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PubMed2026

Multi-omic characterization of the Hispanic/Latino blood lipidome reveals an additional locus and attenuated genetic prediction.

While lipids have been extensively investigated, genetic regulation of the circulating lipidome in diverse populations remains poorly understood. We conducted a lipidome-wide genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 830 lipid species in 2,287 Hispanic/Latino participants and performed predictive modeling across omics layers. We identified 7,593 genome-wide significant SNPs mapping to 208 genes. Conditional analysis disentangled the long-range linkage disequilibrium artifacts from the pleiotropic FADS1/2/3 cluster. Separately, we discovered an association at the GPLD1 locus for a circulating ceramide. Colocalization revealed shared genetic architecture with conventional lipids alongside distinct, species-specific pathways. Incorporating Native/Indigenous American expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) within a multi-omic framework uncovered 62 likely regulatory genes missed by European-centric gene expression models. Finally, genetically regulated predictive models demonstrated performance declining from transcriptomics to proteomics to lipidomics, reflecting increased distance from gene action along the molecular cascade. Our study provides a genetic landscape of lipid metabolism in a highly burdened population and highlights the challenges in predicting lipid abundance.

Hispanic/Latino population↗
PubMed2002

Past, present and future strategies to study the genetics of body weight regulation.

Genetic advances have made remarkable progress towards our understanding of body weight regulation. Much of our current knowledge has come from the cloning and characterisation of the genes responsible for obesity syndromes in the mouse, and the identification of homologous mutations causing rare forms of obesity in humans. Gene targeting experiments in mice have been instrumental in confirming the importance of many genes in the aetiology of obesity, and the existence of a fundamental physiological pathway that controls energy balance is becoming clear. The genetic determinants that underlie common forms of human obesity are largely polygenic, with most genes producing small effects. Thus, elucidating the many genetic determinants of obesity is a current challenge for modern geneticists. Despite the inherent difficulties, progress has been made through linkage/association studies and a genetic map of quantitative trait loci for human obesity is beginning to emerge. Obesity research is now very much in a transition period. Not so long ago, access to high throughput screening, as well as microarray and proteomic techniques, was prohibitively expensive and available only to the few. In recent years, these technologies have become more accessible to the larger scientific community and, in this paper, we will discuss how such technological advances are likely to drive the next wave of progress in obesity research. For example, large-scale mutagenesis screens in rodents coupled with high throughput screening are likely to emerge as important technologies for identifying genes previously unexpected to be involved in body weight regulation. Furthermore, applications of microarray and proteomic techniques will further refine our understanding of currently known peptides as well as identify novel pathways and molecules which are involved in energy homeostasis.

Agouti Signaling Protein↗
PubMed2007

[Evaluation of cancer pain--possibility of biomarkers].

The accurate assessment of pain is needed to control cancer pain and its treatment. Pain itself is subjective experience and is difficult to estimate quantitatively. Until now, there is no precise method to quantitate the cancer pain objectively. First, we show the tools to assess cancer pain by patient's description, including visual analogue scales, verval rating scales and numerical rating scales and so on. These scales have been used to evaluate the intensity of clinical pain, however they cannot assess the quality of cancer pain and only McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) has specificity for the qualitative and quantitative properties of clinical pain. Molecular biological approach has been advanced in the neuroscience field to find the candidate of neuropathic pain. In this article, we would like to show the results of the proteomics research for neuropathic pain. We also tried to discuss about the biomarker and its possibility whether it can reflect cancer pain and effect of cancer treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Proteomics of the injured rat sciatic nerve reveals protein expression dynamics during regeneration.

