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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Risk factors for cervical cancer development: what do women think?

BACKGROUND: The current cervical cancer prevention strategy is exclusively directed towards screening, without taking into account any relationship with sexual risk factors. The introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) detection into the screening procedure implicates that we should give attention to this relationship. The aim of this study was to investigate what knowledge women have of the relation between HPV and cervical cancer. METHODS: Rather than asking about HPV specifically, we suggested 20 risk factors for the development of cervical cancer, including viral infection, and asked 73 women visiting their general practitioner, 67 women visiting a lecture on risk factors for cervical cancer and 28 female students in biomedical sciences to rate the importance of these risk factors on a scale of 1-5. RESULTS: Genetic factors were rated highest with a mean score of 4.5. Bacterial infection ranked second highest with a mean score of 3.8. Smoking ranked fourth at a mean score of 3.6, whereas viral infection shared the sixth place with number of sexual partners with a mean score of 3.4. The presence of high voltage power lines and physical activity appropriately scored the last two places at 2.4 and 2.2, respectively. Twenty-one women suggested a role for sexually transmitted agents, but only five women (3.1%) could actually pinpoint HPV. CONCLUSION: This enquiry indicates that the risk factor 'genetic factors' was over-rated, while knowledge of the most important risk factors, i.e. smoking and sexual habits and (sexually transmitted) infections, would appear to be present to a moderate level in our population. However, knowledge of the role of HPV in cervical cancer development is lacking.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Prognostic factors for the development of fibromyalgia in women with self-reported musculoskeletal pain. A prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk of developing fibromyalgia (FM) in women with self-reported pain and to estimate the relative risk of a series of variables. METHODS: As part of a population study, 214 women with self-reported pain were interviewed and examined in 1990 and 1995. In 1990, 39 of these women fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria for FM. The other 175 women represented a continuum of pain extent from nonchronic pain to chronic widespread pain, and were assessed as individuals at risk for developing FM. Potential risk factors for FM were registered in 1990 and analyzed by bivariate and multiple statistical methods in the total sample and also in a subgroup of 115 women with limited pain. RESULTS: Forty-three (25%) women developed FM. Having > or = 4 associated symptoms, pain of > or = 6 years' duration, back pain, alternately hard/loose stools, and self-assessed depression were found to be predictors. Pain in the lower arm and a feeling of swelling were more weakly associated. In women with limited pain, pain > or = 6 years' duration, > or = 4 associated symptoms, not feeling refreshed in the morning, and paresthesia were found to be predictors. A weaker association was found with self-assessed depression and a lack of formal education. CONCLUSION: A high cumulative incidence of FM was found and a diversity of predictors for FM were identified in the total sample and also in women with limited pain. Of the variables that were part of the FM syndrome, back pain predicted FM, while tender points and pain in the neck did not. Moreover, > or = 4 associated symptoms, self-assessed depression, and longlasting pain were shown to be important predictors.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The menopausal experiences of women in a developing country: "there is a time for everything: to be a teenager, a mother and a granny".

The menopausal experiences of 26 Zimbabwean women were explored, using a structured open-ended interview schedule. Interviews were carried out in Harare in 1995. An analysis of the consensual data indicated that these women do experience the menopause symptoms that have been claimed elsewhere to be universal. Their experiences of menopause were not, however, regarded generally as distressing and were interpreted as a normal stage in the life cycle. Particular cultural beliefs are described which impact on women's understandings and reactions to the menopause.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Sentinel surveillance for HIV-1 among pregnant women in a developing country: 3 years' experience and comparison with a population serosurvey.

