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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Ethnographic analysis: a study of classroom environments.

OBJECTIVES: Occupational therapists assess and adapt an environment to enhance clients' abilities to function. Therapists working in schools may assess several classroom environments in a week. Identifying relevant information in an efficient manner is essential yet presents a challenge for school therapists. METHOD: In this study, ethnographic research methodology was used to analyze the plethora of data gained from observations in eight classrooms. RESULTS: Three major categories were identified to structure observations: activities, people, and communication. These categories were used to compile a Classroom Observation Guide that gives therapists relevant questions to ask in each category. CONCLUSION: Using the Classroom Observation Guide, occupational therapists can recommend classroom activities that suit a particular teacher's style. For example, working with a teacher who prefers structural activities with clear time and space boundaries for one specific purpose, a therapist might suggest organized sensorimotor games with a distinct purpose to be carried out for a given time period.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1976

Middle ear effusion in children.

The middle ear function of over 100 school children has been observed for more than seven years with the aid of an electroacoustic impedance instrument. The technique readily demonstrates middle ear abnormalities. A few children may have middle ear malfunction for considerable periods without this being detected by those responsible for their health care. The presence of fluid in the middle ear is not necessarily an indication for treatment. The concept of acoustic impedance screening is advocated with suitable safeguards to prevent over-referral.

Audiometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Contingent negative variation and mental disorders].

This work, dealing with negative contingency variation (NCV) in mental patients, is in the general frame of research aiming at establishing correlations between biological phenomenons and psychic entities. The results can be examined in three different directions. 1. In the electrophysiological perspective they have individualized a series of physiological forms and brought a real nomenclature. 2. In an electro-clinical perspective, they have allowed to oppose normal curves (NCV, type I, responses to sensory stimulations type A, B, C and motor potential type N) and abnormal curves (NCV zero or type III, IV, responses type D and motor potential type P). One must however stress that this distinction is only valid if one studies adult subjects and awaken, and contributes only an index of non specific morbidity. Furthermore, considering two more electrophysiological criteria--the mode of combination of various curves and the stability of NCV--can help establishing a severity scale and modeling the above data. 3. In a physiopathological perspective, they have lead to discussing two hypotheses concerning the functional signification of prolonged NCV; one being a prolonged state of awaiting, the other a mode of particular reaction to imperative stimulation, and to demonstrate that it is not possible to consider only one and same system to explain all clinical categories. Thus, in this new area of slow cerebral potentials, as in clinical electroencephalography, is illustrated the teaching of the functional electroencephalography through the school of Paris where similar electric patterns have different significations when present in opposed psychological organisations.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1982

Managing laboratory personnel--are you prepared? Part I.

Long a neglected subject, management is increasingly recognized as a tool that allows an organization to function optimally. Because medical schools do not stress management training, the pathologist can encounter problems when immersed for the first time into the field of management. In the first of a two-part article, the author explains how a pathologist's administrative role differs from his role as a physician, reviews briefly the different management styles, and discusses important management tools the laboratory director needs to organize and operate a laboratory.

Hospital Departments↗
PubMed1987

Nursing shortage requires lasting solution, not a quick fix.

The current nursing shortage is different from previous ones because downsizing of acute care hospitals, decentralization through service or product line organizational structures, and development of alternative delivery modes have changed both organizations' and health professionals' roles and functions. In today's changing, tightly controlled health care environment, a nursing shortage would be far more serious than previously. Nursing resource planning must take into account the future health care delivery system and concomitant needs for specific numbers and types of nurses. Long-range planning for the nursing shortage must incorporate short-term activities to solve immediate staffing problems within the broader context of strategic change. In the future, attenuated growth of acute care facilities and continued development of care delivery in noninstitutional settings will affect nursing care and change both its clinical and management elements. Planning to meet future requirements for patient care services is focused on four target areas: Ensuring that the nursing staff is qualified for current practice and new services. Developing the nurse's role as patient case manager in the managed health care system. Establishing rewarding careers for nurses in clinical roles, management roles, and other specialized functions. Collaborating with nursing schools in clinical practice, research, and joint ventures. Planning to promote nurses' satisfaction in a variety of organizational settings includes the following: Developing ways to use nursing staff more effectively. Evaluating organizational factors that promote high-quality care. Developing efficient and effective health care teams. Establishing forums for promoting change.

