepting the offer. For a candidate who is unsure of his or her abilities, tests are available that can assist in measuring attributes such as leadership behavior, power management, power orientation, conflict management, perceptions of organizational climate and the individual's "organizational fit" with the organization offering the position. These instruments should be used with caution because their reliability and validity in predicting management success depend on a wide variety of factors. Ultimately, it is the prospective manager's personal judgment that must be the final determinant of whether a management position is the best choice.
Career Choice↗
Social interaction and sensorimotor gating abnormalities in mice lacking Dvl1.
Mice completely deficient for Dvl1, one of three mouse homologs of the Drosophila segment polarity gene Dishevelled, were created by gene targeting. Dvl1-deficient mice are viable, fertile, and structurally normal. Surprisingly, these mice exhibited reduced social interaction, including differences in whisker trimming, deficits in nest-building, less huddling contact during home cage sleeping, and subordinate responses in a social dominance test. Sensorimotor gating was abnormal, as measured by deficits in prepulse inhibition of acoustic and tactile startle. Thus, Dvl1 mutants may provide a model for aspects of several human psychiatric disorders. These results are consistent with an interpretation that common genetic mechanisms underlie abnormal social behavior and sensorimotor gating deficits and implicate Dvl1 in processes underlying complex behaviors.
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
The negative side of the relationship between older widows and their adult children: the mothers' perspective.
Possible reasons that relationships between older parents and their adult children do not contribute to the well-being of the older parents are explored in this qualitative study of 55 older widowed mothers. Some older mothers feel unappreciated by their children. Some older mothers provide substantial goods and services to their children, at great personal cost. The older mother-adult child relationship may be characterized by a power differential, such that some older mothers feel subordinate to their adult children. Exchange theory is applied to these phenomena.
Adult↗
Social dominance regulates androgen and estrogen receptor gene expression.
In Astatotilapia burtoni, dominant males have higher levels of sex steroid hormones than subordinate males. Because of the complex regulatory interactions between steroid hormones and receptors, we asked whether dominance is also associated with variation in sex steroid receptor gene expression. Using quantitative PCR, we compared the expression of specific subtypes of androgen (AR) and estrogen (ER) receptor genes between dominant and subordinated males in 3 divisions of the brain, the pituitary, and the testes. We measured mRNA levels of AR-alpha, AR-beta, ER-alpha, ER-betaa, and ER-betab, gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GnRH1), and GnRH receptor 1 (GnRH-R1) relative to 18S rRNA. In the anterior part of the brain, we found that dominant males had higher mRNA expression of AR-alpha, AR-beta, ER-betaa, and ER-betab, but not ER-alpha, compared to subordinate males. This effect of dominance was reflected in a positive correlation between testes size and AR-alpha, AR-beta, ER-betaa, and ER-betab in the anterior brain. In addition, mRNA levels of all ARs and ERs in the anterior brain were positively correlated with mRNA level of GnRH1. In the middle and posterior portions of the brain, as well as the testes, steroid receptor mRNA levels were similar among dominants and subordinates. In the pituitary, ER-alpha mRNA level was positively correlated with testes size and AR-alpha mRNA was positively correlated with GnRH-R1 mRNA level. These data suggest that dominant male brains could be more sensitive to sex steroids, which may contribute to the increased complexity of the behavioral repertoires of dominant males.
Animals↗
The ethological study of man.
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Adolescent↗
The influence of social isolation and peripheral innervation on Ehrlich tumor growth in mice.
The relationship between social isolation and Ehrlich tumor growth was investigated in seven male NIH mice about 2 months old living separately in small cages for 28 days. Fifteen control animals were kept grouped in conventional cages (10 animals in one and 5 in another) for the same period. After this period, 40 to 50 microliters of a cell tumor suspension at a concentration of 1 to 5 x 10(7) tumor cells/ml was inoculated into the footpad and footpad size was measured for 10 days. Isolated mice presented a 30% reduction in tumor growth. Sciatic and saphenous neurectomy in one leg of 5 isolated mice (experimental) and 5 grouped mice (control) performed 7 days before tumor inoculation abolished this difference, and more tumor growth was observed in the neurectomized paw compared to the non-neurectomized paw. The subordinate x dominant social relationship established between mice living in groups of two per cage (seven cages) did not modify the growth of tumor inoculated under the same conditions compared to the first experiment. We conclude that social isolation and an intact peripheral innervation are associated with reduced tumor growth, but dominance behavior has no effect.
Analysis of Variance↗
Androgen level and male social status in the African cichlid, Astatotilapia burtoni.