OBJECTIVES: To establish unlinked, anonymous sentinel surveillance for HIV-1 among pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic, to determine age-specific seroprevalences, to monitor trends and to compare seroprevalence with that detected by a population serosurvey. To establish the sustainability and costs of surveillance. DESIGN: Sentinel surveillance for HIV through serial collection of unlinked, anonymous seroprevalence data from antenatal care; comparison of sentinel data with those from a population serosurvey; financial and general audit of the sentinel surveillance. SETTING: A community antenatal clinic in a large urban centre, Mwanza Municipality, Tanzania, eastern Africa, between October 1988 and September 1991. PATIENTS: Pregnant women attending for antenatal care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Age-specific HIV-1 seroprevalences, trends over time, difference from age-specific population seroprevalences, sustainability and costs. RESULTS: Overall HIV-1 seroprevalence was 11.5% (95% confidence interval, 10.5-12.4); differences in age-specific prevalences were not significant. There was no clear evidence of change in seroprevalence over the study period in any age group, although there was some indication of a rise in some age groups in 1988-1989. Sentinel surveillance among pregnant women may have significantly underestimated population HIV-1 seroprevalence for women under the age of 35 years. HIV-1 surveillance proved feasible and sustainable. Additional recurrent costs were US$1.7 per specimen for unlinked anonymous testing and US$0.57 per woman for syphilis screening. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-1 seroprevalence did not change significantly over 3 years, probably implying a substantial incidence of HIV-1 infection. In this setting seroprevalence in pregnant women may have underestimated population seroprevalence in women aged under 35 years. With modest inputs and good organization unlinked anonymous HIV-1 sentinel surveillance of pregnant women can be introduced and sustained in an African setting. This may usefully be carried out in conjunction with syphilis screening.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2006

Estradiol and its metabolites and their association with knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if levels of endogenous estrogen or estrogen metabolites are associated with an increased risk of developing knee osteoarthritis (OA) in women. METHODS: Serum estradiol (E2) and 2 urinary estrogen metabolites (2-hydroxyestrone and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone) with radiographically defined prevalent and incident knee OA in 842 white and African American women from the Southeast Michigan Arthritis Cohort. RESULTS: The mean age and body mass index (BMI) of women in the cohort were 42.3 years and 28.5 kg/m2, respectively. Women who developed radiographically defined knee OA had significantly greater odds of having baseline endogenous early follicular phase estradiol concentrations in the lowest tertile (<47 pg/ml; odds ratio [OR] 1.88, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.07-3.51) compared with those with estradiol concentrations in the middle tertile [47-77 pg/ml]), after adjustment for age, BMI, and other covariates. Women who developed knee OA also had greater odds of having baseline urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxyestrone in the lowest tertile (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.49-5.68) compared with women with 2-hydroxyestrone concentrations in the middle tertile), after adjustment for covariates. Women who developed knee OA were more likely to have a ratio of 16alpha-hydroxyestrone to 2-hydroxyestrone in the highest tertile (>0.86; OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.01-3.44 compared with women with ratios in the 0.54-0.86 range), after adjustment for other covariates. CONCLUSION: There were significant associations of lower baseline serum estradiol and urinary 2-hydroxyestrone with developing knee OA in middle-aged women.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Insulin changes in preeclamptic women during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: The etiology of preeclampsia remains obscure. To study the role of insulin resistance in preeclampsia, we compared fasting insulin and glucose changes during the second and third trimesters in preeclamptic women with a normal control group. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a nested case-control study, subjects were selected from a population-based cohort of 674 pregnant women from whom serum was collected for this study between the 20th and 24th week of gestation. For 16 women who developed preeclampsia (cases), 16 women who remained normotensive were selected as controls. Controls were matched with each case for pregestational body mass index, age, gestational age, and parity. Fasting glucose and insulin levels of the second trimester (20th to 24th weeks) of pregnancy were compared based on serological data. The comparisons were also carried out in the third trimester when preeclampsia occurred. RESULTS: Fasting insulin levels increased from 15.3+/-1.3 microlU/mL to 25.3+/-1.4 microlU/mL between the second and third trimesters in the preeclamptic group (P<0.01) and from 10.4+/-0.9 microlU/mL to 16.2+/-1.3 microlU/mL in the control group (P<0.01). There was no significant change in glucose levels during pregnancy in either group. CONCLUSION: Women who develop preeclampsia have higher insulin levels before clinical evidence of disease than women who remain normotensive during pregnancy. The increase in insulin levels in the third trimester was greater in preeclamptic than in non-preeclamptic women.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Blood pressure levels before dementia.

