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PubMed2006

Beverage caffeine intakes in young children in Canada and the US.

PURPOSE: Throughout childhood there is a shift from predominantly milk-based beverage consumption to other types of beverages, including those containing caffeine. Although a variety of health effects in children and adults have been attributed to caffeine, few data exist on caffeine intake in children aged one to five years. METHODS: Because beverages provide about 80% of total caffeine consumed in children of this age group, beverage consumption patterns and caffeine intakes were evaluated from two beverage marketing surveys: the 2001 Canadian Facts study and the 1999 United States Share of Intake Panel study. RESULTS: Considerably fewer Canadian children than American children consume caffeinated beverages (36% versus 56%); Canadian children consume approximately half the amount of caffeine (7 versus 14 mg/day in American children). Differences were largely because of higher intakes of carbonated soft drinks in the US. CONCLUSIONS: Caffeine intakes from caffeinated beverages remain well within safe levels for consumption by young children.

Beverages↗
PubMed2000

A comparison of serum total cholesterol levels and their determinants between the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States.

Mean serum total cholesterol levels appear to be higher in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) than in the United States (US) while coronary heart disease death rates are lower. The study examined possible factors for the difference including possible differences in laboratory methodology. Cross-sectional data from the first two waves of the German National Health Surveys (1984-1986 and 1987-1989; n = 9709) and from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1976-1980; n = 7832) were compared for men and women 25-69 years of age. The influence of age, body mass index, diet, cigarette smoking, education, income, use of oral contraceptives or antihypertensive agents, alcohol consumption and potential differences in laboratory measurement were explored using multiple regression techniques separately for men and women for ages 25-39, 40-59 and 60-69 years of age. Overall ages, unadjusted mean total cholesterol levels were higher in German than US men (6.02 vs. 5.64 mmol/l) and in German than US women (6.04 vs. 5.80 mmol/l) as were HDL cholesterol levels (men: 1.30 vs 1.14 mmol/l; women: 1.65 vs. 1.38 mmol/l). Adjusting for lifestyle factors explained, on the average, 40% of the differences in mean total cholesterol of which half or 20% was accounted for by adjusting for alcohol intake. Adjusting for possible laboratory differences explained, on the average, an additional 30% of the differences. Frequency of alcohol intake was the most important factor in explaining differences in mean HDL cholesterol levels. Adjustment for differences in alcohol intake had negligible effects on reducing the differences in mean non-HDL cholesterol.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

EGCG, a green tea polyphenol, improves endothelial function and insulin sensitivity, reduces blood pressure, and protects against myocardial I/R injury in SHR.

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a bioactive polyphenol in green tea, may augment metabolic and vascular actions of insulin. Therefore, we investigated effects of EGCG treatment to simultaneously improve cardiovascular and metabolic function in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR; model of metabolic syndrome with hypertension, insulin resistance, and overweight). In acute studies, EGCG (1-100 microM) elicited dose-dependent vasodilation in mesenteric vascular beds (MVB) isolated from SHR ex vivo that was inhibitable by N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; nitric oxide synthase antagonist) or wortmannin [phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase inhibitor]. In chronic studies, 9-wk-old SHR were treated by gavage for 3 wk with EGCG (200 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)), enalapril (30 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)), or vehicle. A separate group of SHR receiving L-NAME (80 mg/l in drinking water) was treated for 3 wk with either EGCG or vehicle. Vasodilator actions of insulin were significantly improved in MVB from EGCG- or enalapril-treated SHR (when compared with vehicle-treated SHR). Both EGCG and enalapril therapy significantly lowered systolic blood pressure (SBP) in SHR. EGCG therapy of SHR significantly reduced infarct size and improved cardiac function in Langendorff-perfused hearts exposed to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. In SHR given L-NAME, beneficial effects of EGCG on SBP and I/R were not observed. Both enalapril and EGCG treatment of SHR improved insulin sensitivity and raised plasma adiponectin levels. We conclude that acute actions of EGCG to stimulate production of nitric oxide from endothelium using PI 3-kinase-dependent pathways may explain, in part, beneficial effects of EGCG therapy to simultaneously improve metabolic and cardiovascular pathophysiology in SHR. These findings may be relevant to understanding potential benefits of green tea consumption in patients with the metabolic syndrome.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Lack of inhibitory effects of green tea catechins in 1,2-dimetylhydrazine-induced rat intestinal carcinogenesis model: comparison of the different formulations, administration routes and doses.