Using proteomics, we investigated the temporal expression profiles of proteins in rat sciatic nerve after experimental crush. Extracts of sciatic nerves collected at 5, 10, and 35 days after injury were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and quantitative image analysis. Of the approximately 1,500 protein spots resolved on each gel, 121 showed significant regulation during at least one time point. Using cluster analysis, these proteins were grouped into two expression profiles of down-regulation and four of up-regulation. These profiles mainly reflected differences in cellular origins in addition to different functional roles. Mass spectrometric analysis identified 82 proteins pertaining to several functional classes, i.e. acute-phase proteins, antioxidant proteins, and proteins involved in protein synthesis/maturation/degradation, cytoskeletal (re)organization, and in lipid metabolism. Several proteins not previously implicated in nerve regeneration were identified, e.g. translationally controlled tumor protein, annexin A9/31, vitamin D-binding protein, alpha-crystallin B, alpha-synuclein, dimethylargininases, and reticulocalbin. Real-time PCR analysis of selected genes showed which were expressed in the nerve versus the dorsal root ganglion neurons. In conclusion, this study highlights the complexity and temporal aspect of the molecular process underlying nerve regeneration and points to the importance of glial and inflammatory determinants.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Predominant expression of diploid mandarin leaf proteome in two citrus mandarin-derived somatic allotetraploid hybrids.

Fusion of citrus diploid parental protoplasts generates allotetraploid hybrids which do not retain their parental traits with regard to leaf aroma compound biosynthesis. The aim of this study was thus to examine hybrid leaf proteomes in comparison with their parents. Leaf soluble proteins from two citrus allotetraploid hybrids (mandarin + lime and mandarin + kumquat) and their diploid parents (mandarin, lime, and kumquat) were submitted to 2-D gel electrophoresis. Leaf proteome maps of the tetraploid hybrids were compared with those of their parents on the basis of the presence/absence of spots and of their spot relative volumes. The two allotetraploid hybrid maps were found closer to that of their mandarin parent than to those of their nonmandarin parents in terms of the presence/absence of spots as well as at a quantitative level. This approach has to be related to the already observed dominance of mandarin in allotetraploids with regard to volatile compound biosynthesis in leaves.

Citrus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differential proteomic profiling to study the mechanism of cardiac pharmacological preconditioning by resveratrol.

Recent studies demonstrated that resveratrol, a grape-derived polyphenolic phytoalexin, provides pharmacological preconditioning of the heart through a NO-dependent mechanism. To further explore the molecular mechanisms involved in resveratrol-mediated cardioprotection, we monitored the effects of resveratrol treatment after ischemia-reperfusion on the protein profile by implementation of proteomic analysis. Two groups of rats were studied; one group of animals was fed resveratrol for 7 days, while the other group was given vehicle only. The rats were sacrificed for the isolated working heart preparation and for isolation of cytoplasmic fraction from left ventricle homogenates to carry out the proteomic as well as immunoblot at baseline and at the end of 30 min ischemia/2-h perfusion. The results demonstrate significant cardioprotection with resveratrol evidenced by improved ventricular recovery and reduced infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The left ventricular cytoplasmic fractions were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Differentially regulated proteins were detected with quantitative computer analysis of the Coomassie blue stained 2-DE images and identified by MALDI-TOF (MS) and nanoLC-ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Five redox-regulated and preconditioning- related proteins were identified that were all upregulated by resveratrol: MAPKK, two different alphaB-crystallin species, HSP 27 and PE binding protein. Another HSP27 species and aldose reductase were downregulated and peroxiredoxin- 2 remained constant. The results of the immunoblot analysis of phosphorylated MAPKK, -HSP27 and -alphaB-crystallin and PE binding protein were consistent with the proteomic findings, but not with peroxiredoxin-2. The proteomic analysis showed also downregulation of some proteins in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and matrix and the myofilament regulating protein MLC kinase-2. The results of the present study demonstrate that proteomic profiling enables the identification of resveratrol induced preconditioning-associated proteins which reflects not only changes in their expression level but also isoforms, post-translational modifications and regulating binding or activating partner proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

First analysis of the proteome in two nematomorph species, Paragordius tricuspidatus (Chordodidae) and Spinochordodes tellinii (Spinochordodidae).

