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PubMed2005

Arterial stiffness in 10-year-old children: current and early determinants.

It has been suggested that CVD has its origins in early life. An impairment of fetal growth and early postnatal nutrition may have programming effects on cardiovascular physiology. In addition, traditional risk factors for CVD may initiate the atherosclerotic process during childhood. We explored the effect of fat intake, physical activity and lipid profile in childhood, and birth weight, growth during infancy and breast-feeding on arterial stiffness in a cohort study of ninety-three 10-year-old children followed during infancy and re-examined at the age of 10 years. Arterial stiffness in two arterial segments (aorto-radial and aorto-femoral) was measured as pulse wave velocity. Arterial stiffness was inversely associated with physical activity (a regression coefficient in cm/s (95 % CI) of -6.8 (-11.2, -2.4) and -3.9 (-6.9, -0.8) per h of high physical activity/d in the aorto-radial and aorto-femoral segments, respectively). Arterial stiffness was also positively associated with dietary fat energy percentage (3.1 (95 % CI 0.9, 5.2) and 1.8 (95 % CI 0.2, 3.2) per fat energy percentage in the aorto-radial and aorto-femoral segments, respectively) but was not related to body composition, insulin resistance or lipid profile. Arterial stiffness was also positively associated with duration of breast-feeding for the aorto-femoral segment only (2.1 (95 % CI 0.4, 3.7) per month) but was not associated with growth in early life. In conclusion, patterns of physical activity and diet, and history of breast-feeding in infancy, have an influence on the stiffness of the large arteries in children. The long-term effects of this are unknown.

Aorta↗
PubMed2006

Assessment of uncertainty in a probabilistic model of consumer exposure to pesticide residues in food.

The assessment of consumer exposure to pesticides is an important part of pesticide regulation. Probabilistic modelling allows analysis of uncertainty and variability in risk assessments. The output of any assessment will be influenced by the characteristics and uncertainty of the inputs, model structure and assumptions. While the use of probabilistic models is well established in the United States, in Europe problems of low acceptance, sparse data and lack of guidelines are slowing the development. The analyses in the current paper focused on the dietary pathway and the exposure of UK toddlers. Three single food, single pesticide case studies were used to parameterize a simple probabilistic model built in Crystal Ball. Data on dietary consumption patterns were extracted from National Diet and Nutrition Surveys, and levels of pesticide active ingredients in foods were collected from Pesticide Residues Committee monitoring. The effect of uncertainty on the exposure estimate was analysed using scenarios, reflecting different assumptions related to sources of uncertainty. The most influential uncertainty issue was the distribution type used to represent input variables. Other sources that most affected model output were non-detects, unit-to-unit variability and processing. Specifying correlation between variables was found to have little effect on exposure estimates. The findings have important implications for how probabilistic modelling should be conducted, communicated and used by policy and decision makers as part of consumer risk assessment of pesticides.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2001

Asian breast cancer survival in the US: a comparison between Asian immigrants, US-born Asian Americans and Caucasians.

BACKGROUND: This study examines whether acculturation of Asian American women, assessed by place of birth, is associated with survival after diagnosis of breast cancer. We hypothesized that environmental factors associated with acculturation, such as a high-fat diet, would result in a pattern of better survival for first-generation Asians compared with subsequent-generation Asian Americans. METHODS: Analyses compare survival among women of four ethnic groups (Chinese [n = 1842], Japanese [n = 3319], Filipino [n = 1598] and a random sample of Caucasians [n = 10,000]) who were diagnosed with primary invasive breast carcinoma in three Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) regions (San Francisco/Oakland, Hawaii, Seattle/Puget Sound) between 1973 and 1994. Analyses by birthplace compare first-generation Asian immigrants with subsequent-generation Asian Americans of the same ethnicity. Analyses were based on the Cox proportional hazards model and adjusted for age at diagnosis, stage of disease, year of diagnosis, type of treatment, marital status, and SEER region. RESULTS: Japanese women had significantly better survival than all other races, but there were no significant differences in survival between Chinese, Filipino, and Caucasian women. There were no significant differences in survival by place of birth within each Asian ethnic group, after adjustment for demographic characteristics, stage of disease, and treatment. CONCLUSION: The findings do not support the hypothesis that acculturation of Asian American women is associated with decreased breast cancer survival.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1978

Effects of age, diet and lactation on lipogenesis in rat adipose, liver and mammary tissues.