Differences in the modifying effects of green tea catechins (GTC) on intestinal carcinogenesis by different formulations, doses and administration routes were investigated in male rats pretreated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). One hundred and eighty nine F344 male rats received subcutaneous injections of DMH at 40 mg/kg body weight twice a week for 3 weeks. Three days after completion of the carcinogen treatment, they were divided into nine groups. Each was administered a different source of 0.1% or 0.01% of GTC (Mitsui Norin Co. (M) or Taiyo Kagaku Co. (T)) either in the diet (D) or the drinking water (W), or basal diet and tap water alone without GTC for 33 weeks and then killed for autopsy. The survival rate tended to be lower with 0.01% MGTC (W) group than in the other groups. In the large intestine, although the multiplicity and/or incidences of adenomas showed tendencies for dose-dependent decrease in all GTC groups, and the average volumes of tumors tended to be decrease dose-dependently in the MGTC (W) and TGTC (W) groups, the multiplicity of carcinomas did not show such a trend, rather being significantly increased in the 0.01% MGTC (D) and 0.1% TGTC (W) groups. In the small intestine, the incidence and the multiplicity of tumors in all GTC treated groups had a tendency to decrease. On the other hand, the volume of tumors was increased with statistical significance in the 0.01% MGTC (W) and 0.1% TGTC (W) groups. Thus it can be concluded that GTC does not exert chemopreventive effects on intestinal carcinogenesis irrespective of its formulation, dose or route of administration.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗
PubMed1998

Meat intake, 'mate' drinking and renal cell cancer in Uruguay: a case-control study.

In the period January 1988-December 1995, a case-control study of diet and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk involving 121 cases and 243 hospitalized controls was carried out in Montevideo, Uruguay. After adjusting for major covariates, red meat intake was associated with a 3.4 increase in risk for the highest category of intake, with a significant dose-response pattern. Also, barbecued meat, protein and heterocyclic amine intakes were associated with significant increases in risk of RCC. The consumption of the beverage known as 'mate' (a ocal tea derived from the herb Ilex paraguariensis) was associated with an increased risk of 3.0 for heavy drinkers.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Fluid Intake in patients with eating disorders.

OBJECTIVES: The current study examined the fluid intake of patients with eating disorders and factors that may influence the amount and type of fluid consumed. Subjects comprised 81 inpatients with eating disorders. METHODS: A 7-day semi-standardized, retrospective fluid history was taken by a dietitian when the subjects were admitted to an eating disorder unit. Total fluid consumed per day was measured, which included all energy-free, energy-containing, and caffeine-containing fluids (all in milliliters per kilogram). Age, body mass index (BMI), and eating disorder behaviors (purging, binge eating, and excessive exercise) were also evaluated. RESULTS: Fluid intakes ranged from 250 ml to >6 L per day, with an average of 2.7 L. Only 17% of patients had fluid intakes in the recommended range. The most commonly consumed beverage was water followed by diet cola, coffee, juice, and tea. The lower the BMI and the older the patient, the greater the fluid intake. CONCLUSIONS: Fluid intake is variable and should be part of the clinical assessment of the eating disorder patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Prevention of photocarcinogenesis by topical administration of pure epigallocatechin gallate isolated from green tea.

Topical application of purified (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenolic antioxidant isolated from green tea, inhibited photocarcinogenesis in BALB/cAnNHsd mice with no visible toxicity. Mice were treated with 0, 10, or 50 mg of EGCG in 200 microliters of acetone three times weekly for three weeks before ultraviolet (UV) treatments began and throughout the experiment. UV radiation consisted of five 30-minute exposures per week to banks of six FS40 Westinghouse sunlamps for 25 weeks. In the photocarcinogenesis study, mice received a total dose of approximately 2.1 x 10(6) J/m2. Skin cancer incidence in UV-irradiated mice was 96% at 28 weeks after the first UV treatment; EGCG at 10 or 50 mg reduced this incidence to 62% and 29%, respectively. UV-induced immunosuppression, assessed by the inability of UVB-irradiated mice to reject a syngeneic antigenic tumor, was not influenced by topical EGCG. Oral administration of 0, 100, or 500 mg of pure EGCG per liter of drinking water (approximately 0, 0.56, or 2.8 mg/day, respectively) did not decrease UV-induced skin tumor incidence, rate of primary tumor growth, or inability to reject antigenic tumors. Thus induction of skin tumors by UV radiation was significantly reduced by topical, but not by oral, administration of purified EGCG through a mechanism distinct from inhibition of photoimmunosuppression.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The cause and treatment of idiopathic pruritus ani.

