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PubMed1987

Abrasivity of toothpastes. An in vitro study of toothpastes marketed in Norway.

The purpose of this study was to measure the abrasivity of 23 toothpastes available on the Norwegian market. Additionally, the pH was registered. The testing was based on The British Standards Institution's specification for toothpastes, using a profilometer technique to evaluate the abrasion. The results showed that the abrasivity ranged from 0.049 to 1.367 relative to a standard reference paste. The products were classified as having 'none/slight', 'medium', or 'high' abrasivity. The pH varied between 3.7 and 10.1. Products with low pH showed evidence of a combined erosive/abrasive effect. For some brands there were statistically significant differences between the fluoride and the nonfluoride version.

Dentifrices↗

PubMed2001

Dental microwear evidence for a dietary shift between two nonmaize-reliant prehistoric human populations from Indiana.

Several recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of dental microwear analysis (DMA) for dietary reconstruction among nonhuman primates, early hominids, and prehistoric humans. The current study seeks microwear evidence for a paleobotanically suggested change in the types of foods that were consumed by two temporally distinct populations of the North American eastern woodlands. This particular dietary shift between the Late Archaic and the Early/Middle Woodland periods did not include the introduction of maize or any other tropical cultigen. In contrast, most dietary reconstructions from this area have compared later populations that consumed tropical cultigens (such as maize) with those that did not. High-resolution casts of adult mandibular second molar protoconid phase II wear facets were viewed via a scanning electron microscope at 500x. Photomicrographs of the microwear features were analyzed with specialized software, Microware 2.2 (Ungar [1995] Scanning 17:57-59). Analysis of variance statistical tests were performed, with one variable requiring rank-transformation. A dietary transition is evidenced by a statistically significant increase in the mean number of pits and concomitant decreases in scratch width and scratch length from the Late Archaic to the Early/Middle Woodland. Overall, the diet became harder and less abrasive. The implication here is that dental microwear analysis is able to discern relatively subtle dietary transitions in human populations that may not be as readily accessible by other means of dietary reconstruction.

Anthropology, Physical↗

PubMed1993

Enamel microstructure and molar wear in the greater galago, Otolemur crassicaudatus (Mammalia, Primates).

This study describes the molar enamel microstructure of the greater galago, based on SEM study of four individuals. Galago molar enamel consists primarily of radially oriented Pattern 1 prisms. However, the most superficial enamel is characterized by regions of poorly developed prisms or nonprismatic enamel, and Pattern 3 prisms can be found at depths intermediate and deep to the enamel surface. Orientations of prism long axes relative to wear surfaces differ among functionally distinct regions (cuspal facets, Phase I/II facets, and crushing basins). Consequently, orientations of enamel crystallites relative to these surfaces also differ. Because crystallites are the structural unit involved in enamel abrasion, these differences in orientation may have important effects on molar wear patterns. Crystallite orientations differ most between cuspal facets and Phase I/II facet surfaces. Cuspal facets are characterized by near surface-parallel interprismatic and surface-oblique prismatic crystallites. Previous experimental studies suggest that this arrangement is most resistant to wear when surface-normal (compressive) loads predominate. In contrast, prismatic and interprismatic crystallites intercept Phase I/II facet surfaces obliquely, an arrangement expected to resist abrasion when surface-parallel (shearing) loads predominate. Superficial enamel is preserved at most basin surfaces, indicating that these regions are subject to comparatively little abrasive wear. These results support the hypothesis that galago occlusal enamel is organized so as to resist abrasion of different functional regions, a property that may prove important in maintaining functional efficiency. However, this largely reflects constraints of occlusal topography on a microstructure typical of many mammals and thus does not appear to represent a structural innovation.

Aging↗

PubMed2001

Effects of brushing with a dentifrice for sensitive teeth on tubule occlusion and abrasion of dentin.