In vertebrates, circulating androgen levels are regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis through which the brain controls the gonads via the pituitary. Androgen levels ultimately depend on factors including season, temperature, social circumstance, age, and other variables related to reproductive capacity and opportunity. Previous studies with an African cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni, suggested that changes in both testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), an androgen specific to teleost fish, depend on male social status. Here we characterize circulating plasma concentrations of testosterone and 11-KT in socially dominant (territorial) and socially subordinate (non-territorial) males. Territorial males have significantly higher circulating levels of both forms of androgen, which is another defining difference between dominant and subordinate males in this species. These results underscore how internal and external cues related to reproduction are integrated at the level of the HPG axis.
Animals↗
Fat reserves and perceived predation risk in the great tit, Parus major.
The fat reserves of small birds are built up daily as insurance against starvation. They are believed to reflect a trade-off between the risks of starvation and predation such that in situations of high predation risk birds are expected either to reduce their fat reserves in response to mass-dependent predation risk or to increase them in response to foraging interruptions. We assessed the effect on fat reserves of experimentally altering the perceived (but not the actual) risk of predation of wild great tits at a winter feeding site. The perceived predation risk was alternated between 'safe' and 'risky'. Increasing the perceived risk of predation involved 'swooping' a model sparrowhawk over the feeder at four unpredictable times each day using a remote mechanism We produce evidence that the experiment was suceessfull in altering the perceived risk of predation. As predicted from the hypothesis of mass-dependent predation risk, great tits (Parus major) carried significantly reduced fat reserves during the 'risky' treatment. Furthermore, dominant individuals were able to reduce their reserves more than subordinates. As birds returned to feeders within seconds after a predator 'attack', the reduction in fat reserves cannot be attributed to an interruption in feeding.
Adipose Tissue↗
Leucocyte responses to fighting in the adult male bandicoot rat.
The effect of fighting stress on blood leucocyte count was studied in the adult male bandicoot rat. Exposure to fighting stress for 3 h induced neutrophilia, eosinopenia, lymphopenia and monocytopenia. The changes were more significant in the subordinate rat than in the dominant animal. It is suggested that leucocyte responses to fighting are perhaps mediated by the adrenal gland in these animals.
Aggression↗
Dominance in assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis).
A field study of 64 assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) was conducted at a temple site in Assam, India. Focal and all occurrence scan techniques were used to collect data on agonistic, grooming, and sexual behavior. More than 1,000 hr of data were summarized into agonistic dominance, grooming, and mounting matrices. Rank hierarchies were constructed for all three and compared. We also directly compared each cell in each matrix with the corresponding cells in the other matrices. A nearly linear agonistic dominance hierarchy was found, but it did not correlate with the directionality of mounting or grooming. Adult males mounted females, generally were dominant to females and groomed females more often than they were groomed by females. Younger males groomed older males and were also generally subordinate to older males. These age and sex effects produced some inter-correlations among grooming, mounting, and dominance but only for specific age-sex classes. Theoretical models of social exchange were not considered useful in predicting the complex patterns of grooming, mounting, and dominance seen in the present group. Whereas such models may "explain" existing data for some groups and have gained widespread acceptance, they must be empirically tested.
Animals↗
Power, empowerment, and critical consciousness in community collaboration: lessons from an advisory panel for an HIV awareness media campaign for women.
This study examines the interplay of power, empowerment, and critical consciousness in the dynamics of a public health community collaboration around an HIV prevention media campaign for women. Methodology included a process evaluation consisting of participant observation, focus groups, and one-on-one interviews with advisory board members. Findings suggest that attention to the dynamics of power should begin at the very earliest levels of planning collaborative health projects for women. Additionally, findings indicate that the invisibility of power and privilege affect women's participation in collaborative projects. It is recommended that intentional educational efforts be implemented to help participants in collaborative health projects for women develop the necessary skills and awareness to create an atmosphere of respect and mutuality rather than one of domination and subordination. Education for critical consciousness is suggested as one means for achieving this goal.
Adult↗
[Impaired social recognition in male mice with repeated experience of aggression].
Social recognition is crucial for many aspects of animal behavior in stabilized population. Preliminary data proposed impairment of social recognition in male mice with long experience of aggression. To check this hypothesis, experiments with male mice with different aggressive experience (during 2 and 20 days) were performed. Two types of losers were used as partners: losers with active defense reactions and losers displaying submissive postures. The enhanced aggressive motivation was found in both groups of aggressors. Mice with short aggressive experience demonstrated intensive attacks toward the active losers and decreased aggression directed to submissive losers. Mice with long aggressive experience did not change their behavior depending on a type of the partner and displayed a high level of aggression as a result of dominant aggressive motivation and impaired social recognition.
Aggression↗
Leadership styles of hospital pharmacy directors.