The proteome of most parasite species is currently unknown. Hairworms (Nematomorpha), 300 species distributed around the world, are parasitic in arthropods (mainly terrestrial species) when juveniles, but they are free-living in aquatic environments when adult. Most aspects of their systematics and biology are currently unknown. The aim of this paper was (i) to report a novel and reproducible protocol for the analysis of the proteome of hairworms using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) and mass spectrometry (matrix laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF)) and (ii) to determine the level of proteomic divergence between two sympatric but taxonomically unrelated nematomorph species in the adult stage, Paragordius tricuspidatus Dufour (Nematomorpha, Gordiidae) and Spinochordodes tellinii Camerano (Nematomorpha, Gordiidae). In total, 689 protein spots were observed for P. tricuspidatus, 575 for S. tellinii. Only 36.2% spots were shared between the two species. Quantitative analysis of the proteins which are common to both parasite species reveals substantial differences in the pattern of protein expression. These results suggest a rapid evolutionary divergence between these two nematomorph families. Also, to test the value of our MALDI-TOF protocol, we used Actin-2 (Act-2), a protein highly conserved in the course of evolution. Peptide mass fingerprint (PMF) data obtained for Act-2 of P. tricuspidatus and S. tellinii suggest a very high homology with Act-2 of different worms species belonging to the Bilateria phylum (Annelida and Nematoda) and more specifically to Lumbricus terrestris (Annelida, Lumbricidae) and Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda, Rhabditidae). We discuss our results in relationship with current ideas concerning the use of proteomics in systematics.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Proteomic analysis of lung adenocarcinoma: identification of a highly expressed set of proteins in tumors.

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to identify potential protein markers in lung adenocarcinomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A series of 93 lung adenocarcinomas (64 stage I and 29 stage III) and 10 uninvolved lung samples were examined for quantitative differences in protein expression using two-dimensional PAGE. Candidate proteins were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry or peptide sequencing. The levels of the individual isoforms of nine proteins found to be overexpressed in the lung tumors were examined. Potential mechanisms for overexpression were examined by comparing mRNA expression levels, assessed using oligonucleotide arrays, to the protein values in the same samples. RESULTS: Antioxidant enzyme AOE372, ATP synthase subunit d (ATP5D), beta1,4-galactosyltransferase, cytosolic inorganic pyrophosphatase, glucose-regulated M(r) 58,000 protein, glutathione-S-transferase M4, prolyl 4-hydroxylase beta subunit, triosephosphate isomerase, and ubiquitin thiolesterase (UCHL1) were identified as being significantly overexpressed in lung adenocarcinomas. The expression of these proteins was increased from 1.4- to 10.6-fold as compared with uninvolved lung tissue. The expression of the individual protein isoforms was correlated with 10 clinicopathological variables as well as with each gene's mRNA level in the same sample. Both isoforms of glucose-regulated M(r) 58,000 protein were found to be significantly correlated with their mRNA expression profiles (P < 0.05), indicating that increased transcription likely underlies the increased expression of these proteins. CONCLUSIONS: Two-dimensional PAGE and mass spectrometry can identify proteins showing increased expression in lung adenocarcinoma. The association of specific isoforms of these proteins with clinical variables and understanding the regulation of their expression will aid in determination of their potential use as biomarkers in this cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2004

Characterization of the human urinary proteome: a method for high-resolution display of urinary proteins on two-dimensional electrophoresis gels with a yield of nearly 1400 distinct protein spots.

The abundance profile of the human urinary proteome is known to change as a result of diseases or drug toxicities, particularly of those affecting the kidney and the urogenital tract. A consequence of such insults is the ability to identify proteins in urine, which may be useful as quantitative biomarkers. To succeed in discovering them, reproducible urine sample preparation methods and good protein resolution in two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels for parallel semiquantitative protein measurements are desirable. Here, we describe a protein fractionation strategy enriching proteins of molecular masses (M(r)) lower than 30 kDa in a fraction separate from larger proteins. The fraction containing proteins with M(r)s higher than 30 kDa was subsequently subjected to immunoaffinity subtraction chromatography removing most of the highly abundant albumin and immunoglobulin G. Following 2-DE display, superior protein spot resolution was observed. Subsequent high-throughput mass spectrometry analysis of ca. 1400 distinct spots using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight peptide mass fingerprinting and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry lead to the successful identification of 30% of the proteins. As expected from high levels of post-translational modifications in most urinary proteins and the presence of proteolytic products, ca. 420 identified spots collapsed into 150 unique protein annotations. Only a third of the proteins identified in this study are described as classical plasma proteins in circulation, which are known to be relatively abundant in urine despite their retention to a large extent in the glomerular blood filtration process. As a proof of principle that our urinary proteome display effort holds promise for biomarker discovery, proteins isolated from the urine of a renal cell carcinoma patient were profiled prior to and after nephrectomy. Particularly, the decrease in abundance of the kininogen 2-DE gel spot train in urine after surgery was striking.

