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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

[Initiation of a cure for kwashiorkor patients using a whey milk product. A comparison with cows milk].

Whey milk, a side-product of cheese production, is not utilized for human nutrition. Whey protein is of good nutritional quality with a high biological value, exceeding that of whole-milk protein. A whey milk product consisting of liquid whey milk 60%, whole cow's milk 40% and skimmed milk powder 0.5% was mixed, spray-dried and prepared in instant form. After reconstitution with water, it was compared with sterilized whole cow's milk for the initiation of cure in 30 acute kwashiorkor patients randomly allocated to the two feeds. The diets were given for 3 weeks. There were no statistically significant differences between the two diets with regard to weight gain or levels of serum albumin, globulin, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, urea or haemoglobin. Judging from this limited investigation, whey milk deserves consideration for human utilization. Should economical production be possible, it could contribute towards preventing and treating protein energy malnutrition.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Preparation of cellulolytic enzymes from Geotrichum candidum].

The ability of different fungi cultivated on cellulose to synthesize extracellular cellulase was examined. The fungus Geotrichum candidum str. 3c was the most active among the fungi tested, including Trichoderma fungi. The formation of cellulolytic enzymes in the culture filtrate of G. candidum occurred, when the entire glucose and the major portion of reducing substances were utilized. The formation of cellulases depended on the content of ammonium ions. The enzyme accumulation reached the highest level at the stationary phase of the culture growth and depended on the inoculum amount. When the inoculum was used as a submerged culture at a concentration of 3%, accumulation of C1-enzyme, endo-(1 leads to 4)beta-glucanases, and beta-glucosidases reached maximum by 44, 52 and 56 hours of cultivation. The fats that are frequently used as a foam catcher inhibited the cellulase formation by the abouve strain. From the filtrate cellulolytic enzymes were isolated via spray drying and precipitation with 3 ethanol volumes to yield 6.5 and 5.0 g/l, respectively. The cellulases when stored at 5 degrees C did not lose their activity for a year and became inactivated by 40-50% in 5 years.

Cellulase↗
PubMed1983

The biotin status of weanling pigs fed semipurified diets as evaluated by plasma and hepatic parameters.

Twenty-four pigs were weaned at four weeks of age and fed either spray dried egg albumen (DA) or autoclaved DA (ADA) as the only protein source were used to evaluate plasma and hepatic parameters as indicators of biotin status. Pigs were fed one of four semipurified diets during the 42-day study: DA basal, DA + 1.1 g sulfamethazine/day (DA + S), ADA basal or ADA + .5 mg biotin/day (ADA + H). Autoclaving DA at 121 degrees C for 30 minutes reduced both the biotin binding properties of the avidin fraction and the trypsin inhibitor activity of DA. Pigs fed ADA and ADA + H had greater (P less than .05) liver pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) activity and DNA concentrations, lower (P less than .05) plasma urea nitrogen levels and greater and more efficient (P less than .05) weight gain than either DA or DA + S fed pigs. Biotin supplementation further enhanced (P less than .05) liver DNA concentration but had no effect on the liver levels of RNA or total protein. Plasma levels of glucose and free fatty acids or blood levels of lactate and pyruvate were not influenced by the addition of biotin to the ADA basal diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Experience in the isolation of salmonellae in foods of different risk categories (author's transl)].

146 samples of pancreatic powder, 208 samples of pasteurized egg albumen, both deep-frozen and spray-dried, and 355 samples of frozen poultry were investigated for the presence of salmonellae. Four pre-enrichment media (lactose broth, nutrient broth, buffered peptone water and tryptone soya broth) and two direct selective enrichment media (dulcitol selenite and tetrathionate) were used. For the pre-enrichment of frozen poultry, buffered peptone water and tryptone soya broth proved to be more satisfactory than lactose broth and nutrient broth. Pre-enrichment of freeze-dried material in a non-selective medium yielded more Salmonella than were obtained by a direct selective enrichment. 16 of 146 samples of freeze-dried pancreatic powder contained salmonellae. Accordingly, tissue and organs of slaughter animals designed for the production of pharmaceutical preparations require regular bacteriological control.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1980

[Influence of age on the secretion of gastric juice and electrolytes in the preruminant calf].