Four diets varying in safflower oil content from zero to 20% were used in a study of interactions among diet and physiological state. Increasing fat in the diet did not alter food intakes but decreased digestibility coefficients. Increasing safflower oil intake did not alter milk fat content in lactating rats but increased relative amounts of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat. In liver and perirenal adipose tissues from young male and non-lactating female rats, low fat diets increased rates of lipogenesis from glucose in vitro and specific activities of enzymes whose functions are closely associated with lipogenesis. This adaptive hyperlipogenic response was not evident or was less prominent in aged or lactating rats. In the case of lactating rats it appears that lactation produces a marked reduction in adipose lipogenesis when low fat diets are fed. Reduced glyceride glycerol synthesis in lactating as compared to non-lactating rat adipose coupled with reduced fatty acid synthesis and in increased lipolysis indicated a shift in adipose function in the direction of increased fat mobilization as would be supportive of lactation. Only minor diet effects upon mammary enzyme patterns and rates of in vitro lipogenesis were observed.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1983

Dietary regulation of the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary regulation of the two key enzymes in polyamine biosynthesis, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) in rat tissues. Either an amino acid mix (patterned after casein), a complete diet or several dietary components were administered to fasting rats by gastric tube. Rats were killed at specific time intervals, over a 12-hour period, and the activities of ODC and SAMDC were measured in the following tissues: liver, kidney, small intestine, brain and skeletal muscle. The amino acid mix, as well as the complete diet, elicited rapid and substantial increases in ODC and SAMDC activities in liver, kidney and intestine. In brain and muscle SAMDC activity only was increased. Studies with actinomycin D showed that SAMDC and ODC activities are regulated at transcription. The mechanism eliciting the observed increases in enzyme activities is postulated to be the influx of amino acids into cells rather than the influence of hormones secreted in response to dietary stimulation.

Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase↗
PubMed1994

Future directions for energy requirements and food energy values.

The energy values of foods have been expressed in units of metabolizable energy (ME) since Atwater's time. Atwater "specific factors" for protein, fat and carbohydrate of food groups are used to compute energy values for individual foods. Although remarkably successful for many years this system is changing in order to provide the means to predict the energy value of new foods and formulations containing food substitutes, bulking agents, sweeteners, etc. New methods of analysis will allow prediction of energy value of new and unusual foods from chemical analyses. Originally used to determine the needed food supply for whole populations, statements of energy requirements are now needed for diet formulation for individuals. The mean energy requirements of populations are very adequately defined by WHO and the NRC RDA's by establishing ratios of total energy expenditure to basal metabolic rate (BMR). These estimates have been validated by use of the doubly labelled water (DLW) method to measure energy expenditure of free-living subjects over periods of 10-14 days. Substantial improvement in the prediction of energy needs for individuals will require the means to quantify physical effort, resolve effects of body composition on basal metabolic rate, and define the extent of variation in the use of metabolizable energy (ME) in non-steady state situations such as are caused by systematic changes in diet composition, body weight, and patterns of exercise.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

The global face of nutrition: what can governments and industry do?

Investment in agricultural research and major developments in the technology of food production have led to dramatic increases in food availability, not only in industrialized nations but also across the globe. In addition, significant gains in improving nutritional status have been made over the past fifty years. These changes are the result of 1) the demographic transition, 2) the epidemiological transition, and 3) the nutrition transition. Countries throughout the world are at various stages of the nutrition transition, as traditional diets give way to eating patterns characterized by more animal products, more added sugar, and more added fat. The world health organizations now face a different dilemma. Increasingly, countries are documenting that food insecurity and undernutrition exist side by side with problems of overnutrition and chronic diseases. Investment in applied nutrition research is desperately needed to identify and implement effective approaches for promoting healthy lifestyles.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Intensified treatment of type 2 diabetes--positive effects on blood pressure, but not glycaemic control.

