Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Stereotyped Behavior”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Assessment of stereotypic and self-injurious behavior as adjunctive responses.

Certain responses of both humans and nonhumans appear to be maintained indirectly by intermittent reinforcement schedules and have been referred to collectively as adjunctive behavior. Although basic research has examined adjunctive behavior extensively, relatively few studies have been conducted with humans, particularly those with developmental disabilities who often engage in frequent and varied stereotypic behavior. This study assessed possible adjunctive characteristics of self-injurious and stereotypic behaviors using a multielement design containing two types of control conditions. Four subjects who engaged in both self-injurious behavior and stereotypy participated after variables maintaining their self-injury were identified via functional analyses. Each day, subjects were exposed to three 15-min sessions in random order: (a) noncontingent presentation of food on a fixed-time schedule (e.g., FT 30 s), (b) a massed-reinforcement (food) control, and (c) a no-reinforcement control. A variety of fixed-time schedules were examined during different experimental phases. Results of this preliminary study suggested that self-injury was not induced by intermittent reinforcement schedules, whereas the stereotypic behavior of some individuals showed characteristics of adjunctive behavior. The importance of research on adjunctive behavior and suggestions for future studies are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Acute and subacute effects of risperidone and cocaine on accumbens dopamine and serotonin release using in vivo microvoltammetry on line with open-field behavior.

In vivo microvoltammetry was used to detect dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) release from nucleus accumbens (NAcc) of freely moving, male, Sprague-Dawley laboratory rats, while animals' locomotor (forward ambulations) and stereotypic behavior (fine movements of sniffing and grooming) were monitored at the same time with infrared photobeams. Monoamine release mechanisms were determined by using a depolarization blocker (gamma-butyrolactone, gamma BL). Miniature carbon sensors (BRODERICK PROBES microelectrodes) smaller than a human hair were used in conjunction with a semidifferential electrochemical circuit to detect release of each monoamine in separate signals and within seconds. The purpose was to evaluate the neuropharmacology of the 5-HT(2)/DA(2) antagonist risperidone in its current therapeutic role as an atypical antipsychotic medication as well as in its potential role as pharmacotherapy for cocaine psychosis and withdrawal symptoms. Acute (single drug dose) and subacute (24-h follow-up studies in the same animal, no drug administration) studies were performed for each treatment group. The hypothesis for the present studies is derived from a growing body of evidence that cocaine-induced psychosis and schizophrenic psychosis share similar neurochemical and behavioral manifestations. Results showed that (1) Acute administration of risperidone (2 mg/kg sc) significantly increased DA and 5-HT release in NAcc above baseline (habituation) values (P<.001) while locomotion and stereotypy were virtually unaffected. In subacute studies, DA release did not differ from baseline (P>.05), whereas 5-HT release was significantly increased above baseline (P<.001). Locomotion increased over baseline but not to a significant degree, while stereotypy was significantly increased above baseline (P<.05). (2) Acute administration of cocaine (10 mg/kg ip) significantly increased both DA and 5-HT release above baseline (P<.001), while locomotion and stereotypy were significantly increased over baseline (P<.001). In subacute studies, DA decreased significantly below baseline (P<.001) and significant decreases in 5-HT release occurred at 15, 20, 50 and 55 min (P<.05). Behavior increased above baseline but did not reach a statistically significant degree. (3) Acute administration of risperidone/cocaine (2 mg/kg sc and 10 mg/kg ip, respectively) showed a significant block of the cocaine-induced increase in DA release in the first hour (P<.001) and 5-HT release in both hours of study (P<.001). Cocaine-induced locomotion and stereotypy were blocked simultaneously with the monoamines (P<.001). In subacute studies, DA and 5-HT release returned to baseline while locomotion and stereotypy increased insignificantly above baseline. Thus, (a) these studies were able to tease out pharmacologically the critical differences between presynaptic and postsynaptic responses to drug treatment(s) and these differences may lead to more effective therapies for schizophrenic and/or cocaine psychosis. (b) Taken together with other data, these acute studies suggest that risperidone may possibly act via inhibition of presynaptic autoreceptors to produce the observed increases in accumbens DA and 5-HT release, whereas cocaine may be acting at least in part via serotoninergic modulation of DA postsynaptically. The subacute data suggest that pharmacokinetics may play a role in risperidone's action and that neuroadaptation may play a role in the mechanism of action of cocaine. Finally, the ability of risperidone to block cocaine-induced psychostimulant neurochemistry and behavior during acute studies while diminishing the withdrawal symptoms of cocaine during subacute studies suggests that risperidone may be a viable pharmacotherapy for cocaine psychosis and withdrawal.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Neurochemical analysis of the tyrosine hydroxylase expression in methamphetamine-sensitized rats.

