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PubMed1999

Sequence and developmental expression of amphioxus AmphiNk2-1: insights into the evolutionary origin of the vertebrate thyroid gland and forebrain.

We characterized an amphioxus NK-2 homeobox gene (AmphiNk2-1), a homologue of vertebrate Nkx2-1, which is involved in the development of the central nervous system and thyroid gland. At the early neurula stage of amphioxus, AmphiNk2-1 expression is first detected medially in the neural plate. By the mid-neurula stage, expression is localized ventrally in the nerve cord and also begins in the endoderm. During the late neurula stage, the ventral neural expression becomes transiently segmented posteriorly and is then down-regulated except in the cerebral vesicle at the anterior end of the central nervous system. Within the cerebral vesicle AmphiNk2-1 is expressed in a broad ventral domain, probably comprising both the floor plate and basal plate regions; this pattern is comparable to Nkx2-1 expression in the mouse diencephalon. In the anterior part of the gut, expression becomes intense in the endostyle (the right wall of the pharynx), which is the presumed homologue of the vertebrate thyroid gland. More posteriorly, there is transitory expression in the midgut and hindgut. In sum, the present results help to support homologies (1) between the amphioxus endostyle and the vertebrate thyroid gland and (2) between the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the vertebrate diencephalic forebrain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1983

Morphological development of the thyroid gland and serum T4-concentration in the intact and decapitated pig fetus.

The morphological and functional development of the fetal pig thyroid gland between 50 and 110 days post coitum have been examined in the normal pig fetus and after fetal decapitation at 42 days postcoitum. Body length and body weight developed at the same rate, comparing control and decapitated animals. Thyroid gland weight increased between 50 days and 110 days from 1.3 +/- 0.5 mg (SD) to 130.0 +/- 35.0 mg in control fetuses and from 0.9 +/- 0.2 mg to 113.4 +/- 23.0 mg in decapitated fetuses. A number of histomorphometrical parameters in thyroid tissue were measured. No significant differences in follicular epithelial height were observed between decapitated and control animals at 75 and 110 days. In control animals follicles increased both in size and number. In decapitated animals the follicles increased strikingly in number, but only slightly in size. Although colloid was formed in glands of decapitated animals, it was much less than in control fetuses. The gland of decapitated animals of 110 days resembled histologically the gland of much younger control animals (60 to 75 days). Gland development after fetal decapitation at 42 days may represent autonomous development when Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is depleted. Serum thyroxine concentration (T4) was determined by radioimmunoassay and increased in control animals from 0.06 +/- 0.01 micrograms/100 ml to 4.18 +/- 0.87 micrograms/100 ml at 110 days, the greatest rate of increase being observed between 64 and 90 days. In decapitated fetuses serum T4 remained very low, namely less than 0.20 micrograms/100 ml. It is very unlikely that any significant transfer of T4 from mother to fetus or from one fetus to another occurred. Both the rise in serum T4 and the enlargement of the follicles may be TSH dependent events in fetal pig thyroid gland development, whereby the sudden rise is serum T4 precedes the greatest rate of increase in follicle size.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma metastatic to the thyroid gland.

Despite frequent cancer metastases to the thyroid gland demonstrated at autopsy, finding of thyroid metastasis in clinical practice is rare. Malignancies most commonly metastasizing to the thyroid are malignant melanoma and carcinoma of the breast, kidney, and lung. Very little is known about thyroid metastases caused by sarcomas. Of these, malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) is one of the most common in adults, with a high rate of metastases. A case of clinically significant thyroid metastasis from primary MFH involving the thigh visualized on I-123 thyroid imaging is reported.

Combined Modality Therapy↗

PubMed2004

Expression of somatostatin mRNA and peptides in C-cell tumours of the thyroid gland in Han Wistar rats.

C-cell tumours of the thyroid gland are among the most common spontaneous neoplasms of the laboratory rat. With the exception of calcitonin, little attention has been paid to the secretory peptides of C cells during the development of neoplasia. Of these peptides, somatostatin (SS) is of particular interest because it has been shown to have a direct anti-secretory effect on both thyroid follicular and C cells in vitro. In the present study, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate the expression of SS mRNA and SS peptides, in normal C cells and a range of spontaneous proliferative C-cell lesions in the Han Wistar rat. It was confirmed that a small minority of C cells in the normal rat thyroid gland produce and store SS peptides; however, approximately half of all C-cell adenomas and C-cell carcinomas stained positively for SS mRNA and peptides. SS expression was also observed in all metastatic deposits of carcinomas in drainage lymph nodes. From these observations, it appears that C-cell tumours are more likely to develop from SS-expressing stem cells, rather than from non-SS-expressing stem cells. In addition, a lack of differentiation of neoplastic C cells, or reversion to more primitive cell types, could account for increased number of cells expressing SS in C-cell tumours relative to the normal C-cell population. Finally, the mean percentage of cells that stained positively for SS mRNA and peptides appeared to be significantly higher in small C-cell tumours, suggesting that SS may have exerted a growth-controlling influence on these lesions.