Six common foods can cause the clinical entity called "idiopathic" pruritus ani. They are coffee, tea, cola, beer, chocolate, and tomatoes. Pruritus ani occurs in 24 to 48 hours when a patient consumers more than a threshold amount of one or more of these foods and disappears spontaneously in a few days provided the threshold is not exceeded again.

Beverages↗
PubMed1986

Caffeine consumption during pregnancy and association with late spontaneous abortion.

In a prospective cohort study, 3135 pregnant women were followed to evaluate the association of caffeine consumption during pregnancy with late first- and second-trimester spontaneous abortion. Almost 80% of pregnant women used some caffeine; among users the average daily intake was 99.3 mg from all sources. Sources of caffeine were nonherbal tea (used by 49.4% of women), coffee (41.2%), colas (35.0%), and drugs (6.6%). In all, 28% of pregnant women consumed greater than or equal to 151 mg of caffeine daily, and these "moderate-to-heavy" caffeine users were significantly more likely to experience late first- or second-trimester spontaneous abortion when compared with nonusers and light users (0 to 150 mg). Demographic characteristics, reproductive and medical history, contraceptive use, and smoking and drinking habits were taken into consideration. The adjusted relative risk of miscarriage after moderate-to-heavy caffeine consumption was 1.73 (p = 0.03). Light caffeine use (1 to 150 mg daily) was associated with increased risk for spontaneous abortion only among women who aborted in their last pregnancy (RR = 4.18, p = 0.04). Replicative studies are necessary before the association of caffeine with spontaneous abortion can be confirmed.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2001

Coffee and alcohol consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer in two prospective United States cohorts.

Although most prospective cohort studies do not support an association between coffee consumption and pancreatic cancer, the findings for alcohol are inconsistent. Recently, a large prospective cohort study of women reported statistically significant elevations in risk of pancreatic cancer for both coffee and alcoholic beverage consumption. We obtained data on coffee, alcohol, and other dietary factors using semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires administered at baseline (1986 in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study and 1980 in the Nurses' Health Study) and in subsequent follow-up questionnaires. Data on other risk factors for pancreatic cancer, including cigarette smoking, were also available. Individuals with a history of cancer at study initiation were excluded from all of the analyses. During the 1,907,222 person-years of follow-up, 288 incident cases of pancreatic cancer were diagnosed. The data were analyzed separately for each cohort, and results were pooled to compute overall relative risks (RR). Neither coffee nor alcohol intakes were associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in either cohort or after pooling the results (pooled RR, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.27-1.43, for >3 cups of coffee/day versus none; and pooled RR, 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-1.76, for > or = 30 grams of alcohol/day versus none). The associations did not change with analyses examining different latency periods for coffee and alcohol. Similarly, no statistically significant associations were observed for intakes of tea, decaffeinated coffee, total caffeine, or alcoholic beverages. Data from these two large cohorts do not support any overall association between coffee intake or alcohol intake and risk of pancreatic cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Healthy nutrition and the prevention of cancer].

A number of risk factors of cancer diseases can be identified in the diet of the Hungarian population, and also one may infer the presence of these risk factors from statistics on food purchasing, the results of household budget surveys and those of earlier nutrition surveys. These risk factors are: overweight and obesity involving two thirds of the male and half of the female population, insufficient vegetable and fruit consumption, insufficient wholemeal cereal consumption, inadequate dietary fibre intake, high sugar intake, regular heavy drinking, as well as high fat, animal fat, cholesterol and salt intakes. The messages for decreasing the risks of cancer diseases--as presented herein--have been included in the recommendations for healthy nutrition aimed at eliminating the risk factors of diet-related diseases.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1998

Coffee consumption and decreased serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and aminotransferase activities among male alcohol drinkers.