BACKGROUND: The association between blood pressure (BP) and dementia is not easily interpreted, but some prospective studies suggest that dementia may lower BP. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between BP during a 10-year period and the prevalence of dementia. DESIGN: Comparison of longitudinal BP between participants who had dementia, participants who were cognitively impaired, and unimpaired participants selected from an ongoing cohort study. SETTING: A prepaid health plan in southern California. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred participants had dementia, 285 were cognitively impaired, and 585 were unimpaired. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Retrospective medical record review of up to 3 randomly selected BP measurements per year for the 10 years before cognitive classification of each participant. RESULTS: Systolic BP increased with time in the unimpaired participants, and increased less in women who developed cognitive impairment and in women who developed dementia. Diastolic BP declined significantly (P<.001) with time in all 3 groups. Compared with unimpaired women, the adjusted rate of decline in diastolic BP was significantly (P = .04) greater for the women who developed dementia. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with previous findings that the relationship between BP and dementia is affected by age at data collection. Valid inferences about the effect of BP on the development of dementia require prospective data collection in which subjects are free of dementia or cognitive impairment at enrollment.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed2000

NIH Funding and Career Development Opportunities for Women in Reproductive Immunology.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has a number of mechanisms available to support research, research training and research career development. The various institutes, centers and special offices within the NIH have, as part of their missions, a diverse array of basic and clinical research goals. Much of the scientific spectrum of reproductive immunology, however, falls within the mission of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). There have been a number of recent innovations in the preparation, review and funding of NIH grant applications. Specific opportunities, such as fellowships, career awards, and new investigator status, are available for investigators at different career stages. A wealth of information is available on the NIH website at www.nih.gov. NIH staff are available to answer your questions and to provide administrative guidance in preparing grant applications.

Female↗
PubMed1998

Development of specific immunoglobulins G, M, and A following primary Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women.

The development of specific antibodies following primary Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy was assessed by six different antibody assays: dye test, Platelia Toxo-IgG, Toxo-Screen DA IgG, Platelia Toxo-IgM, Toxo-ISAGA IgM, and Platelia Toxo-IgA. A total of 126 sera from 27 pregnant women, for whom the time of acquisition of infection could be estimated fairly accurately, were included. All tests showed great individual variation in the peak amounts of antibodies detected. The times elapsed after infection until the peak was reached also varied greatly from individual to individual: the ranges were 2 to 21 weeks for the dye test, 4 to 36 weeks for Platelia Toxo-IgG, 4 to 30 weeks for Toxo-Screen DA IgG, 2 to 18 weeks for Platelia Toxo-IgM, 1 to 6 weeks for Toxo-ISAGA IgM, and 2 to 21 weeks for Platelia Toxo-IgA. In the early phase of the infection the dye test and the specific-IgM tests were the most sensitive. Toxo-Screen DA IgG was more sensitive than Platelia Toxo-IgG in the acute phase, while Platelia Toxo-IgA was clearly the least sensitive assay. Of the sera collected 21 to 52 weeks after infection, all were positive by the dye test, all except one (which was negative by Platelia Toxo-IgG) were positive by the specific-IgG tests, approximately 80% were positive by the IgM tests, and 45% were positive by the IgA test. Due to the great individual variation it seems impossible to estimate when the infection occurred based on results obtained from a single serum, and it may even be difficult to assess when a titer increase in paired sera is detectable unless the first sample is only marginally positive. As a diagnostic criterion a dye test titer of >/=300 IU/ml has a low sensitivity for recent primary infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Development of a tool for evaluating conflict management and sexual negotiation: a contribution to the fight against HIV/AIDS among women].

The development and validation process of the Video Rating Scale of Conflict Management and Sexual Negotiation (EAVI) is presented. This instrument was developed as a response to the growing incidence of HIV/AIDS infection among heterosexual women and recognizes the need to evaluate prevention efforts that focus on the development of sexual negotiation skills. EAVI was used to evaluate taped simulations of couples negotiating safer sex. Content validity and reliability analysis were performed. Overall, the scale has a content validity score of .90 and a reliability of 75%. The validity and reliability of specific subscales was low thus suggesting a need for revision. Suggestions are provided for improving the measure and examples of its actual usefulness in academic and community settings are presented.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of a women's wellness center in Almaty, Kazakhstan.

Twelve Women's Wellness Centers were established by American International Health Alliance (AIHA) partnerships in the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union. The services offered by these centers focused on health promotion, disease prevention, and other health and social issues that affect women's health. The innovations in the model include patient-centered care that emphasizes patient choice and the introduction of the role of the nurse educator.

Community-Institutional Relations↗