Four preruminant Friesian calves were fitted with an innervated abomasal fundic pouch cut from the lesser curvature. They were fed twice daily a milk substitute containing only spray-dried skim-milk powder as protein source. The daily outflow of gastric juice regularly increased from 400 to 1 800 g/day between 2 and 16 weeks of age and did not change later. The daily outflow/100 kg liveweight increased until 7 to 9 weeks of age and decreased later until 30 weeks (fig. 1). The pH of the secretion always ranged between 1 and 2, except during the days following surgery and when the calves were ill (fig. 2). Expressed in absolute terms, the total outflow of hydrogen, sodium, potassium and chloride ions increased with age; this was mainly due to the increase in the outflow of gastric juice since the ion concentration showed a cyclic pattern with age (fig. 3). When expressed on a liveweight basis, the daily ion output alternatively showed increasing and decreasing periods, mainly in relation to changes in concentration, but no significant trend with age was observed (fig. 4).

Abomasum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Certification of nutrients in Standard Reference Material 1846: infant formula.

In 1996, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) released Standard Reference Material 1846 (Infant Formula), which can be used as a control material for assigning values to in-house control materials and for validating analytical methods for measurement of proximates, vitamins, and minerals in infant formula and similar matrixes. The SRM was manufactured by preparing a spray-dried formula base containing fat, protein, carbohydrates, and minerals and then combining that formula base with a dry-blend vitamin premix that supplied the vitamins. The Certificate of Analysis for SRM 1846 provides assigned values for concentrations of proximates (fat, protein, etc.), vitamins, and minerals for which product labeling is required by the Infant Formula Act of 1980 and by the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990. These assigned values were based on agreement of measurements by NIST and/or collaborating laboratories. Certified values are provided for vitamins A (trans), E, C, B2, and B6 and niacin. Noncertified values are provided for solids, ash, fat, nitrogen, protein, carbohydrate, calories, vitamin D, delta-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, vitamin B1, vitamin B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, inositol, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, sodium, potassium, and chloride. Information values are provided for iodine, manganese, selenium, and vitamin K.

Food Analysis↗
PubMed1998

Prevention of fatal salmonellosis in neonatal calves, using orally administered chicken egg yolk Salmonella-specific antibodies.

OBJECTIVE: To protect neonatal calves against fatal salmonellosis within the first 2 weeks after birth, using chicken egg yolk antibodies specific against Salmonella typhimurium or S dublin. ANIMALS: 38 neonatal Holstein calves from Salmonella-free farms. PROCEDURE: After removal of the lipid components with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, egg yolk antibodies were spray dried. At 4 days of age, calves were challenge exposed by oral inoculation with 10(11) virulent S typhimurium (experiment 1) or S dublin (experiment 2). Starting from the challenge-exposure day, egg yolk antibody preparations were administered orally 3 times a day for 7 to 10 days. RESULTS: In passive immunization trials, the orally administered antibodies conferred dose-dependent protection against infection with each of the homologous strains of Salmonella. Within 7 to 10 days after challenge exposure, all control calves died, whereas low-titer antibody-treated calves had 60 to 100% mortality. Only fever and diarrhea, but no deaths (P < 0.01), were observed in calves given the highest titer of antibody. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Compared with that in control calves, survival was significantly higher among calves given antibodies with titers of 500 (P < 0.05) and 1,000 (P < 0.01) homotypic for S typhimurium and with titer of 5,000 (P < 0.01) for S dublin. Egg yolk antibodies specific for whole cell S typhimurium or S dublin are protective against fatal salmonellosis when given in sufficiently high concentration, and may be clinically useful during a salmonellosis outbreak.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1976

Improved taste acceptability for an oral hyperalimentation dosage form.

Various flavoring agents were evaluated as to their ability to improve the taste acceptability of Vivovnex-HN, a potent oral hyperalimentation diet. Several imitation flavors were incorporated into the Vivonex-HN powder in different concentrations with and without an artificial sweetener. The mixtures were rated by a taste panel. Among the unsweetened flavors, spray-dried orange juice, Sealva imitation mint No.381 and cherry mint imitation appeared to be the most acceptable flavors. Among the individual flavors sweetened with 0.025% sodium saccharin, rum, strawberry and raspberry proved to be the most acceptable. Among all of the formulations studied, a combination of rum, strawberry and raspberry with 0.025% sodium saccharin was found to be optimal.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Enhanced drug dissolution using evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution.

A new process, evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution (EPAS) has been developed to coat poorly water soluble drugs, in this case carbamazepine, with hydrophilic stabilizers to enhance dissolution rates. A heated organic solution of the drug in dichloromethane is sprayed though a fine nozzle into a heated aqueous solution. The rapid evaporation of the organic solvent produces high supersaturation and rapid precipitation of the drug in the form of a colloidal suspension that is stabilized by a variety of low molecular weight and polymeric surfactants. The stabilizer adsorbs to the drug surface and prevents particle growth and crystallization during the spray process. The suspensions are dried by spray drying or ultra-rapid freezing. The high dissolution rates are a consequence of the following advantages of the EPAS process: a small primary particle size, a hydrophilic coating on the particles that enhances wetting, and low crystallinity.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed2005

Use of water spray and extended drying time to lower bacterial numbers on soiled flooring from broiler transport coops.