Career Choice↗
PubMedDate not supplied

"Dude, you don't have Tourette's:" Tourette's syndrome, beyond the tics.

While coprolalia is the most well-known symptom of Tourette's syndrome (TS), it affects only a minority of persons with the condition. TS is a chronic neurobiological condition consisting of vocal and motor tics. Many children with TS have associated obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), both of which can interfere with school, peer, and family functioning more than the tics themselves. The article distinguishes TS from other tic disorders and reviews literature on epidemiology, etiology, clinical course, and diagnostic and treatment issues. The article discusses the role of primary care pediatric and advanced practice nurses in the diagnosis and management of TS and details helpful interventions in the arenas of personal, family, and educational support, as well as symptom management and indications for medications. The author also suggests areas for future nursing research.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Scope and impact of allergic rhinitis.

Allergic rhinitis is estimated to affect as many as 40 million people in the United States on a regular basis, and even more individuals who have occasional symptoms. The disease is associated with a considerable burden on the healthcare system, accounting for a total of $7.9 billion in direct and indirect costs in 1997, and with significant adverse effects on patients' quality of life, including disturbed sleep and impaired function at work and school. The pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis is complex, involving inflammatory mediators and immune cells that produce allergy symptoms via multiple mechanisms. The first principle of clinical management of patients with allergic rhinitis is avoidance of exposure to allergens, but this measure can be very difficult, and most patients require pharmacotherapy. Allergy vaccine therapy may be an appropriate and necessary option in selected patients with allergies refractory to other treatment modalities.

Health Expenditures↗
PubMed2002

Impact of particulate air pollutants on allergic diseases, allergic skin reactivity and lung function.

Elevated levels of particulate matter can exacerbate existing asthma and atopy, while evidence that it can promote the induction of atopy and asthma is limited. A cross sectional study was taken to compare the prevalence of eye, nose, ear and airway allergic symptoms, allergic skin sensitivity and lung function in 290 high school students with a history of high 24 hour average exposure to particulate matter less than 10 microm in diameter (PM10) = 170 microg/m3 versus low PM10 of 36 microg/m3 in central Bangkok. Multivariate analysis revealed an increased risk of eye and airway symptoms in groups exposed to higher PM10 levels (p = 0.003, and 0.05, respectively). Positive skin prick tests and a history of having a lawn at home were associated with nasal symptoms (p = 0.008 and 0.04, respectively). Mean FEF(25-75%) (forced expiratory flow that occurs during the middle 50% of the forced expiratory effort) was significantly lower in those who were exposed to higher PM10 levels (3.89 +/- 1 vs 4.42 +/- 0.9 l/sec, p < 0.001). A significant increase in days of school absence and medical expenses was associated with high PM10 exposure. It is concluded that chronic exposure to high PM 10 levels was significantly associated with increased prevalence of eye and airway symptoms and a decrement of FEF(25-75%) resulting in increase of school absence and medical expense.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Investigation for clinical practice of pulmonary function tests in undergraduate medical education--results from the inquiries to 91 medical institutes with the Department of Laboratory Medicines in Japan].

