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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Unusual complication of strabismus and lid surgery.

A patient with longstanding dysthyroid eye disease developed a broad adhesion between the globe and the upper eyelid following simultaneous surgery to recess the levator palpebrae superioris and lateral rectus muscles. This unusual complication may have developed as a consequence of failure to suture the conjuctiva of the upper fornix to the tarsus and also due to the prolonged static contact between the resulting adjacent raw areas due to postoperative eyelid traction and pressure dressings. Periods of such contact may have been further prolonged by the action of diazepam, which reduces the peak velocity of saccadic eye movements and suppresses rapid eye movement of sleep. Eyelid surgery should be performed as a separate procedure, under local anesthetic after healing of areas bare of conjunctiva from strabismus surgery utilizing the adjustable suture technique.

Conjunctiva↗
PubMed1982

Results of treatment of anisohypermetropic amblyopia without strabismus.

One hundred and two patients with anisohypermetropic amblyopia without strabismus were studied. Microstrabismus was excluded by detailed orthoptic examinations including visuscopy and Cüppers' bifoveal correspondence test. Treatment consisted in wearing correcting glasses and part-time or full-time patching of the nonamblyopic eye. In patients with dense amblyopia patching of the amblyopic eye was done and Cüppers' after-image method of pleoptic therapy was instituted as the initial procedure. When visual acuity improved sufficiently by this therapy, patching was used on the nonamblyopic eye. Sixty-five (63.7%) patients showed 2 lines or more improvement on the Snellen chart. Though young children (6 to 12 years) improved their visual acuity more often than those aged 13 to 20 years, a considerable number of patients (50.0%) in the older age group improved their visual acuity after therapy. The improvement in visual acuity was accompanied by improved stereoacuity in 49.0% of the patients. It is therefore suggested that every effort should be made to treat these patients even after the age of 12 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Results of treatment in amblyopia associated with unilateral high myopia without strabismus.

Fifty-five patients with amblyopia in unilateral high myopia without strabismus were treated. Thirty-two (58%) had a visual improvement by two lines or more on the Snellen chart and 17 (31%) attained a final visual acuity of 6/12 or better. In patients with pretreatment corrected vision of 6/60 or better in the amblyopic eye treatment consisted of full-time occlusion of the good eye, in some cases supplemented by the after-image method of pleoptic exercises in the amblyopic eye. Overall improvement of vision in this group was 72.7%. Occlusion of the good eye combined with pleoptic exercises in the amblyopic eye had no advantage over simple occlusion of the good eye. In patients with pretreatment corrected vision worse than 6/60 in the amblyopic eye occlusion of the amblyopic eye was done and the after-image method of pleoptic exercises was instituted. Improvement of vision in this group was 36.3%. The study showed that it is worth the trouble to treat this disorder even after the age of 14 years and stresses the utility of pleoptic therapy in older patients with severe amblyopia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Effects of rearing kittens with convergent strabismus on development of receptive-field properties in striate cortex neurons.

Convergent strabismus was induced surgically in seven kittens at 3 wk of age. Recordings were made in 131 cells in the striate cortex of these strabismic kittens after maturation, and the results were compared to the data obtained from 140 striate neurons in normally reared cats. All our samples had receptive fields (RFs) within 5 degrees of the area centralis. The spatial and temporal response properties were quantitatively analyzed by using drifting sinusoidal gratings of various contrasts as well as spatial and temporal frequencies. In contrast to other reports, the receptive-field properties of the striate neurons exclusively driven or dominated by the deviating eye were quite abnormal. The spatial frequency tuning curves in strabismic cats were different from those obtained from normals in that the optimal spatial frequencies and spatial resolutions were shifted to lower values and the bandwidths were significantly broader. The contrast-response functions show that contrast thresholds, measured at the optimal spatial frequency, were significantly higher and the slope of the functions much flatter in strabismic animals. Moreover, receptive-field sizes were much larger and the sharpness of orientation tuning was reduced in strabismic cats. Direction selectivity, however, was normal in those animals. The temporal frequency tuning curves were also abnormal, particularly in that temporal resolution was considerably reduced in strabismic cats compared with normally reared cats. In addition, many cells in strabismic animals exhibited much longer latencies to visual and optic chiasm (OX) stimulations. All these effects, to our great surprise, were also observed in the striate units controlled by the nondeviating eye, although the magnitude of the alteration depends on the receptive-field property. The abnormalities found in spatial frequency tuning, contrast thresholds, and RF sizes were as severe as those revealed in the deviating eye. On the other hand, the effects on other RF properties were minimal or less severe. These physiological findings correspond very well with results from behavioral measurements of spatial contrast sensitivity in the same cats reported elsewhere. It is concluded from these results that the nondeviating eye in convergent strabismic animals, and perhaps humans, should not always be presumed "normal."