Albumins↗
PubMed2006

Warm ischemia-induced alterations in oxidative and inflammatory proteins in hepatic Kupffer cells in rats.

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of ischemia/reperfusion injury on the proteome of Kupffer cells. Lean Zucker rats (n = 6 each group) were randomized to 75 min of warm ischemia or sham operation. After reperfusion for 8 h, Kupffer cells were isolated by enzymatic perfusion and density gradient centrifugation. Proteins were tryptically digested into peptides and differentially labeled with iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation) reagent. After fractionation by cation exchange chromatography, peptides were identified by mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-MS/MS). Spectra were interrogated against the Swiss-Prot database and quantified using ProteinProspector. The results for heat shock protein 70 and myeloperoxidase were validated by ELISA. Quantitative information for more than 1559 proteins was obtained. In the ischemia group proteins involved in inflammation were significantly up-regulated. The ratio for calgranulin B in the ischemia/sham group was 1.81 +/- 0.97 (p < 0.0001), for complement C3 the ratio was 1.81 +/- 0.49 (p < 0.0001), and for myeloperoxidase the ratio was 1.30 +/- 0.32. Myeloperoxidase was only recently documented in Kupffer cells. The antioxidative proteins Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (1.34 +/- 0.19; p < 0.001) and catalase (1.23 +/- 0.43; p < 0.001) were also elevated. In conclusion, ischemia/reperfusion injury induces alterations in the Kupffer cell proteome. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry is a powerful tool to investigate these reactions. The ability to simultaneously monitor several pathways involved in reperfusion stress may result in important mechanistic insight and possibly new treatment options.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Lung proteome alterations in a mouse model for nonallergic asthma.

A mouse model for nonatopic asthma was employed to study the alterations of the lung proteome to gain insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease pathophysiology post-challenge. Lung samples from asthmatic and control mice were used to generate 24 high quality two-dimensional electrophoresis gels wherein 2115 proteins were examined for disease relevance. In total, 23 proteins were significantly up- or down-regulated following hapten-challenge of dinitro-fluorobenzene-hypersensitive mice. Twenty proteins were identified by mass spectrometry, of which 18 could be linked to asthma related symptoms, such as stress and inflammation, lung detoxification, plasma exudation and/or tissue remodeling. As such, proteomics was clearly vindicated as a means of studying this complex disease phenomenon. The proteins found in this study may not necessarily play a role in the immunological mechanisms and/or pathophysiology of asthma development. However, they may prove useful as surrogate biomarkers for quantitatively monitoring disease state progression or response to therapy. The mathematics of achieving statistical confidence from low numbers of gel replicates containing large numbers of independent variables stress the need for high numbers of replicates to better sample the population of proteins revealed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

Actins↗
PubMed2005

Comparative proteome analysis revealed up-regulation of transthyretin in rat brain under chronic clozapine treatment.