BACKGROUND: Attention has long been drawn to the potentially harmful effects of coffee on health, however recent epidemiological studies have suggested unexpected, possibly beneficial effects of coffee against the occurrence of alcoholic liver cirrhosis and upon serum liver enzyme levels. METHODS: We examined the potential inverse association between coffee drinking and serum concentrations of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and aminotransferases, with special reference to interaction with alcohol consumption, in a cross-sectional study involving 12687 health examinees (7398 men and 5289 women) aged 40-69 years from over 1000 workplaces in Nagano prefecture in central Japan. Those who had a history of liver disease and/or serum aminotransferases exceeding the normal range were excluded. Possible confounding effects of alcohol consumption, body mass index, cigarette smoking, and green tea consumption were controlled through multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Increased coffee consumption was strongly and independently associated with decreased GGT activity among males (P trend < 0.0001); the inverse association between coffee and serum GGT was more evident among heavier alcohol consumers (P < 0.0001), and was absent among non-alcohol drinkers. Among females, however, coffee was only weakly related to lower GGT level. Similar inverse associations with coffee and interactions between coffee and alcohol intake were observed for serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Intake of green tea, another popular source of caffeine in Japan, did not materially influence the liver enzyme levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that coffee may inhibit the induction of GGT in the liver by alcohol consumption, and may possibly protect against liver cell damage due to alcohol.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Risk factors in the manifestations of the 5 principal forms of cancer in the People's Republic of Mongolia].

Epidemiological studies were conducted in Mongolia on 1,263 cases of cancer compared to 2,526 healthy controls in order to uncover risk factors for cancer of the oesophagus, stomach, lungs, liver and cervix of the uterus. Risk factors found included: consumption of large amounts of hot tea, or salted hot tea with roast flour and cereals, the habit of eating meat at the evening meals and eating half-chewed food (oesophageal cancer); meat at evening meals, eating hot food, hurried eating, consumption of stale foods, large amounts of hot tea, regular alcohol intake (gastric cancer); viral hepatitis, eating habits and alcohol intake (primary cancer of the liver); smoking, regular alcohol intake (alcohol drinkers tend to smoke heavily) (lung cancer); early menarche, repeated marriages, deliveries at early ages (before 18 years of age) and repeated deliveries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Iron deficiency in older people: interactions between food and nutrient intakes with biochemical measures of iron; further analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over.

OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively investigate relationships between food consumption, nutrient intake and biochemical markers of iron status in a population of older people. DESIGN: National Diet and Nutrition Survey: cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative population of men and women aged 65 y and over. SETTING: Mainland Great Britain SUBJECTS: 1268 participants (651 men and 617 women) who provided both dietary intake and blood biochemistry. 986 were living in private households and 282 were living in residential or nursing homes. RESULTS: Intakes of alcohol, vitamin C, protein, haem and non-haem iron and fibre were positively associated with iron status. Consumption of meat, poultry and fish were positively associated with six measures of iron status, and vegetables and potatoes with four measures. Calcium, dairy foods and tea generally had a negative association with most measures of iron status. CONCLUSIONS: A varied diet containing meat, poultry and fish, vegetables and fruit, with a moderate intake of alcohol will make a positive contribution to the iron status of elderly people.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Socio-economic and behavioural factors affecting the prevalence of Ascaris infection in a low-country tea plantation in Sri Lanka.

The identification of the factors that affect the prevalences of geohelminthiases should help to maximize the effectiveness of programmes for the control of these diseases. In the present study, the relationships between the prevalence and intensity of human infection with Ascaris and the availability of sanitary facilities, socio-economic status and personal health habits have been explored in Sri Lanka. The 176 subjects, who lived on a low-country tea plantation, were aged 2-50 years (median = 13 years) and were investigated between the July and December of 2000. When the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris infection were determined, using Kato-Katz smears, 50.0% of the subjects were found to be secreting the eggs of the parasite. Almost all (96.6%) of the subjects lived in terraces of one-room houses built by the plantation owners, and only 30.7% had access to a latrine. Most (90.3%) obtained their drinking water from common taps, and 48.8% boiled their drinking water. The subjects who only drank water that had been boiled and those who washed their hands before meals were relatively unlikely to be infected (P < 0.05 for each). In congested living conditions with poor sanitary facilities, the level of faecal contamination of the environment is invariably high. Even under these conditions, however, good hygiene and the boiling of all drinking water can reduce the risks of Ascaris infection. In the study setting and in similar environments, regular anthelmintic therapy, improvements in housing conditions and sanitary facilities, and health education, to promote risk-reducing patterns of behaviour, would all be beneficial.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

High-birth weight and other risk factors for Wilms tumour: results of a population-based case-control study.