To elucidate the expression of TH mRNA in MAP-induced behavioral sensitization, rats were daily injected with MAP (5 mg/kg i.p.) or saline for 14 days. Progressive enhancement was observed in MAP-induced stereotyped behavior. After 7 days of discontinuation of MAP treatment, the rats were decapitated and the brains were prepared for either in situ hybridization or Northern blot hybridization. In situ hybridization revealed that the signals of TH mRNA were localized to the dopaminergic perikarya of substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the midbrain, and Northern blot analysis showed that the levels of TH mRNA in these areas decreased by 37% compared to that in the saline-treated controls. These findings indicate that MAP-induced dopaminergic hyperactivity is not associated with enhanced expression of TH gene mRNA.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Competitive and non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists fail to prevent the induction of methamphetamine-induced sensitization.

In order to elucidate the possible roles of the glutamate system in the mechanisms underlying behavioral sensitization, which is used as an animal model for human psychosis, we investigated the effects of 3-((+/-)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) and MK-801 ((+)-dizocilpine), a competitive and noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, respectively, on methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in rats. Administration of 0.5 mg/kg MK-801 enhanced 2 mg/kg methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity, whereas it reduced 6 mg/kg methamphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior markedly. CPP (10 mg/kg) reduced 2 mg/kg methamphetamine-induced stereotypy slightly. Repeated treatment with 2 and 6 mg/kg methamphetamine alone induced progressive augmentation of stereotypy, whereas combining either MK-801 or CPP with methamphetamine treatment abolished or attenuated this augmentation. However, when rats were challenged with methamphetamine after a 7-day period of abstinence, the intensity of stereotypy among the rats pretreated with repeated doses of methamphetamine alone or in combination with MK-801 or CPP did not differ significantly. These results indicate that competitive and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists modulate acute methamphetamine-induced abnormal behavior and sensitization expression, but they failed to prevent the induction of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral sensitization.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The effect of an environmental enrichment device on individually caged rabbits in a safety assessment facility.

The primary enclosure of a laboratory animal's environment should encourage species-typical behavior and enhancement of the animal's well-being, as indicated by the Guide. Enrichment devices have been documented to decrease the incidence of stereotypical behaviors and increase overall activity of rabbits. An 8-week study was performed to evaluate the effect of an environmental enrichment device, stainless-steel rabbit rattles on spring clips, on individually housed rabbits in a Safety Assessment facility. We used 48 New Zealand White rabbits; the devices were placed on cages of 32 study rabbits, and 16 control rabbits had no devices. Food consumption measurements and observations of device manipulations (taken during a predetermined peak interaction 1-h timeframe) were collected 5 days per week. All rabbits were bled for evaluation of hematologic parameters for the stress triad (neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and eosinopenia) and weighed weekly. No significant differences were found between study and control rabbits when body weights, food consumption, and hematologic parameters were analyzed. Our study supports previous findings that interaction with enrichment devices decreases over time, thus indicating the need for frequent rotation of different enrichment devices. In addition, no adverse effects of the analyzed parameters were found, indicating that stainless-steel rabbit rattles on spring clips are suitable devices for safety assessment studies, in which the introduction of new variables is often unacceptable.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1991

Effects of infant versus adult pyramidal tract lesions on locomotor behavior in hamsters.