By using a dentifrice or toothpaste for sensitive teeth, the brushing-induced effects on dentinal tubule occlusion and abrasion of human sound dentin were investigated with a scanning electron microscope and a scanning laser microscope. The dentifrice contained diatomaceous earth and silica as abrasives and strontium chloride hexahydrate as an active ingredient. Thirty dentin pieces of human premolar teeth with an average of 20% occluded dentinal tubules were attached to resin plates and exposed to the oral cavities of five adult subjects for 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Brushing with and without dentifrice was performed 1 min per day, respectively. Brushing with the dentifrice gradually decreased the mean average of occluded tubules from about 91 to 77% during 2 to 8 weeks, although there were no significant differences among the individual values. However, the mean abrasive loss of the dentin surfaces brushed with dentifrice significantly increased from about 52 to 143 microm in depth. The brushed surfaces of the dentin showed a rough topography with numerous toothbrush scratches but no organic pellicle was found. On the other hand, brushing without dentifrice caused about 99% of the dentinal tubules to occlude in 2 and 4 weeks and 100% in 8 weeks. The brushed dentin surfaces at 8 weeks were entirely covered with organic pellicle containing fine mineral granules derived from saliva, and the abrasive loss was about 1.4 microm in mean depth. Such results indicate that brushing with abrasive dentifrices for sensitive teeth remarkably erodes dentin, and suggest that the brushing should cause the dentinal tubules to open again for a certain period of time.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Dental abrasion pattern in a selected group of Malaysians.

Among 350 inhabitants of two villages, 31 (8.9%) cleaned their teeth using table salt and charcoal applied to their forefinger or a Melastoma brush. As a result, all had distinct forms of abrasion cavity on the labial surfaces of their teeth. All of the above three agents are highly abrasive and injurious to both the hard and soft oral tissues. This dying practice is only popular among a very small number of persons in the older age group, and should be discouraged.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

A new profilometric method for determination of enamel and dentinal abrasion in vivo using computer comparisons: a pilot study.

A technique, sensitive enough to determine both dentinal and enamel abrasion in vivo, is presented. Computer-aided profilometry was used to measure the surface of dentinal and enamel samples before the experiment. Samples were subsequently placed in the buccal flanges of the mandibular dentures of two test subjects, who then brushed these pieces with a soft, multitufted brush, and two different toothpastes. Results of these pilot studies showed that the samples brushed with Colgate BiFluor had markedly less enamel and dentinal abrasion than did those brushed with Smokers. In addition, surface roughness was greater in the specimens brushed with Smokers. However, person-to-person variation can have a great influence on the abrasion process; moreover, only two persons were involved in this pilot study, and no definitive statement can be made about the effect of the toothpastes.

Dental Enamel↗

PubMed1994

In vivo wear ranking of some restorative materials.

An in vivo experiment to determine the wear of restorative materials (gold, ceramic, and microfilled resin) was performed in a patient with bruxism. Telescopic crowns were placed on teeth 35, 36, and 37. The opposing surfaces were all made from ceramic material. The weight loss of the materials was recorded after 30, 60, and 90 days and converted to volume loss. Replicas for scanning electron microscopic studies were obtained. Gold and ceramic material wore equally, while the wear of microfilled resin was two and a half times as much. The ceramic material and the microfilled resin chipped and fractured, but the gold did not. Mainly abrasive and fatigue types of wear were found in all materials.

Bruxism↗

PubMed1976

Experimental foreign body reactions to toothpaste abrasives.

Some clinical oral foreign body reactions have been reviewed. The testing of the foreign body potential of substances used as abrasives in toothpastes has shown a number to be capable of this. The clinical implications are briefly discussed. The initial studies were conducted when the author was on the faculty of the School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, England.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Occlusal wear in miners.

The degree of occlusal wear was studied in two groups of miners, one with an employment time of 5-7 years and one who had been working in the mines for more than ten years. They were compared with two matched groups of white collar workers. In the two groups of miners a statistically significant higher degree of occlusal wear was found when comparisons were made with the control groups. The older miners had a poorer dental health and a higher degree of clinical signs of mandibular dysfunction than their control group, but no differences were found in these respects between the two younger groups. Because of this, it is concluded that the most possible reason for the differences found in occlusal wear between miners and white collar workers is differences in working environment, probably abrasive components in the air. In line with this, severe occlusal wear in miners ought to be classified as a damage caused by their work if no other factor can be traced as having a significant influence on the occlusal wear.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Overdentures (a case report)].