Broiler transport coops soiled with Campylobacter-positive feces have been shown to facilitate cross-contamination of broilers. Washing and sanitizing coop surfaces do not always effectively eliminate bacteria. The objective of this study was to examine drying as a means of lowering bacterial numbers on transport coop flooring. Small squares (5 x 5 cm) of fiberglass flooring from transport coops were intentionally contaminated with 1 g of Campylobacter-positive broiler gut contents. Soiled floor squares were sprayed with water and allowed to dry for 15 min, 24 h, or 48 h. Unsprayed squares were examined at each time period as controls. All squares were sampled by cotton-tipped applicators that were cultured for Campylobacter, coliforms, and Escherichia coli. Sampling of unsprayed squares at 15 min yielded 7.3 log cfu of Campylobacter, 6.2 log cfu of coliforms and 5.9 log cfu of E. coli per floor square. Water spray alone resulted in a significantly lower number of organisms recovered: 4.1 log cfu Campylobacter, 3.6 log cfu coliform, and 3.2 log cfu E. coli per floor square. When water spray was followed by a 24-hour drying period, no Campylobacter, coliforms, or E. coli were detected on the floor surface. However, allowing unsprayed soiled flooring to simply dry for 24 or 48 h also resulted in no recovery of Campylobacter and very low numbers of coliforms and E. coli. A 24- or 48-hour drying period for fecal matter on broiler transport cage flooring may be a viable method to lower bacterial numbers on these surfaces.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Encapsulation and stabilization of nerve growth factor into poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid microspheres.

The development of a stable sustained-release formulation of recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF) for the treatment of neuronal diseases is described. The protein was encapsulated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres using a spray freeze drying technique. Liquid nitrogen and cold ethanol were used to spray-freeze-dry solid rhNGF that had been suspended in a solution of PLGA dissolved in ethyl acetate. When excipients such as sugar (trehalose), surfactant (pluronic F68), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were added to the PLGA formulation to protect rhNGF from degradation during spray freeze drying, the protein degraded via aggregation during in vitro release. The formation of an insoluble rhNGF-zinc complex prior to encapsulation into PLGA microspheres stabilized the protein during both microencapsulation and release. In this study, we have demonstrated that the addition of zinc acetate in a 1:12 rhNGF-to-zinc acetate molar ratio in a solid rhNGF formulation (4 mM sodium bicarbonate at pH 7.4) improves stability of rhNGF during release at 37 degrees C (physiological temperature). The stabilization may be due to rhNGF complexation with zinc to form stable aggregates. The PLGA formulation consisting of 10% rhNGF encapsulated in 12 kDa PLGA (50:50 lactide/glycolide) provided a continuous release of 14 days. The low initial burst (approximately 1%) and controlled-release rate were achieved by the addition of 3 or 6% solid zinc carbonate to the polymer phase during microencapsulation.

Acetates↗
PubMed2006

Stable high surface area lactate dehydrogenase particles produced by spray freezing into liquid nitrogen.

Enzyme activities were determined for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) powder produced by lyophilization, and two fast freezing processes, spray freeze-drying (SFD) and spray freezing into liquid (SFL) nitrogen. The 0.25 mg/mL LDH aqueous feed solutions included either 30 or 100 mg/mL trehalose. The SFL process produced powders with very high enzyme activities upon reconstitution, similar to lyophilization. However, the specific surface area of 13 m(2)/g for SFL was an order of magnitude larger than for lyophilization. In SFD activities were reduced in the spraying step by the long exposure to the gas-liquid interface for 0.1-1s, versus only 2 ms in SFL. The ability to produce stable high surface area submicron particles of fragile proteins such as LDH by SFL is of practical interest in protein storage and in various applications in controlled release including encapsulation into bioerodible polymers. The SFL process has been scaled down for solution volumes <1 mL to facilitate studies of therapeutic proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Tetrandrine loaded sustained-release microcapsules for lung targeting].