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effects of strabismus surgery on refraction in children.

We assessed 115 eyes of 59 children with esotropia 2-3 months postoperatively to evaluate the effects of strabismus surgery on refraction. Three variables were measured: spherical equivalent, and cylinder power and axis. The mean changes in spherical equivalent were non-significant. The axis of postoperative astigmatism moved towards 'with-the-rule', thus improving refraction. The amount of recession and the consequent changes in cylinder power were inversely related. The results showed a significant change in cylinder axis after recession of the inferior oblique. Recession-tucking procedures led to the largest changes in cylinder power.

Astigmatism↗
PubMed2004

The planar cell polarity protein Strabismus promotes Pins anterior localization during asymmetric division of sensory organ precursor cells in Drosophila.

Cell fate diversity is generated in part by the unequal segregation of cell-fate determinants during asymmetric cell division. In the Drosophila bristle lineage, the sensory organ precursor (pI) cell is polarized along the anteroposterior (AP) axis by Frizzled (Fz) receptor signaling. We show here that Fz localizes at the posterior apical cortex of the pI cell prior to mitosis, whereas Strabismus (Stbm) and Prickle (Pk), which are also required for AP polarization of the pI cell, co-localize at the anterior apical cortex. Thus, asymmetric localization of Fz, Stbm and Pk define two opposite cortical domains prior to mitosis of the pI cell. At mitosis, Stbm forms an anterior crescent that overlaps with the distribution of Partner of Inscuteable (Pins) and Discs-large (Dlg), two components of the anterior Dlg-Pins-Galphai complex that regulates the localization of cell-fate determinants. At prophase, Stbm promotes the anterior localization of Pins. By contrast, Dishevelled (Dsh) acts antagonistically to Stbm by excluding Pins from the posterior cortex. We propose that the Stbm-dependent recruitment of Pins at the anterior cortex of the pI cell is a novel read-out of planar cell polarity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Strabismus, a novel gene that regulates tissue polarity and cell fate decisions in Drosophila.

Polarity in the Drosophila eye is manifested as a dorsoventral reflection of two chiral forms of the individual unit eyes, or ommatidia. These forms fall on opposite sides of a dorsoventral midline of mirror symmetry known as the equator. Polarity is established in the eye imaginal disc as cells adopt their fates and as the ommatidial precursors undergo coordinated rotation within the epithelium; the mechanisms that coordinate these early patterning events remain poorly understood. We have identified a novel gene, strabismus (stbm), which is required to establish polarity in the eye, legs and bristles of Drosophila. Many stbm ommatidia are reversed anteroposteriorly and/or dorsoventrally. In stbm eye discs, ommatidial rotation is delayed and some ommatidial precursors initiate rotation in the wrong direction. Mosaic analysis indicates that stbm is ommatidium autonomous and required in most, if not all, photoreceptors within an ommatidium to establish normal polarity. stbm also appears to play an instructive role during the establishment of the fates of photoreceptors R3 and R4. stbm encodes a novel protein with a potential PDZ domain-binding motif and two possible transmembrane domains. Sequence analysis of both vertebrate and invertebrate homologs indicates that stbm has been highly conserved throughout evolution.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Outcome of treatment of marked ametropia without strabismus following screening and diagnosis before the age of three.