Long-term administration of antipsychotic drugs can induce differential expression of various proteins in brain cells, which may underscore the molecular mechanism of their clinical efficacy and/or side effects. We used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in combination with mass spectrometry to screen differentially expressed proteins in the brain cells of rats under chronic clozapine treatment. We identified a protein, transthyretin, which was significantly up-regulated in the hippocampus of rats after four weeks' treatment of clozapine (20mg/kg) as compared with control animals. Western blot analysis further supported this finding. Besides, we also observed increased transcription of transthyretin mRNA in the cerebral cortex of rats under chronic treatment of clozapine (20mg/kg) or olanzapine (2mg/kg), but not haloperidol (1mg/kg), using real-time quantitative PCR. Transthyretin is a retinol carrier protein, our findings suggest that antipsychotic drugs treatment may affect the retinoid signaling cascade in the brain. Besides, transthyretin is also an indicator of nutritional status; increased transthyretin may be associated with the body weight gain of taking atypical antipsychotic drugs. This study also demonstrates that comparative proteome analysis is a feasible method to study the molecular mechanism of chronic antipsychotic drugs treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Proteomic analysis of simulated occupational jet fuel exposure in the lung.

We analyzed protein expression in the cytosolic fraction prepared from whole lung tissue in male Swiss-Webster mice exposed 1 h/day for seven days to aerosolized JP-8 jet fuel at concentrations of 1000 and 2500 mg/m3, simulating military occupational exposure. Lung cytosol samples were solubilized and separated via large scale, high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and gel patterns scanned, digitized and processed for statistical analysis. Significant quantitative and qualitative changes in tissue cytosol proteins resulted from jet fuel exposure. Several of the altered proteins were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting, confirmed by sequence tag analysis, and related to impaired protein synthetic machinery, toxic/metabolic stress and detoxification systems, ultrastructural damage, and functional responses to CO2 handling, acid-base homeostasis and fluid secretion. These results demonstrate a significant but comparatively moderate JP-8 effect on protein expression and corroborate previous morphological and biochemical evidence. Further molecular marker development and mechanistic inferences from these observations await proteomic analysis of whole tissue homogenates and other cell compartment, i.e., mitochondria, microsomes, and nuclei of lung and other targets.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Co-evolutionary analysis reveals insights into protein-protein interactions.

Protein-protein interactions play crucial roles in biological processes. Experimental methods have been developed to survey the proteome for interacting partners and some computational approaches have been developed to extend the impact of these experimental methods. Computational methods are routinely applied to newly discovered genes to infer protein function and plausible protein-protein interactions. Here, we develop and extend a quantitative method that identifies interacting proteins based upon the correlated behavior of the evolutionary histories of protein ligands and their receptors. We have studied six families of ligand-receptor pairs including: the syntaxin/Unc-18 family, the GPCR/G-alpha's, the TGF-beta/TGF-beta receptor system, the immunity/colicin domain collection from bacteria, the chemokine/chemokine receptors, and the VEGF/VEGF receptor family. For correlation scores above a defined threshold, we were able to find an average of 79% of all known binding partners. We then applied this method to find plausible binding partners for proteins with uncharacterized binding specificities in the syntaxin/Unc-18 protein and TGF-beta/TGF-beta receptor families. Analysis of the results shows that co-evolutionary analysis of interacting protein families can reduce the search space for identifying binding partners by not only finding binding partners for uncharacterized proteins but also recognizing potentially new binding partners for previously characterized proteins. We believe that correlated evolutionary histories provide a route to exploit the wealth of whole genome sequences and recent systematic proteomic results to extend the impact of these studies and focus experimental efforts to categorize physiologically or pathologically relevant protein-protein interactions.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Mapping the Arabidopsis organelle proteome.

A challenging task in the study of the secretory pathway is the identification and localization of new proteins to increase our understanding of the functions of different organelles. Previous proteomic studies of the endomembrane system have been hindered by contaminating proteins, making it impossible to assign proteins to organelles. Here we have used the localization of organelle proteins by the isotope tagging technique in conjunction with isotope tags for relative and absolute quantitation and 2D liquid chromatography for the simultaneous assignment of proteins to multiple subcellular compartments. With this approach, the density gradient distributions of 689 proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana were determined, enabling confident and simultaneous localization of 527 proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuolar membrane, plasma membrane, or mitochondria and plastids. This parallel analysis of endomembrane components has enabled protein steady-state distributions to be determined. Consequently, genuine organelle residents have been distinguished from contaminating proteins and proteins in transit through the secretory pathway.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2006

Proteome analysis of cultured fibroblasts from type 1 diabetic patients and normal subjects.