BACKGROUND: Since publication of the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) in 1998, there has been a clear evidence base for tight glycaemic (HBA(1c) < 7.0%) and blood pressure (BP < 140/85 mmHg) control. AIM: To determine the effect of UKPDS-based intensified glycaemic and BP targets on the care of type 2 diabetic patients attending a routine diabetes clinic. DESIGN: Two surveys, each of 500 consecutively attending type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: The first survey was in a 3-month period in 1999, shortly after publication of the UKPDS study. The second was identical, but 2 years later. Glycaemic control (by DCCT-aligned HBA(1c)), BP and treatment details were recorded in both. RESULTS: BP control was significantly improved in the second survey (mean +/- SD systolic BP from 151 +/- 25 to 146 +/- 26 mmHg, p = 0.001; diastolic from 77 +/- 13 to 72 +/- 12 mmHg, p < 0.0001) and the proportion of patients on anti-hypertensive treatment increased from 33% to 60% (p < 0.0001). Mean HbA(1c) however remained unchanged (8.7 +/- 1.8% in 1999 vs. 8.5 +/- 1.8% in 2001), although there was evidence of more intensive treatment patterns, with declining numbers on diet alone and more on oral agents and/or insulin. DISCUSSION: Intensified BP control may be achievable within the confines of routine diabetes care, but achievement of optimal glycaemic targets remains problematic.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Whole-body imaging of the distribution of mercury released from dental fillings into monkey tissues.

The fate of mercury (Hg) released from dental "silver" amalgam tooth fillings into human mouth air is uncertain. A previous report about sheep revealed uptake routes and distribution of amalgam Hg among body tissues. The present investigation demonstrates the bodily distribution of amalgam Hg in a monkey whose dentition, diet, feeding regimen, and chewing pattern closely resemble those of humans. When amalgam fillings, which normally contain 50% Hg, are made with a tracer of radioactive 203Hg and then placed into monkey teeth, the isotope appears in high concentration in various organs and tissues within 4 wk. Whole-body images of the monkey revealed that the highest levels of Hg were located in the kidney, gastrointestinal tract, and jaw. The dental profession's advocacy of silver amalgam as a stable tooth restorative material is not supported by these findings.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Heart disease attributions of patients prior to elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

One hundred forty consecutive subjects attending a clinic prior to undergoing elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty were asked about what they believed had caused their coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim was to determine gender differences in responses and compare patients' perceived causal attributions for CHD with their own coronary risk factor profile documented by their attending physician. Female subjects most commonly cited stress as the cause of their CHD, followed by family history, cholesterol, and cigarette smoking. Males showed a different pattern of attribution, with poor diet being the most frequently cited factor, followed by cigarette smoking, stress, and family history. A significantly greater proportion of males than females attributed their illness to behavioral causes rather than to biological causes. A positive history for the coronary risk factors cholesterol (84%), family history (43%), and hypertension (55%), as documented by attending physician, was discordant with causal attributions expressed by patients which were 17%, 31%, and 4% respectively. These findings demonstrate the need to improve communication and find a common "platform" of understanding between patient and practitioner when discussing coronary risk factors in order to establish a collaborative action plan for successful and long-term lifestyle change.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed1983

Persistent nausea and food aversions in pregnancy. A possible association with cow's milk allergy in infants.

In a retrospective study the mothers of twenty-one children with well-defined cow's milk allergy and an equal number of matched controls were asked about their health and diet in pregnancy and the pattern of feeding of their children in infancy. Corroborative evidence was obtained from the medical notes. Nausea in pregnancy was found to be more persistent and atopic disease more common among the mothers of the milk allergic children; in this group food aversions during pregnancy were also more common particularly to dairy produce. The milk-allergic infants had been breast-fed for longer and had cow's milk introduced into feeds later than the control group. It is suggested that nausea in pregnancy may be a physiological response to foetal sensitization by dietary antigens such as cow's milk protein, due to impaired placental permeability in atopic pregnant women. A larger prospective study is indicated to substantiate this hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Behavioral medicine strategies for heart disease prevention: the example of smoking cessation.