In this article, the advantages, disadvantages, indications, contraindications, and the details of overdenture treatment are outlined and a case is presented. We prepared an overdenture for a patient who came to the Clinic of Removable Prosthodontics of the University of Athens. The patient had a severe abrasion of his teeth as well as reduced vertical dimension (2.5 cm). The construction was made in such a way that we obtained a good esthetic results with no great expense, as the financial condition of the patient was the factor that influenced the plan of treatment basically.

Aged↗

PubMed1979

[Microstructural studies on abraded facettes in the dentin].

Using transmission electorn microscopy, a homogeneous deposition on abrasion facets in the dentin was observed in sections. This deposition ranged between 0.2 and 0.74 micrometer in thickness. In the area of the dental tubules, this layer may be dissolved with a 5% solution of acetic acid. It however is basically preserved in the region of the intertubular dentine.

Dental Deposits↗

PubMed1997

In vitro toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion of resin-modified glass ionomers.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to compare the rate of abrasive wear and change in surface roughness of resin-modified and conventional acid-base glass ionomers when subjected to toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion. METHODS: Two resin-modified and two conventional glass ionomers were used. Samples of a high-copper amalgam and a hybrid resin composite were used as reference materials. Specimens of each material were prepared and subjected to toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion using 20,000 strokes of brushing. The amount of vertical loss of material was determined by profilometry (Surfcom-4A, Tokyo-Seimitsu, Tokyo, Japan). The surface characteristics after abrasion were evaluated on secondary electron images by SEM, and the surface hardness (KHN) was also measured for all materials. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05), followed by a multiple comparisons test using LSD (Least-significant difference) at a level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: The abrasion resistance of resin-modified glass-ionomers was statistically lower for the amalgam and the resin composite reference materials. Statistically lower abrasion resistance and surface hardness were observed for the resin-modified glass ionomers than for their conventional acid-base counterparts when two forms of products from the same manufacturer were compared. SEM observations made after abrasion testing showed a significantly rougher surface for all glass ionomer materials than for the amalgam and the resin composite. SIGNIFICANCE: When comparisons were made between products from the same manufacturers, it was found that in vitro resistance to toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion of the resin-modified glass ionomers is inferior to that of the conventional acid-base glass ionomers. The lower abrasion resistance found in the resin-modified products appears to be related to their lower surface hardness.

Aluminum Hydroxide↗

PubMed1978

[The abrasion of amalgam and composites in the area of the lateral teeth].

Four materials: amalgam, Epoxydent, Adaptic and concise Cap were filled after certain criteria into class II mandibular cavities and examined after one year. The very accurate models were submitted to measuring with a three-dimensional measuring device. The results were the following: amalgam 18 +/- 58 micron Epoxydent 38 +/- 50 micron Adaptic 92 +/- 97 micron Concise Cap 146 +/- 75 micron Only the first difference between amalgam and Epoxydent is statistically insignificant, the others are all relevant. Furthermore, a mean abrasion of functional cusps of 70 micron and a maximum abrasion of 300 micron could be observed. Clinically, relative to marginal adaptation and discoloration, Adaptic was clearly superior to the other two composites. Class II cavities must routinely be restored with amalgam, and composite "streets" must be strictly avoided.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

[In vitro evaluation of the mechanical effects of sensitive toothpastes of the Swiss market].

"Sensitive pastes" are advertised for use by patients suffering from dentin hypersensitivity. Their market share is growing. Their potential of adverse mechanical side effects on dentin are consequently of concern. The aim of this study was to assess the cleaning efficiency, the relative dentin abrasion and the surface roughness induced by ten sensitive toothpastes of the Swiss market. Cleaning efficiency was assessed planimetrically, the relative dentin abrasion was measured using a radio tracer method and the surface roughness was established using a surface scanning method. Four out of the ten tested sensitive toothpastes produced only low abrasion and surface roughening on dentin, and are consequently suitable for the use by patients with dentin hypersensitivity. The remaining six pastes are too aggressive to warrant unlimited use on exposed dentin surfaces. The pain relieving effect of active ingredients of the toothpastes was not assessed.