The role of the pyramidal tract in locomotion was studied in hamsters by analyzing their locomotor behavior after lesions of the medullary pyramidal tract. Animals with lesions either as adults or as infants were compared to determine whether early pyramidotomy results in greater functional recovery. Normal and pyramidotomized animals were filmed during locomotion on a runway consisting of either smooth or rough terrain to assess whether the uneven surface would accentuate locomotor deficits. Frame-by-frame analysis of the filmed behavior during all phases of the step cycle was carried out to determine positions of the joints of the forelimb and hindlimb during locomotion. Accuracy of limb placement on the rough terrain was determined by observations of consecutive step cycles. The results show that lesions of the pyramidal tract in both infant and adult hamsters affect locomotion first by causing a reduction in the yielding phase of the step cycle and second by producing inaccuracies of forelimb placement. Rough terrain accentuates deficits in forelimb placement during locomotion. Animals with lesions as infants and those with lesions as adults show surprisingly similar deficits in locomotion, with the exception that animals with lesions as infants show some behavioral compensation in hindlimb movement by developing a normal degree of yielding at the knee. In contrast, hamsters with lesions as either adults or infants never recover normal forelimb behavior in either yielding at the elbow or accuracy of forelimb placement. These results emphasize the sensorimotor role of the pyramidal tract, even in a relatively stereotyped behavior such as locomotion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Inhibition by morphine of the cardiovascular and behavioral responses evoked by centrally administered substance P in conscious rats.

The effect of endogenous opioid receptor stimulation on the central cardiovascular and behavioral actions of substance P (SP) was examined in conscious rats. SP (55 pmol) injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) elicited increases in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and stereotyped behavioral activation such as exploring and grooming, which were considered to be parts of the cardiovascular defense reaction. Intravenous (i.v.) pretreatment with morphine (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) attenuated the cardiovascular and behavioral responses produced by SP i.c.v. dose-dependently. The i.v. pretreatment with naloxone (10 mg/kg) had no effect on the central SP-induced response. Pressor responses elicited by i.c.v. injection of corticotropin-releasing factor or angiotensin II were also attenuated by pretreatment with i.v. morphine (5.0 mg/kg). Our results showed that endogenous opioid receptor stimulation antagonizes the central cardiovascular and behavioral actions of SP. Morphine may not influence the primary site of action of SP but does influence the central neural pathway which conveys the SP-induced sympathetic activation signal.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Operant conditioning of response variability in male and female Wistar rats.

It has previously been suggested that some of the behavioral differences between the sexes in food motivated operant procedures may be a function of the fact that males are more likely than females to exhibit stereotyped behavior. If such is the case, then it might be expected that behavioral variability is more easily conditioned in females than in males. The present experiment was designed to investigate this notion. Male and female Wistar rats were trained to respond in a procedure in which response variability was explicitly reinforced. In this procedure subjects had continuous access to two response levers in the experimental chamber. In the first experimental condition, each sequence of four responses was followed by the presentation of a food pellet, if the sequence differed from the two sequences which preceded it (Lag 2). Time-out was presented when such was not the case. During time-out the levers were retracted from the chamber and all stimulus lights were extinguished for 4 sec. In subsequent experimental conditions, subjects had to produce four-response sequences which differed from the preceding four, eight and sixteen sequences respectively (Lag 4, 8, 16). Response sequences were classified by the number of switches between levers. Behavioral variability increased as the lag requirement was increased, showing that variability is a conditionable dimension of behavior. Differences between males and females were however not observed. These results thus contradict the previously reported finding that males exhibit more behavioral stereotypy than females. It is suggested that procedural variables may account for these seemingly contradictory findings.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The selective dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR 12909: its effects on the microstructure of feeding in rats.