Following early treatment of 39 consecutive cases with marked ametropia without strabismus, diagnosed by screening at the age of one to two and a half years, residual amblyopia was found in 20 (51%), including six (15%) with bilateral amblyopia, but with relatively good visual acuity in at least one eye. Anisometropia showed the highest rate of residual amblyopia. The main changes in refraction that occurred from the age of screening to the age of seven years was myopisation, especially in hypermetropic eyes without amblyopia. Heterotropia, always intermittent, developed in six of the 39 cases. Full stereopsis could be found in eight cases only, all without amblyopia. The majority, whether amblyopic or not, had partial binocular functions but four cases, all amblyopic, had none.

Amblyopia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occult Duane syndrome: co-contraction revealed following strabismus surgery.

Three patients presented in infancy with large angle esotropia and limited abduction. Narrowing of the lid fissures with globe retraction on horizontal gaze became apparent only after recession of the medial recti. Abduction remained limited. Two of the three exhibited dissociated vertical deviations, and seemed to have both congenital esotropia and Duane syndrome. The third had an unusual pattern of apparent co-contraction in which the eye attempting abduction actually adducted. Although rare, Duane syndrome may occur in children with large angle esotropia, and its presence may not be revealed until after strabismus surgery.

Duane Retraction Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Heroin and strabismus.

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: We report on a series of patients with acute strabismus related to heroin and methadone intake or withdrawal, discuss possible mechanisms involved in this clinical picture and make recommendations for work-up and referral. METHODS: Retrospective study. RESULTS: Five patients presented with acute esotropia within days of heroin withdrawal, and two patients developed exotropia related to heroin or methadone intake. Neurological work-up and neuroimaging was non-contributory in all four patients who were examined. CONCLUSION: Acute esotropia with double vision is a disturbing side effect of heroin withdrawal, and, similarly, acute exotropia may be related to heroin intake. In the absence of focal neurological signs, further work-up is not mandatory. Referral to a specialised orthoptic service is beneficial in offering the patient symptomatic treatment and reassurance, thus supporting successful withdrawal therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Vision loss associated with a stiff neck complicating strabismus surgery.

An exotropic 60 year old suffered a scleral-choroidal penetration and vitreous hemorrhage during and after strabismus surgery on a highly myopic eye when her anesthetic airway management was complicated by her previously asymptomatic and unrecognized rigid cervical spine which placed both the surgeon and the anesthetist in disadvantaged positions both physically and medically. Restoration of vision and binocularity ultimately required vitrectomy and intraocular lens implantation.

Blindness↗
PubMed2002

Molecular cloning and characterization of Strabismus 2 (STB2).

WNT signaling pathway is implicated in carcinogenesis and embryogenesis. WNT signal is transduced to the beta-catenin - TCF pathway, the JNK pathway, or the Ca2+-releasing pathway through seven-transmembrane-type WNT receptors encoded by Frizzled (FZD) genes. Xenopus Strabismus (Stbm) is a tetra-spanning transmembrane protein interacting with Dishevelled, and is a negative regulator of the WNT - beta-catenin - TCF signaling pathway. STB1/KIAA1215/VANGL2 is a human orthologue of Xenopus Stbm (90.6% total-amino-acid identity). Here, STB2/VANGL1 gene fragments were identified in human genome draft sequences by using bioinformatics, and STB2 cDNAs were isolated by using cDNA-PCR. STB2 gene consisted of at lest 7 exons, and encoded a 524-amino-acid protein with 4 transmembrane domains and the C-terminal Ser/Thr-X-Val motif. Human STB2 was homologous to human STB1 (73.1% total-amino-acid identity) and Xenopus Stbm (72.7% total-amino-acid identity). STB2 gene was clustered with Calsequestrin 2 (CASQ2) gene in tail-to-tail manner (interval less than 5.0 kb), and CASQ2 gene is mapped to human chromosome 1p11-p13.3 or linked to human chromosome 1p13-p21. STB2 mRNAs of 4.8- and 6.8-kb in size were expressed almost ubiquitously in various normal tissues. STB2 mRNA was significantly up-regulated in gastric cancer cell lines MKN28, MKN74, pancreatic cancer cell lines BxPC-3, PSN-1 and Hs766T. On the other hand, STB2 mRNA was significantly down-regulated in a pancreatic cancer cell line AsPC-1. This is the first report on molecular cloning and characterization of STB2.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Children with Disabilities: American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, and American Academy of Ophthalmology: Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision.