The leadership styles of hospital pharmacy directors and the association between leadership style, participative management, and innovative pharmaceutical services were studied using a mail questionnaire. The questionnaire was sent to 570 randomly selected hospital pharmacy directors. Included were a validated instrument that measures task-oriented versus relationship-oriented leadership behavior and other questions about participation of staff members, innovative services, and respondents' personal characteristics. The response rate was 69%. The majority of respondents perceived their leadership as highly relationship-oriented as well as highly task-oriented. Respondents with the "high relationship-high task" leadership style had the highest scores for subordinate participation. There were no significant differences in scores for innovative services by leadership style. A positive correlation between scores for subordinate participation and scores for innovative services was demonstrated. Most hospital pharmacy directors used a management style in which relationships and staff participation were important.
Leadership↗
Intermale competition in sexually mature arctic charr: effects on brain monoamines, endocrine stress responses, sex hormone levels, and behavior.
Sexually mature Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) males were allowed to interact in pairs for 4 days in the absence of females. Agonistic behavior was quantified, and at the end of the experiment, plasma levels of glucose, cortisol, testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), and 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17alpha, 20beta-P) were determined alongside brain concentrations of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA, the major 5-HT metabolite), dopamine (DA), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC, a major DA metabolite). Plasma cortisol and glucose were significantly elevated in subordinate fish, and the number of aggressive acts received showed positive correlations with plasma levels of glucose on day 1, during the development of the dominance relationship, and of cortisol on day 4, when the dominance relationship was established. In contrast, plasma concentrations of T and 11-KT were significantly higher in dominant than in subordinate males, and there was a similar tendency in plasma concentrations of 17alpha,20beta-P. Further, plasma levels of these gonadal steroids were correlated with the number of aggressive acts performed on day 4, but not with the number of aggressive acts received. The plasma cortisol concentrations did not correlate with either 5-HIAA:5-HT or DOPAC:DA ratios in any of the brain parts analyzed. Plasma glucose levels showed positive correlations with brain 5-HIAA:5-HT ratios. Negative correlations were observed between 5-HIAA:5-HT ratios in the optic tectum and between plasma levels of T, 11-KT, and 17alpha,20beta-P. Telencephalic DOPAC/DA ratios displayed a negative correlation with plasma levels of T, 11-KT, and 17alpha,20beta-P, but only in dominant males.
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
The effective management of pilots.
Managers must understand the roots of pilot behavior in order to learn how to foster respect based on trust and professional expertise, rather than on position or status. The work environment must support individual creativity in order to allow for professional growth. If managers start with the conviction that their jobs will be complete when they have adequately trained each of their subordinates to replace them, then the managers become truly effective. The process of playing one subordinate against the other is ineffective. Successful managers of pilots learn to identify and build on individual interests and strengths. There must be no hidden agendas. When pilots feel important, valued, trusted, and supported, they can become indispensable members of the team.
Aircraft↗
Physician leadership styles and effectiveness: an empirical study.
The authors study the association between physician leadership styles and leadership effectiveness. Executive directors of community health centers were surveyed (269 respondents; response rate = 40.9 percent) for their perceptions of the medical director's leadership behaviors and effectiveness, using an adapted Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (43 items on a 0-4 point Likert-type scale), with additional questions on demographics and the center's clinical goals and achievements. The authors hypothesize that transformational leadership would be more positively associated with executive directors' ratings of effectiveness, satisfaction with the leader, and subordinate extra effort, as well as the center's clinical goal achievement, than transactional or laissez-faire leadership. Separate ordinary least squares regressions were used to model each of the effectiveness measures, and general linear model regression was used to model clinical goal achievement. Results support the hypothesis and suggest that physician leadership development using the transformational leadership model may result in improved health care quality and cost control.
Adult↗
Circulating LH levels and the response to exogenous GnRH in the common mole-rat: implications for reproductive regulation in this social, seasonal breeding species.
The effects of breeding season and reproductive status on male and female reproduction were investigated in the common mole-rat, Cryptomys hottentotus hottentotus, a cooperatively breeding rodent which exhibits a unique combination of seasonal breeding and a reproductive division of labor. Pituitary function was examined by measuring the luteinizing hormone (LH) responses to single doses of 2 microg exogenous gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and physiological saline in 69 males and 58 females from 35 wild caught colonies. Neither males nor females exhibited any apparent manifestation of season on basal LH concentrations or on pituitary sensitivity to stimulation by exogenous GnRH. The continuance of reproductive function during the nonbreeding period is essential in common mole-rat males and females, as this period coincides with the period of maximal dispersal opportunity in the winter rainfall area they inhabit. Normal circulating levels of reproductive hormones in dispersing animals may aid intersexual recognition, assist pairbond formation, and thus prime animals for independent reproduction. Circulating basal concentrations of LH as well as LH levels measured in response to a single exogenous GnRH challenge were not significantly different between the reproductive and non-reproductive groups of either sex, suggest the absence of a physiologically well-defined suppression of reproduction in subordinate common mole-rats.
Animals↗