Health related behavior change is one of the most important challenges in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle patterns, such as high fat diet, lack of exercise, persistent smoking, and poor compliance with prescribed medications present the core of this challenge. Conventional wisdom and considerable scientific evidence establish that the barriers to health related behavior change are many and varied. However, much is also known about methods of improving behavioral outcomes. Behavioral medicine strategies incorporate fundamental principles of behavior change together with biomedical and interpersonal approaches to facilitate successful cardiac risk factor modification. Physicians have the most potent opportunity to assist patients with health behavior change. Unfortunately, physicians are least familiar with behavior change technology and the contemporary physician-patient relationship lacks the partnership needed to succeed in these difficult areas. The good news is that medical education has begun to incorporate training in behavior change and interpersonal effectiveness. A description of the behavioral medicine approach to smoking cessation provides an excellent model for a thoughtful and practical approach to heart disease prevention in every day practice. (c) 2000 by CHF, Inc.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Diet and the essential fatty acid status of term infants.

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 and 22 carbon atoms (LCPs) seem to play an important role during the rapid development of the infant brain in the late fetal and early postnatal period. These LCPs are integral constituents of biological membranes and they are involved in the regulation of functional properties like fluidity, permeability and activity of membrane-bound enzymes. Human milk contains LCPs in an amount of 0.5-3 wt% of total fatty acids, whereas commercially available infant formulae are almost free of them. Recently, several clinical trials, primarily with preterm infants, have reported that the content of LCPs in the blood and a functional parameter like visual acuity correlate with the content of LCPs in the diet. In this clinical trial we studied the effect of different diets on the fatty acid pattern of plasma and erythrocyte lipids of healthy term infants during the first 3 months of life. Breast-fed infants were compared with formula-fed babies who received a commercially available formula without LCPs or a new experimental formula enriched with LCPs that was similar to human milk. The results indicate that the introduction of milk feeding leads to marked differences in the blood lipid composition during the first months of life, independent of the feeding regimen. Secondly, the supplementation of a formula with LCPs seems to result in a blood lipid composition similar to infants fed with human milk. This supports the hypothesis that the newborn term infant has a limited desaturating capacity and depends on an exogenous supply of LCPs during the first months of life.

Arachidonic Acid↗
PubMed1996

Daily fluctuations of haematology and blood biochemistry in horses fed varying levels of protein.

Changes in the plasma biochemistry of 12 stallions were studied over seven 24 h periods. Twelve healthy male horses of 4 different breeds (Thoroughbred [TB], Anglo-Arabo-Sardo [AAS], Avelignese [Av] and Maremmano [M]) were divided into 3 experimental groups and fed with an isoenergetic maintenance ration with different protein levels. The same amount of food was given daily at 0730 and 1930 h. After 20 days of pretrial, a series of 6 blood samples were collected daily from the jugular vein every 4 h for 7 days. The samples were analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin, plasma glucose, free fatty acids, cholesterol, total plasma protein, urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus and enzymatic activities: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotrasferase (ALT), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The data were analysed following the armonic analysis (Fourier) in order to define the pattern of biorhythm. Many parameters showed a biorhythmical pattern. Protein levels of the diet failed to influence haematology, blood biochemistry and biorhythm. Thoroughbreds showed the highest values of PCV, haemoglobin and creatinine and the lowest total protein, phosphorus and enzymatic activities.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1981

Effects of dietary composition on glucose metabolism in rat adipose cells.

The effect of altered dietary carbohydrate and fat content on equilibrium insulin binding to, and glucose transport activity and metabolism in, isolated rat epididymal adipose cells has been studied. Alterations in basal and insulin-stimulated total glucose utilization induced by changes in the ratio of dietary carbohydrate to fat are accounted for by specific effects of dietary composition at two levels of cellular function: 1) glucose transport across the cell's plasma membrane, specifically, the number of functional glucose transport systems, and 2) the cell's maximal capacity for glucose metabolism. These effects occur without alterations in insulin binding or the cell's sensitivity to insulin. Furthermore, diet-induced changes in the pattern of 14CO2, and 14C-triglyceride glycerol and fatty acid production appear to be accounted for primarily by the influence of dietary composition on the total amount of glucose entering the cell. Thus, under the conditions of this study, changes in dietary composition alter the adipose cell's capacities for glucose transport and metabolism without altering the mechanisms of insulin action or regulating the metabolic flow of glucose carbons.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