Previous experiments have investigated the anorectic effects of mazindol and cocaine, both of which can inhibit dopamine (DA) uptake into presynaptic terminals but do not do so selectively. GBR 12909, however, is an example of a potent and selective inhibitor of DA uptake and, therefore, the present study was concerned with investigating its possible effects on feeding behavior in nondeprived rats given access to a sweetened palatable diet. GBR 12909 (5-20 mg/kg, IP) was injected 2 h before a 60 min observation test. It produced a significant reduction in food intake, as a consequence of a reduction in the duration of feeding, without reducing the rate of eating. This anorectic profile is consistent with earlier findings for mazindol and cocaine. The other main behavioral effect of GBR 12909, observed in the present study, was to induce intense sniffing activity, but, unlike cocaine, it did not suppress grooming or induce hyperlocomotion. This selective behavioral effect of GBR 12909 indicates that sniffing can be isolated as one component of a broader array of components typically associated with DA-related stereotyped behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Novelty stress and reproductive state alters responsiveness to sensory stimuli and 5-HT neuromodulation in crayfish.

Sensory stimuli can produce varied responses depending on the physiological state of an animal. Stressors and reproductive stage can result in altered biochemical status that changes the responsiveness of an animal to hormones and neuromodulators, which affects whole animal behavior in relation to sensory stimuli. Crayfish serve as a model for examining the effects of neuromodulators at the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and for alterations in stereotypic behaviors for particular stimuli. Thus, we used crayfish to examine the effect of novelty stressors in males and the effect of being gravid in female crayfish to exogenous application of serotonin (5-HT). The responsiveness of neuromuscular junctions to 5-HT revealed that stressed as well as gravid crayfish have a reduced response to 5-HT at NMJs. The stressed crayfish were not fatigued since the basal synaptic responses are large and still showed a pronounced response to 5-HT. Using intact animals to examine a tail flip behavior, we showed that the rate of habituation in tail flipping to a strong repetitive stimulus on the telson is reduced in stressed males. Gravid females show no tail flipping behavior upon telson stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Focal ischemia enhances the adverse effect potential of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in rats.

Recent clinical trials with non-competitive and competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists in patients with stroke have shown that these patients develop more adverse effects, particularly psychomimetic effects such as hallucinations and agitation, than normal volunteers at equivalent doses. We therefore examined whether such increased adverse effect potential of NMDA antagonists also occurs in a rat model of permanent focal ischemia. For this purpose, the right middle cerebral artery was occluded under halothane anesthesia, and behavioral alterations in response to the non-competitive NMDA antagonist, MK-801 (dizocilpine), were recorded after recovery from anesthesia. Behavioral alterations in ischemic rats were compared with those in sham-lesioned rats in a blinded fashion. MK-801 (0.4 mg/kg) induced psychomimetic-like stereotyped behaviors which were about twice as intense in ischemic than in non-ischemic rats. A similar trend for enhanced adverse effects was seen with the competitive NMDA antagonist CGS 19755 (Selfotel). Although more NMDA antagonists have to be tested to draw definite conclusions, the present data may indicate that enhanced sensitivity of stroke patients to adverse effects of NMDA antagonists can be predicted by use of a focal ischemia model in rats, thus allowing use of this model for developing novel cytoprotective strategies targeted to minimize glutamatergic excitotoxicity with reduced adverse effect potential.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Human facial expressions as adaptations: Evolutionary questions in facial expression research.

The importance of the face in social interaction and social intelligence is widely recognized in anthropology. Yet the adaptive functions of human facial expression remain largely unknown. An evolutionary model of human facial expression as behavioral adaptation can be constructed, given the current knowledge of the phenotypic variation, ecological contexts, and fitness consequences of facial behavior. Studies of facial expression are available, but results are not typically framed in an evolutionary perspective. This review identifies the relevant physical phenomena of facial expression and integrates the study of this behavior with the anthropological study of communication and sociality in general. Anthropological issues with relevance to the evolutionary study of facial expression include: facial expressions as coordinated, stereotyped behavioral phenotypes, the unique contexts and functions of different facial expressions, the relationship of facial expression to speech, the value of facial expressions as signals, and the relationship of facial expression to social intelligence in humans and in nonhuman primates. Human smiling is used as an example of adaptation, and testable hypotheses concerning the human smile, as well as other expressions, are proposed.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed1989

Brain iron: a lesson from animal models.