UNLABELLED: Wilms tumour, or nephroblastoma, is one of the childhood cancers included in two recent population-based case-control studies in West Germany. Altogether, 177 children under the age of 10 years with Wilms tumour diagnosed between 1988 and 1994 and 2006 control children sampled from population registration files participated. Information on potential risk factors was obtained from the parents using a questionnaire and by subsequent telephone interview. We found an association with a high birth weight >4000 g (odds ratio 1.58; 95% confidence interval 1.01-2.48), which was somewhat stronger for children aged 2 years or older. Findings for young maternal age at birth and certain parental occupationally related exposures were not reported by previous studies and thus may be chance findings. As opposed to previous studies, we failed to confirm associations with high parental age at birth, maternal coffee and tea consumption during pregnancy, and exposure to pesticides. CONCLUSION: Based on this large population-based case-control study, high birth weight may play a role in the aetiology of Wilms tumour, but many risk factors previously suggested are of less importance.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2004

Foods and beverages in relation to urothelial cancer: case-control study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: The roles of several foods and beverages in the development of bladder cancer remain unclear. METHODS: We undertook a hospital-based case-control study at Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Japan. Subjects included 124 men and women (bladder cancer cases) with newly diagnosed cancers of the renal pelvis (n = 5), ureter (n = 6) or bladder (n = 113) and 620 age- and sex-matched, cancer-free outpatients (controls) presenting at the hospital in the period from 1994 to 2000. Smoking-adjusted odds ratios (OR) were estimated to assess the strength of associations between self-reported intake of foods or drinks and bladder cancer risk, using conditional logistic models. RESULTS: We found a decreased risk in relation to frequent intake of green-yellow vegetables; the OR for the highest intake score compared with the lowest was 0.54 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.29-0.99). The OR for carrot intake of >/=5 times/week compared with </=1-3 times/month was 0.41 (95% CI 0.16-1.01) and a decreasing risk with increasing consumption of green vegetables was also detected (P for trend = 0.063). Inverse associations between black tea, eggs and meat and risk were also suggested, whereas moderate drinkers of green tea (5-9 cups/day) showed an elevated risk. Coffee and milk consumption did not appear to exert any influence. CONCLUSIONS: Those with an increased risk of bladder cancer, such as smokers, may benefit from increasing their consumption of green-yellow vegetables.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effects of caffeine and caffeine withdrawal on mood and cognitive performance degraded by sleep restriction.

RATIONALE: It has been suggested that caffeine is most likely to benefit mood and performance when alertness is low. OBJECTIVES: To measure the effects of caffeine on psychomotor and cognitive performance, mood, blood pressure and heart rate in sleep-restricted participants. To do this in a group of participants who had also been previously deprived of caffeine for 3 weeks, thereby potentially removing the confounding effects of acute caffeine withdrawal. METHODS: Participants were moderate to moderate-high caffeine consumers who were provided with either decaffeinated tea and/or coffee for 3 weeks (LTW) or regular tea and/or coffee for 3 weeks (overnight caffeine-withdrawn participants, ONW). Then, following overnight caffeine abstinence, they were tested on a battery of tasks assessing mood, cognitive performance, etc. before and after receiving caffeine (1.2 mg/kg) or on another day after receiving placebo. RESULTS: Final analyses were based on 17 long-term caffeine-withdrawn participants (LTW) and 17 ONW participants whose salivary caffeine levels on each test day confirmed probable compliance with the instructions concerning restrictions on consumption of caffeine-containing drinks. Acute caffeine withdrawal (ONW) had a number of negative effects, including impairment of cognitive performance, increased headache, and reduced alertness and clear-headedness. Caffeine (versus placebo) did not significantly improve cognitive performance in LTW participants, although it prevented further deterioration of performance in ONW participants. Caffeine increased tapping speed (but tended to impair hand steadiness), increased blood pressure, and had some effects on mood in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide strong support for the withdrawal reversal hypothesis. In particular, cognitive performance was found to be affected adversely by acute caffeine withdrawal and, even in the context of alertness lowered by sleep restriction, cognitive performance was not improved by caffeine in the absence of these withdrawal effects. Different patterns of effects (or lack of effects) of caffeine and caffeine withdrawal were found for other variables, but overall these results also suggest that there is little benefit to be gained from caffeine consumption.

Adult↗