Adenoma↗

PubMed1976

[Sexual differences in the reaction of the thyroid gland and its sensitivity to thyrotropic hormone following administration of estradiol, testosterone and progesterone].

After the administration of estradiol benzoate (EB), testosterone propionate (TP) and progesterone (P)to Sprague-Dawley rats it was revealed that both the thyroid gland weight and the thyroxin-binding capacity of protein (TBCP) of the blood plasma were higher in the female than in the male animals. The female animals responsed to TP and P with lower values for total (TT4) and free thyrotoxin (T4)than the male animals. In the males EB elevated the level of TT4 and free T4, and in the females--the level of TT4 and TBCP. TP decreased the sensitivity of the thyroid gland to thyrotropic hormone. The stimulating effect of P on the thyroid gland resulted in its functional overstrain and exhaustion, which was stronger and more rapid in the female than in the male animals.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

[Thin-needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid gland].

A group of 187 fine needle aspiration cytology materials from thyroid gland was classified according to international cytology classification. The most important diagnostic criteria were presented for single lesions and correctness of cytologic evaluation compared with a complete bioptic finding.

Biopsy, Needle↗

PubMed2001

Localized non-Hodgkin lymphoma involving the thyroid gland.

BACKGROUND: The current study was undertaken to define the natural history and patterns of failure of localized non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) involving the thyroid gland. METHODS: A retrospective review of 51 patients with Ann Arbor Stage I or II NHL involving the thyroid gland was performed. The median age of the patients was 59 years. There were 33 females. There were 21 patients with Stage I disease and 30 patients with Stage II disease. The International Prognostic Index (IPI) was known for 43 patients (it was 0 in 16 patients and > or = 1 in 27 patients). Fifteen patients had mediastinal involvement. Four patients underwent thyroidectomy, 18 patients received radiation therapy, 5 patients received chemotherapy, and 24 patients received combined modality therapy (CMT) with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Treatment modality, patient gender, IPI, disease stage, and mediastinal involvement were examined for significance with regard to overall survival (OS) and failure free survival (FFS). RESULTS: The 5-year OS and FFS rates were 64% and 76%, respectively. The 5-year FFS rates by treatment regimen were 76% for radiation therapy, 50% for chemotherapy, and 91% for CMT (P = 0.15). IPI was found to be the only significant predictor of OS. The 5-year OS rates were 86% and 50%, respectively, for IPIs of 0 and > or = 1 (P = 0.02). None of the 5 variables were found to correlate significantly with FFS, although the 5-year FFS rates were 93% and 68%, respectively, for IPIs of 0 and > or = 1 (P = 0.08). Eleven patients failed treatment. Nine patients had a component of distant failure across the diaphragm. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis of patients with localized NHL involving the thyroid gland appears to be very good, especially when CMT is used. Distant recurrences appear to account for the majority of treatment failures. The IPI was found to be a significant prognostic factor for OS and a marginal one for FFS.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Effects of phenylbutazone and anabolic steroids on adrenal and thyroid gland function tests in healthy horses.

Adrenal and/or thyroid gland function tests were evaluated in horses at various times during short-term therapy with phenylbutazone, stanozolol, and boldenone undecylenate. There were no significant treatment or time effects on mean basal plasma cortisol concentrations in horses during treatment with the following: phenylbutazone, given twice daily (4 to 5 mg/kg, IV) for 5 days; stanozolol, given twice weekly (0.55 mg/kg, IM) for 12 days; boldenone undecylenate, given twice weekly (1.1 mg/kg, IM) for 12 days; or nothing. There was no significant effect of phenylbutazone treatment on the changes in plasma cortisol concentration during the combined dexamethasone-suppression adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-stimulation test. Plasma cortisol concentration was significantly decreased from base line at 3 hours after dexamethasone administration and was significantly increased from base line at 2 hours after ACTH in all horses (P less than 0.05). Likewise, the stimulation of basal plasma cortisol concentrations at 2 hours after administration of ACTH (P less than 0.05) was not affected by treatment with stanozolol or boldenone undecylenate. There were no significant treatment effects on mean basal plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3) among horses during the following treatments: stanozolol, given twice weekly (0.55 mg/kg, IM) for 12 days; boldenone undecylenate, given twice weekly (1.1 mg/kg, IM) for 12 days; or nothing. There was a significant time effect on overall mean basal plasma T4 and T3 concentrations (P less than 0.05): plasma T4 was lower on day 8 than on days 1, 10, and 12; plasma T3 was higher on day 8 than on days 4 and 12.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenal Cortex Function Tests↗

PubMed1987

Thyroidectomy and neck dissection for the carcinoma of the thyroid gland in children.