Brain and blood iron deficiency (ID) can be nutritionally induced. Significant behavioral and brain-biochemical changes are observed in rats rendered iron deficient, including complete reversal of the circadian cycles of motor activity, changes in thermoregulation and stereotyped behavior, and an increased pain threshold. The increase in pain threshold is affected by diurnal factors and peripheral treatment with beta-endorphin has a significant analgesic effect, implicating selective changes in the blood-brain barrier. These effects along with modifications in responses to dopaminergic drugs, interactions of ID with neuroleptic drugs, and modifications in behavior as a result of selective brain lesions, lead to two conclusions: this animal model is appropriate for human anemia and the best explanation for the variety of behavioral and brain biochemical changes in ID rats is that the principal effect of brain ID is a selective decrease in the functional level of the dopaminergic D2 system.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed2004

Genetically-based behavioral traits influence the effects of Shuttle Box avoidance overtraining and extinction upon intertrial responding: a study with the Roman rat strains.

In the present study, we evaluated the effects of extended exposure procedures to contextual fear cues as a way of reducing intertrial responses (ITRs), a characteristic stereotyped behavior displayed in 2-way Shuttle Box avoidance overtraining. We used rat strains psychogenetically selected for efficient (Roman high-avoidance; RHA) versus poor 2-way Shuttle Box performance (Roman low-avoidance; RLA), the former being fearless/impulsive relative to the latter. Additionally, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were compared with RHAs to have a measure of the ITRs exhibited by another, non-selected group of animals. The main findings were that after extended exposure RHAs diminished their ITRs without affecting avoidance performance, although they emitted a pattern of ITRs somewhat excessive as compared with SDs. We concluded that three factors could influence the expression of ITRs in RHA rats: (1) the repetitive and stereotyped responding induced by 2-way Shuttle Box overtraining; (2) contextual fear conditioning; and (3) a genetic background associated with high impulsiveness.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Severe behavioral changes in a patient with Fahr's disease].

We report on a case of a 40 year-old man with Fahrs disease, defined by idiopathic bilateral basal ganglia calcification, who developed depressive disorder, motor and phonic tics, stereotyped behaviors such as punding and personality changes with significant social and familiar implications. We discuss about the psychopathology of Fahrs disease and the relevance of the basal ganglia in the determination of humans behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Social behavior profile in young males with fragile X syndrome: characteristics and specificity.

The present study characterizes distinctive and specific features of social behavior impairment, termed social behavior profile (SBP), in young males with fragile X syndrome (FraX). Fourteen males with FraX and autism (FraX+Aut), ages 3-8 years, were compared with either 41 FraX boys without autism (Aut), 7 age-matched males with developmental language delay and autism (DLD+Aut), or with 11 boys with non-selected (for language delay) idiopathic autism (IA), on several standardized instruments assessing social behavior and autistic features (i.e., autism diagnostic interview-revised, ADI-R). We found that FraX+Aut subjects displayed more impairment in overall cognition, problem/aberrant behavior, and adaptive behavior than the rest of the FraX cohort, even when individuals with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) were included in the latter. Compared to both DLD+Aut and IA, FraX+Aut males were less impaired in ADI-R reciprocal social interaction (RECS) domain. However, boys with FraX+Aut were in general comparable to DLD+Aut subjects in problem/aberrant and adaptive behaviors. Based on the contrast between FraX+Aut and non-autistic FraX and DLD+Aut, we were able to identify measures (e.g., child behavior checklist (CBCL) withdrawn subscale) that better define social interaction impairment in FraX. Comparisons with DLD+Aut and IA led to the conclusion that communication impairment (COMM) and stereotypic behavior contribute relatively more to the diagnosis of autism in FraX+Aut. In agreement with recent studies, our data suggest that FraX+Aut, and more generally SBP, is a distinctive subphenotype among boys with FraX, which may share some pathophysiological mechanisms with IA.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Metabolic mapping of the pharmacological and toxicological effects of dopaminergic drugs in experimental animals.