Pulmonary function tests(PFTs), especially spirometry, play important roles in screening and diagnosing the patients with bronchial asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is reported, however, that only 38% of the general physicians utilizes spirometry. Based on the assumption that clinical practices might be insufficient to learn PFTs in the undergraduate education periods, we made inquiries to 91 institutes with the departments of laboratory medicine in April 2003. The reply was from 67 institutes(73.6%). In 57 institutes(85.1%) they prepared a clinical practice curriculum for the students. The periods for the practice were 1 week in 38 institutes(56.7%) and 2 weeks in 10(17.5%). In 36 institutes(76.6%). In 47 institutes in which physiological examinations were included in the curriculum, PFTs were performed as one of the clinical practices. In all the institutes they employed either spirometry or flow-volume curve test. In 20 institutes(55.6%), approximately 2 hrs were assigned to the practice of PFTs. In 24 institutes (66.7%), the clinical technologists participated in educating the students. The main reasons why they did not employ PFTs in the practice were shortness of teaching staffs(7 institutes, 22.6%) or practicing time(4 institutes, 12.9%). These inquiries prevailed that practices of PFTs were performed mainly by lecture or by observation, since the practice time was insufficient to learn several kinds of PFTs. The Japanese Society of Laboratory Medicine should immediately prepare and popularize a model core curriculum for the practice of PFTs.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2004

[Neuropsychological profiles in preterm low birth weight children].

AIM: Several studies focus on the psychic development of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) preterm infants and highlight the presence of neurological, cognitive and relating disorders. Several contributions have in fact shown that in these subjects in school age disturbances of cognitive functions may be encountered; in particular, disturbances of specific neuropsychological functions, such as attention defects, impaired visuo-spatial function, memory and language have been reported in subjects with a globally normal intelligence quotient. METHODS: Forty-three school-aged children were studied (21 males and 22 females). They had a low birth weight (weight between 1,050-2,450 g), the gestation period was between 29 and 32 weeks and they were compared with a control sample whose birth weight was >2,500 g. Cognitive development was assessed by a test battery including WISC-R, Zazzo "deux Barrage" Test, Benton Visual Retention Test and Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception. Parents were also called in to evaluate how they had experienced the birth of their child and how long the mother had been kept in the clinic. RESULTS: The overall analysis of our study suggests normal cognitive development in these children. No significant diffences were detected in the 2 studied groups. The lack of differences could be associated with the criteria used to select our sample because no children with severe perinatal disorders were included in the study. In addition, a good mother-child relationship seems to have been established in these children and this has certainly contributed to cognitive development adequate to their age. CONCLUSION: The prognosis of these children is therefore closely related both to the birth weight and, especially, to the difficulties faced in the neonatal age (severe perinatal diseases).

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed2006

Evaluating the suitability of prediction equations for lung function in Indian children: a practical approach.

OBJECTIVE: Although several prediction equations to evaluate peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of Indian children are available in literature, clinicians and researchers need to make a logical choice of which equation to use as reference. The aim was to demonstrate a practical approach to making such a logical choice by using prediction equations on our study population. METHODS: Eighteen linear regression equations generated on Indian children were chosen from available literature. PEFR measured on a Wright peak flow meter on 81 boys and 60 girls, aged between 8 and 13 years, was compared with the predicted values obtained from the equations. Data was systematically analyzed for the extent of over-estimation and under-estimation, correlation between the predicted and measured values and bias and limits of agreement using Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: The correlation between observed and predicted values using the eighteen equations ranged between 0.616 and 0.797 (for all P < 0.001). The Bland-Altman plots indicated that for all but three equations in boys and three equations in girls, lower measured values of PEFR were associated with higher predicted values. A final choice of a reference prediction equation was based on a combination of factors which included a high correlation between actual and predicted PEFR values, the bias of the estimate, the limits of agreement and the extent to which equations over or under-estimated PEFR. CONCLUSION: A practical approach to evaluate the applicability of prediction equations on an independent data set has been demonstrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Psychosocial conditions of attempted suicide among children and adolescents in the light of our studies].

The study comprised 30 children aged 12 to 17 years, including 22 females and 8 males, treated or consulted in the Psychiatry Department of the Medical Academy Institute of Pediatrics in Warsaw due to the realized trial of suicide. The psycho-demographical and the biological factors as well as direct causes preceding the suicidal trial have been analysed. It has been stated that the suicidal trials are dominated by the family conflicts and the bad emotional contacts among both the parents and children which in a majority of cases are associated by problems of school education. The cognitive functions of subjects studied were on the whole within the normal range.

Adolescent↗