Dentin Sensitivity↗

PubMed2006

Shear bond strength of glass-ionomer cements to air-abraded dentin.

PURPOSE: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of two conventional glass-ionomer cements to bovine dentin when using the air-abrasion technique for cavity preparation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty bovine central incisors were selected, embedded in polyester resin, and ground until the dentin surface was exposed. The teeth were randomly assigned to four groups: I and II--rotating instrument with a carbide bur; III and IV--an air-abrasion system. Groups I and III were restored with Fuji IX and groups II and IV with Ketac Molar. A 3-mm-diameter bonding site was delimited and treated with 10% polyacrylic acid for 10 s in the Fuji IX subgroups and with 25% polyacrylic acid for 10 s in the Ketac Molar subgroups. After surface treatment, a glassionomer cylinder was prepared for each specimen, using a split bisected Teflon matrix. The finished specimens were submitted to the shear bond strength test in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Scheffé statistical tests. The dentin bonding areas were analyzed under a stereoscopic optical magnifier (40X) to assess the type of failure. RESULTS: The mean (SD) shear bond strengths in MPa were: group I--3.49 (+/- 3.77), group II--7.17 (+/- 2.93), group III--7.55 (+/- 2.99), group IV--5.67 (+/- 3.90). Ketac Molar showed higher bond strength values in bur-prepared cavities, while on the air-abraded preparations, Fuji IX showed superior results. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the air-abrasion system used for cavity preparations may influence the bonding performance of conventional glass-ionomer cements to dentin.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Scanning laser microscopic surface profiles of human enamel and dentin after brushing with abrasive dentifrice in vitro.

Automatic brushing with and without commercial dentifrice containing calcium hydrogen phosphate as an abrasive, commonly available in Japan, was performed on the tangential ground surfaces of sound enamel and dentin in human young premolar teeth with loading of about 120 g for 10 minutes in vitro. Their brushed surfaces were observed with a scanning electron and a scanning laser microscope. Brushing with abrasive dentifrice caused rough surfaces to appear and the abrasion of the enamel and the dentin was measured to be about 0.1 and 1.5 microns/min in mean depth, respectively. Under brushing with only distilled water, however, the enamel surfaces remained intact while the dentin surfaces became smoother.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Glazing and finishing dental porcelain: a literature review.

BACKGROUND: Dental porcelain has found an increased number of applications in recent years with the development of new methods for the construction of porcelain veneers and intracoronal restorations. In addition, it is used in metal-ceramic and all-porcelain crowns and bridges for the restoration of anterior and posterior teeth. METHODS: This paper presents a review of a number of studies that have examined the visual and microscopic appearance and roughness of glazed, unglazed and polished porcelain surfaces using techniques such as, scanning electron microscopy and surface profilometry. FINDINGS: All have agreed that glazed porcelain provides a smooth and dense surface. Many have shown that polishing can produce an equally smooth surface, which may even be esthetically better. Some studies supported the use of polishing as an alternative to glazing. However, reports have shown that unglazed porcelain is more abrasive than glazed. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This paper aims to guide general practitioners in the proper polishing of adjusted porcelain in the dental office. The recommendations of various authors are summarized in Table I.

Crowns↗

PubMed1995

An in vitro investigation into the wear effects of selected restorative materials on enamel.

Abrasive wear testing of five restorative materials was carried out with human enamel as the opposing surface using a wear machine specifically designed to simulate the masticatory cycle. The results showed that enamel demonstrated good abrasion resistance against amalgam and microfine composite and moderate abrasion resistance against gold. Conventional composite produced marked destruction of enamel and the greatest amount of enamel wear was produced by porcelain. The ranking order compared favourably with results from in vivo studies.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