Functional consequences of pharmacological and toxicological manipulations of the dopaminergic systems were evaluated by means of the 2-[14C]deoxyglucose (DG) method for measuring local rates of cerebral glucose utilization. Administration of dopamine agonist drugs modifies glucose metabolism in selected brain areas. Several factors, such as the compound used, the dose, length, and modality of the treatment, and the interval of time between the end of the treatment and the measurement of glucose utilization, contribute to define the topography and intensity of the changes. The differences refer to distinct activation of subtypes of dopamine receptors, to secondary involvement of other neurotransmitter receptor systems, and to modification of the receptor sensitivity occurring during the treatment. Other variables that interfere with the motivated behavior induced by psychostimulants may also affect the metabolic pattern. A few changes in glucose utilization are, however, common to most dopamine agonist drugs. High doses, which induce stereotypic behavior, produce metabolic changes in the extrapyramidal system. Low doses of psychostimulants, which elicit locomotion and exploratory behavior and produce reinforcement, increase glucose metabolism in the limbic system, particularly in the nucleus accumbens. Metabolic mapping in monkeys bearing 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced lesions of the dopaminergic areas in the brainstem contributed to define the key role of the striatopallidal pathway in the production and maintenance of the motor abnormalities that characterize parkinsonism. Metabolic patterns associated with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the nigrostriatal neurons in the rat are modified by dopamine agonist drugs. Specific changes are produced by selective D1 or D2 agonists. In rats bearing unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion, the DG method also revealed functional effects produced by the interaction between D1 and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Non-olfactory chemoreceptors in asymmetric setae activate antennular grooming behavior in the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus.

In the spiny lobster Panulirus argus the antennules carrying olfactory sensilla called aesthetascs and several types of other non-olfactory sensilla accompanying them are frequently groomed by the third maxillipeds in a stereotyped behavioral pattern. This behavior can be elicited by chemical stimulation with l-glutamate. Using selective sensillar ablations, we tested whether this behavior is driven by the numerous aesthetascs, which have been implicated as mediating this chemically elicited antennular grooming behavior in a previous investigation, or other, less numerous sensilla called asymmetric setae, which are tightly associated with aesthetascs. The selective sensilla ablations showed that the asymmetric setae are necessary and sufficient for driving chemically elicited antennular grooming. Bilateral elimination of the ca. 160 asymmetric setae almost completely abolished the behavior, whereas bilateral elimination of the ca. 2600 aesthetascs or of another type of sensilla associated with them (guard setae) did not cause a reduction in chemically elicited antennular grooming. Microscopical analysis of the morphological properties of the asymmetric setae revealed the presence of a terminal pore at the tip of the seta and a phalloidin-positive scolopale below its base. Since these structures have been identified in decapod crustaceans as modality-specific structures of bimodal chemo- and mechanosensory sensilla, we conclude that the asymmetric setae belong to this type of sensilla and thus have the appropriate features to function as chemoreceptors in the elicitation of antennular grooming. The identification of asymmetric setae and not aesthetascs as the drivers of chemically elicited antennular grooming suggests that it is not the olfactory pathway in the brain but a parallel pathway, constituted mainly by the lateral antennular neuropils, that is the neuronal substrate of this behavior. The lateral antennular neuropils receive non-olfactory sensory input from the antennule and contain the major arborizations of antennular motoneurons, allowing that direct sensory-motor coupling is involved in mediating the chemical elicitation of antennular grooming behavior.

Analysis of Variance↗