A peculiarity in thyroid cancer in children is discussed in terms of clinical course and pathology. A case report of well differentiated papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland in a 6-year-old boy is presented, with emphasis on the clinical course and pathology. The clinical course indicated a slowly growing, firm tumor lateral to the superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage, up to the hyoid bone. As treatment of the tumor and its lymph node metastases, a hemithyroidectomy with simple neck dissection was performed. Thyroid hormone was administered for suppression of endogenous thyroid-stimulating hormone postoperatively, and the patient tolerated this therapy well. An review of the literature dealing with the question of whether or not a radical neck dissection is appropriate in thyroid cancer in children was carried out.

Adenocarcinoma, Papillary↗

PubMed1977

Role of the thyroid gland in the development and maintenance of spontaneous hypertension in rats.

We studied the vascular mechanisms involved in the prevention of the development of hypertension following thyroidectomy. Ablation of the thyroid gland of 4-week-old spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats inhibited the development of hypertension and reduced the sensitivity of aortic strips to the vasoconstrictors phenylephrine, norepinephrine, and potassium chloride and the vasodilator isoproterenol. Daily injections of a replacement dose of L-thyroxine caused a complete recurrence of hypertension in these rats. This was accompanied by complete recovery of the aortic sensitivity to the vasconstrictors and isoproterenol. In 10-week-old SH rats thyroidectomy prevented a further increase of blood pressure but did not reverse the hypertention. Here, the aortic sensitivity to vasoactive substances also was reduced but to a lesser extent than in the SH rats thyroidectomized at 4 weeks of age. Hypertension was not obviously associated with hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. Furthermore, we found that at 4 weeks of age, during the prehypertensive period, SH rats have a significantly lower (42%) serum thyroxine level than age-matched normotensive Kyoto Wistar, American Wistar, and Sprague-Dawley rats. However, at 6 and 9 weeks, the serum thyroxine levels of SH rats are similar to those of the normotensive rats. In conclusion, we propose that the reduced sensitivity to endogenous vasoconstrictors in arteries of SH rats following juvenile ablation of the thyroid gland may prevent the development of hypertension in these rats. Moreover, the low serum thyroxine level in SH rats during the prehypertensive period may explain why young SH rats do not develop hypertension before 6 weeks of age.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1989

Radioiodine (131I) therapy of Graves' disease: use of the new high resolutional ultrasonic scanner for the determination of the accurate weight of the thyroid gland.

In this series, eighteen patients with Graves' disease were treated with 8000 rads (80 Gy) of radioiodine (131I), using the new high resolutional ultrasonic scanner for the determination of the accurate weight of the thyroid gland. The mean dose of radioiodine administered orally was 4.6 +/- 3.0 mCi (170.2 +/- 110.0 MBq) and 133.7 +/- 44.6 microCi/g (4.95 +/- 1.65 MBq). At one year after treatment, twelve of eighteen patients (66.7%) became euthyroid, five (27.8%) remained hyperthyroid and one (5.6%) became hypothyroid. Analysis of various factors which may be related to the effect of radioiodine therapy revealed that the weight of the thyroid gland in the hyperthyroid and euthyroid groups was significantly different (61.7 +/- 33.5 g vs. 25.1 +/- 9.1 g, p less than 0.05). Furthermore, all patients with larger glands (more than sixty grams) remained hyperthyroid, while the incidence of euthyroidism was as high as 80% in patients with smaller glands (less than forty grams). Although the number of patients studied was small, these results indicate that a larger thyroid gland requires a larger radioiodine dose per gram of tissue than a smaller gland, suggesting that the therapeutic radiation dose should be graded according to the gland size even when the gland size is accurately estimated by ultrasound. Further study is required to determine the appropriate radiation dose graded according to the gland size.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Radioiodine treatment outcomes in thyroid glands previously irradiated for Graves' hyperthyroidism.