A substantial body of evidence strongly supports the concept that multiple dietary factors affect blood pressure (BP). Well-established dietary modifications that lower BP are reduced salt intake, weight loss, and moderation of alcohol consumption (among those who drink). Over the past decade, increased potassium intake and consumption of dietary patterns based on the "DASH diet" have emerged as effective strategies that also lower BP. Of substantial public health relevance are findings related to blacks and older individuals. Specifically, blacks are especially sensitive to the BP-lowering effects of reduced salt intake, increased potassium intake, and the DASH diet. Furthermore, it is well documented that older individuals, a group at high risk for BP-related cardiovascular and renal diseases, can make and sustain dietary changes. The risk of cardiovascular disease increases progressively throughout the range of BP, beginning at 115/75 mm Hg. In view of the continuing epidemic of BP-related diseases and the increasing prevalence of hypertension, efforts to reduce BP in both nonhypertensive and hypertensive individuals are warranted. In nonhypertensive individuals, dietary changes can lower BP and prevent hypertension. In uncomplicated stage I hypertension (systolic BP of 140 to 159 mm Hg or diastolic BP of 90 to 99 mm Hg), dietary changes serve as initial treatment before drug therapy. In those hypertensive patients already on drug therapy, lifestyle modifications, particularly a reduced salt intake, can further lower BP. The current challenge to healthcare providers, researchers, government officials, and the general public is developing and implementing effective clinical and public health strategies that lead to sustained dietary changes among individuals and more broadly among whole populations.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Food habits of mothers and children in two regions of Oman.

Several rapid assessment surveys were carried out during the period 1988-1991 to determine the food habit of preschool children, adolescent girls and mothers in Muscat (the capital) and southern region in Oman. Data were collected from health centers, hospitals and households. There have been differences in dietary habits between the people in the two regions. These differences were more evident in breastfeeding practices, meal patterns of adolescent girls and food frequency intake of mothers. Geographical location, occupation of inhabitants, cultural and ethnic factors may be responsible for the variation in dietary habits between the two regions. Several unsound food practices during pregnancy and puerperium were reported in both regions. In general, dietary patterns of mothers and children have changed dramatically during the past two decades. Duration of breastfeeding has declined and infant formula as well as commercial weaning foods were introduced at an early time of infants' lives. The trend of consumption of food for infants, adolescent girls and mothers is in the direction of unhealthier eating habits, as foods rich in fat, cholesterol, refined sugar and salt are commonly consumed. This food pattern may contribute to diet-related chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and dental caries. A nutrition education programme to promote a healthy diet and to correct unsound food beliefs and habits is urgently needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

An anthropological approach to the evaluation of preschool children exposed to pesticides in Mexico.

In this comparative study, we compensated for many of the known variables that influence children's growth and development by selecting two groups of 4-5-year-old Yaqui children who reside in the Yaqui Valley of northwestern Mexico. These children share similar genetic backgrounds, diets, water mineral contents, cultural patterns, and social behaviors. The major difference was their exposure to pesticides. Pesticides have been applied to the agricultural area of the valley since the late 1940s. In 1990, high levels of multiple pesticides were found in the cord blood of newborns and in breast milk. Building on anthropological methods for rapid rural appraisal of problems within the environment, a Rapid Assessment Tool for Preschool Children (RATPC) was developed to measure growth and development. The children of the agrarian region were compared to children living in the foothills, where pesticide use is avoided. The RATPC measured varied aspects of physical growth and abilities to perform, or function in, normal childhood activities. No differences were found in growth patterns. Functionally, the exposed children demonstrated decreases in stamina, gross and fine eye-hand coordination, 30-minute memory, and the ability to draw a person. The RATPC also pointed out areas in which more in-depth research on the toxicology of pesticides would be valuable.

Anthropology↗