Dyslexia and other related learning disabilities are serious problems. The American Academy of Pediatrics, through its Committee on Children with Disabilities and the Section on Ophthalmology, the American Academy of Ophthalmology, and the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus strongly support the need for early diagnosis and educational remediation. There is no known eye or visual cause for dyslexia and learning disabilities, and no effective visual treatment. Multidisciplinary evaluation and management must be based on proven procedures demonstrated by valid research.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Confirmed: there is no correlation between the insertional distance between the nasal limbus and the insertion of the medial rectus muscle--and the size of the strabismus angle in infantile esotropia.

INTRODUCTION: Historical systems of measuring the amount of surgical recession of the medial rectus muscles appropriate to be performed for a given size of angle of infantile esotropia, based upon relative recession measurement from the limbus might have proven to be better than relative recession measurement from the insertion--if a positive correlation were found between the size of the angle of the esodeviation and the distance between the insertion of the medial rectus and the nasal limbus. A search of the scientific literature since 1966 as listed in PubMed (National Library of Medicine, formerly Index Medicus) did not reveal any additional confirmatory study of this type in PubMed. We therefore undertook to perform such a study. METHODS: Using standard strabismus calipers, at surgery for esotropia, intraoperative measurements were made of the insertional distance (in mm between the most nasal point of the clear cornea and, following standard surgical excision of the muscle from the globe, the anterior insertional ridge of the medial rectus muscle of the eye) in a series of 104 consecutive infantile esotropes operated by the author between 1987 and 1991. These data were then graphically plotted as the ordinate with the abscissa defined as the size of the angle of the esotropia measured with the prism alternate cover test the day prior to surgery. RESULTS: No correlation was found between the medial rectus muscle insertional distance and the size of the preoperative esodeviation in prism diopters, correlation coefficient r=0.14, p=0.078. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS: In this large series, the lack of a correlation has credibility as it fails to achieve conventional limits of a "statistical significance" of the difference. CONCLUSION: The lack of correlation between the size of the deviation and the insertional distance offers support for the widespread acceptance and use of the alternative, the dose-response curves based on the mm of recession measured from the anterior ridge of the medial rectus muscle insertion.

Esotropia↗
PubMed1990

[A topographical survey of the insertions of horizontal recti in strabismus].

The distance to the limbus and breadth of the insertions of the horizontal recti were measured in 857 strabismic patients during operation. The average distance and breadth of MR were 4.99 mm and 10.02 mm, and those of the LR were 6.48 mm and 9.47 mm respectively. The insertion of MR in esotropia (4.87 mm) was nearer to the limbus than that in exotropia (5.39 mm) (P less than 0.01). The insertion of LR in esotropia (6.66 mm) was further from the limbus than that in exotropia (6.43 mm) (P less than 0.01). The relationships between the horizontal recti insertion and the degree of deviation and the refraction of the deviating eye were discussed. It was inferred that the position of the insertion could play a role in the etiology of strabismus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Arguments against surgical correction of pure accommodative strabismus].

Studies have shown recently that the occurrence of a pure accommodative strabismus has to be treated immediately with a full optical correction to preserve the stereoscopy. The use of little prisms can be very useful to complete the medical treatment. The dysfunction of the oblique muscles is not frequent and often without clinical signification. The interest of a surgical overcorrection, specially if it is cyclo-horizontal, to suppress the spectacle is not proven.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Non-surgical treatment of convergent strabismus with a localization method].

The results of non-operative treatment of 100 cases of convergent strabismus, 75 with macular and 25 with eccentric fixation are presented. Two kinds of prismatic correction were applied: hyper-correction with alternative obturation and correction, exactly compensating the squint angle. The aim of the former one was to decrease the squint angle and help the eyes to be in prismatic orthotropy. The latter prisms enabled permanent symmetrical stimulation of the retina which lead to the development of normal binocular vision. The duration of the treatment was 3-10 years. In all patients, parallel position of the eyes, normal binocular vision and improvement of visual acuity were achieved.

Child, Preschool↗