UNLABELLED: Persistent or recurrent Graves' hyperthyroidism after an initial treatment dose of radioactive iodine (RAI) is not uncommon and usually necessitates additional administrations. The radiation sensitivity of the previously irradiated thyroid gland is unknown but is of importance in selecting the retreatment dose. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients receiving RAI for Graves' hyperthyroidism was undertaken. A first treatment dose was given to 1076 patients, and 168 of these patients subsequently required a second dose for persistent or recurrent hyperthyroidism (interval between RAI treatments, 8.5 +/- 17.1 mo). RESULTS: Paired comparisons for retreated patients showed similar RAI doses (291 +/- 95 MBq and 283 +/- 129 MBq; p = ns) and treatment intensities (3.26 +/- 1.87 MBq g(-1) and 3.48 +/- 1.88 MBq g(-1); p = ns) for first and second treatments. Hypothyroidism occurred significantly earlier and more frequently after the first RAI dose (p = 0.002), but there was no difference for persistent or recurrent hyperthyroid events (p = 0.14). Multivariate regression established that the RAI treatment number (first or second) was a significant independent determinant of hypothyroid (p = 0.008) and combined (p = 0.001) events, whereas RAI dose and dose intensity were not. CONCLUSION: We conclude that previous RAI treatment failure does not lessen the chance of successfully eradicating Graves' hyperthyroidism with additional RAI treatment. Furthermore, the previously irradiated thyroid gland may be less susceptible to early hypothyroidism than the RAI-naive thyroid gland.

Graves Disease↗

PubMed1983

Radiation-induced head and neck tumours: is the skin as sensitive as the thyroid gland?

Six hundred and five persons, randomly selected from a cohort of 2400 patients who had been irradiated 16-46 yr previously for benign diseases in the head and neck region, were traced, recalled and examined for radiation-associated tumours. Three hundred and sixty-seven patients were alive, 179 had died and 66 had emigrated. Two hundred and fifty-seven patients were clinically examined, 87 refused or were not able to participate and 16 could not be contacted. Eighteen of the clinically examined patients had been or were being treated for 20 skin carcinomas with a mean latency of 37 yr. In this group only 7 carcinomas of the thyroid gland were observed, with a mean latency of 38 yr. Eleven carcinomas of the skin and 3 of the thyroid gland were reported in the group which was examined by means of questionnaires. The observed number of carcinomas of the skin is higher than expected according to the dose-effect relationship of UNSCEAR, whereas the number of carcinomas of the thyroid gland is lower. It is concluded that there might be less difference in susceptibility for the induction of tumours by ionizing radiation between the skin and the thyroid gland than is commonly assumed.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗

PubMed1988

Primary myxoid chondrosarcoma of the thyroid gland.

We describe a case of primary myxoid chondrosarcoma of the thyroid gland that occurred in a 68-year-old man. To our knowledge, this is the first case of such a tumor reported in the english literature under this name.

Aged↗

PubMed1974

[The innervation of the thyroid gland of the sand rat (Psammomys obesus)].

It has been reported on the occurence of vegetative neurons in the stroma of the sand rat (Psammomys obesus) thyroid gland. The cells show all the typical signs of autonomic nerve cells. In contrast to neurons appearing in the pancreas of the sand rat, the neurons in the thyroid gland occur in most cases as singular neurons. The importance of the sympathetic innervation for the thyroid function has been discussed and the close relationship between thyroid hormone secretion and biogenic amines localized in the thyroid mast cells has been described as well.

Amines↗

PubMed1981

[Indications for sonography in the investigation of the thyroid gland (author's transl)].

The indications for using sonography in the investigation of the thyroid gland are discussed. Correlation of echo patterns and thyroid disease has shown that sonography deserves a place in the diagnosis of thyroid disease in the same way as the classical methods, such as clinical examination, scintigraphy, laboratory investigations and aspiration biopsy. The indications for sonography, which are illustrated by a number of examples, include: 1) when scintigraphy cannot be used, 2) pre-operative demonstration, 3) disagreement between clinical findings and the scintigram, 4) diagnosis of cysts, 5)suspicion of thyroiditis.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

[Transposition of the lingual thyroid gland (author's transl)].

A lingual thyroid gland was transposed below the skin of the neck with the main vessels remaining intact. Metabolic parameters did not change during the control period of 21/2 years. This procedure could be an alternative to resection of free transplantation of lingual thyroid.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Primary leiomyosarcoma of the thyroid gland.

A primary leiomyosarcoma of the thyroid gland in a 72 year old Japanese woman is described. This is the second case reported in the English literature. The patient presented with a 7 month history of a gradually expanding tumor in the right neck. The surgical specimen taken by thyroid lobectomy revealed a relatively well demarcated tumor, 2 x 2 x 3 cm in size, confined to the right lobe. Histologically, the tumor showed a classical leiomyosarcomatous appearance of interlacing fascicles of spindle-shaped cells with occasional blunt-ended nuclei and a high frequency of mitotic figures. Immunohistochemistry of the tumor cells clearly showed smooth muscle differentiation; the cells were positive for desmin, muscle-specific actin and vimentin and negative for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, thyroglobulin and calcitonin. The patient was free of disease for 3 years and 11 months without further treatment when evidence of multiple bone metastases appeared on bone scintigraphy. She died of pneumonia 4 years and 3 months after the lobectomy.

Aged↗