CONTEXT: Protein profiling of diabetic tissues could provide useful biomarkers for early diagnosis, therapeutic targets, and disease response markers. Cultured fibroblasts are a useful in vitro model for proteome analysis and study of the molecular mechanisms involved in diabetes. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to isolate and characterize the proteins of cultured fibroblasts, obtained by skin biopsy, from long-term type 1 diabetic patients without complications and age- and sex-matched normal subjects as controls. DESIGN: Proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), and the gel images were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Protein identification was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Reproducible protein maps of fibroblasts from diabetic and healthy subjects were obtained. A total of 125 protein spots were isolated and identified, among them 27 proteins not previously reported in published human fibroblast 2-DE maps, including 20 proteins never reported previously in the literature in human skin fibroblasts. Quantitative analyses revealed six protein spots differentially expressed in the fibroblasts from the diabetic vs. the control subjects (P < 0.05), representing glycolytic enzymes and structural proteins. An increase of triosephosphate I isomerase of two splice isoforms of pyruvate kinase and alpha-actinin 4 and a decrease of tubulin-beta2 and splice isoform 2 of tropomyosin beta-chain were detected. CONCLUSIONS: We generated 2-DE reference maps of the proteome of human skin fibroblasts from both normal and uncomplicated type 1 diabetic patients. Differences in glycolytic enzymes and structural proteins were found. The functional implications of the identified proteins are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A genomic and proteomic study of the spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, and some of its forms are progressive. This study describes the profiling of hepatic gene expression and serum protein content in patients with different subtypes of NAFLD. Liver biopsy specimens from 98 bariatric surgery patients were classified as normal, steatosis alone, steatosis with nonspecific inflammation, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Microarray hybridizations were performed in triplicate and the microarray expression levels of a selected group of genes were confirmed using real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Serum protein profiles of the same patients were determined by SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Of 98 obese patients, 91 were diagnosed with NAFLD (12 steatosis alone, 52 steatosis with nonspecific inflammation, and 27 NASH), and 7 patients without NAFLD served as obese controls. Each group of NAFLD patients was compared with the obese controls, and 22 genes with more than twofold differences in expression levels were revealed. Proteomics analyses were performed for the same group comparisons and revealed twelve significantly different protein peaks. In conclusion, this genomic/proteomic analysis suggests differential expression of several genes and protein peaks in patients within and across the forms of NAFLD. These findings may help clarify the pathogenesis of NAFLD and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Proteome approaches to characterize seed storage proteins related to ditelocentric chromosomes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Changes in protein composition of wheat endosperm proteome were investigated in 39 ditelocentric chromosome lines of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Chinese Spring. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining has resolved a total of 105 protein spots in a gel. Quantitative image analysis of protein spots was performed by PDQuest. Variations in protein spots between the euploid and the 39 ditelocentric lines were evaluated by spot number, appearance, disappearance and intensity. A specific spot present in all gels was taken as an internal standard, and the intensity of all other spots was calculated as the ratio of the internal standard. Out of the 1755 major spots detected in 39 ditelocentric lines, 1372 (78%) spots were found variable in different spot parameters: 147 (11%) disappeared, 978 (71%) up-regulated and 247 (18%) down-regulated. Correlation studies in changes in protein intensities among 24 protein spots across the ditelocentric lines were performed. High correlations in changes of protein intensities were observed among the proteins encoded by genes located in the homoeologous arms. Locations of structural genes controlling 26 spots were identified in 10 chromosomal arms. Multiple regulators of the same protein located at various chromosomal arms were also noticed. Identification of structural genes for most of the proteins was found difficult due to multiple regulators encoding the same protein. Two novel subunits (1B(Z,) 1BDz), the structure of which are very similar to the high molecular weight glutenin subunit 12, were identified, and the chromosome arm locations of these subunits were assigned.

Chromosomes↗