AIM: To prepare lung targeted tetrandrine (TET) loaded sustained-release drug delivery system by microencapsulation, decrease the toxicity and enhance the therapeutic function of anti-pulmonary hypertension of TET. METHODS: Albumin microcapsules were produced by spray drying-thermal denaturation, a new technique. Some characterization of the prepared microcapsules was evaluated. Distribution of the microcapsules and their anti-pulmonary hypertension effect in vivo were investigated. RESULTS: The spherical microcapsules showed a drug loading of 37.88%. Compared to the original drug, the rate of TET released from the positively charged microcapsules in vitro was significantly decreased and fitted well by Higuchi equation. The TET concentrations in mouse lungs of TET microcapsules were significantly higher than those of TET injection, and the mean retained time of TET in lungs was prolonged from 157.1 h to 223.6 h after microencapsulation. The in vitro--in vivo correlation was established and confirmed (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The new spray drying-thermal denaturation method allows the preparation of drug loaded albumin microcapsules with desired results. The prepared microcapsules were found to have the potential function of delivering TET to pulmonary artery via i.v., with low toxicity and high efficacy.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1977

Improved staining characteristics of serum lipids after halogenation and esterification of thin-layer chromatograms.

We describe a procedure for treatment of thin-layer chromatographic serum lipid patterns so that they may be stained by dyes for evaluation by densitometry. After development of the chromatogram [Clin. Chem. 18, 384 (1972)] the plates are dried and sprayed with butyryl chloride. This esterifies the free cholesterol. After drying, the plate is treated with iodine monobromide, to add iodline to the double bonds. The triacylglycerols (triglycerides), cholesterol esters, free cholesterol, and phospholipids are now all in the form of esters with no unsaturated double bonds. The free fatty acids are also now saturated. The chromatogram is now stained with basic fuchsine in acetate buffer (0.1 mol/liter, pH 5.0). Excess stain is removed with a buffered solution of guanidine hydrochloride. Erythrosine B may also be used. With basic fuchsine the background will be a uniform pink. With erythrosine B the background is white, but the stain tends to be washed out of the free fatty acids. The chromatograms are evaluated by densitometry, with use of a 540-nm filter for basic fuchsine and a 520-nm filter for erythrosine B. The stained chromatograms and densitometric scans accurately represent the relative concentration of the various lipid fractions as compared to that of an internal standard, and correlate with the nature of the disease being explored.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Subjective assessment of a new moisturizing mouth spray for the symptomatic relief of dry mouth.

OBJECTIVE: A randomized clinical trial (Study 1) and consumer usage test (Study 2) were conducted to evaluate the acceptability and efficacy of OASIS Mouth Moisturizing Spray in subjects experiencing dry mouth. METHODOLOGY: Study 1: A randomized, single-blind, four-arm crossover clinical trial was conducted in 24 subjects, ranging from 50-84 years of age, to evaluate OASIS Mouth Moisturizing Spray and two experimental mouth spray formulations, and compare their performance to a reference (marketed) mouth spray, SALIVEZE. Following a three-day acclimatization phase, subjects used all four products at home for three days. Each treatment phase was separated by a three-day washout period. Study 2: One-hundred twenty subjects participated in a three-week home usage consumer test using OASIS Mouth Moisturizing Spray, after which they completed a 52-question online survey exploring sensory, efficacy, and resultant quality of life attributes of the product. RESULTS: Study 1: On average, subjects used the four test products 2-3 times per day. OASIS Mouth Moisturizing Spray was found to be effective in relieving dry mouth in the study population, as evidenced by a statistically significant feeling of coating the mouth (p < 0.05), and statistically significantly longer dry mouth relief (p < 0.005) than the commercial control. The OASIS Mouth Moisturizing Spray was statistically significantly (p < 0.05) better and preferred over the other product tested. All the products used in the study were well-tolerated. Study 2: On a five-point scale, 73% of respondents perceived the OASIS Mouth Moisturizing Spray as "very good" or "excellent," and more than 60% gave the product an "excellent" or "very good" rating on sensory, efficacy, and quality of life attributes. CONCLUSION: These studies show that OASIS Mouth Moisturizing Spray helped provide dry mouth relief and was well liked by the study population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of a new disinfection procedure for ultrasound probes using ultraviolet light.

Following 183 ultrasound examinations, a randomized trial was conducted to compare three procedures for disinfection of probes under routine conditions: dry wiping with a soft, dry, non-sterile paper towel, antiseptic wiping with a towel impregnated with disinfectant spray and dry wiping followed by a 10 min ultraviolet C (UVC) cycle in a disinfection chamber. After ultrasonography, swabs were taken from transducer heads before and after cleaning and streaked onto plates that were then cultured. The number of colonies per plate was counted and organisms identified. The median microbial reduction was 100% for UVC, 98.4% for antiseptic wiping and 87.5% for dry wiping (P<0.001). The percentage of negative specimens was 88% for UVC, 16% for antiseptic wiping and 4% for dry wiping (P<0.0001). Microbial flora was isolated from 12 probes (6.6%) before cleaning, whereas specimens obtained after cleaning contained no pathogens except in one case after antiseptic wiping. UVC disinfection of ultrasound probe may provide a useful method for reducing the bacterial load under routine conditions.

Adult↗