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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Characterisation of integrons and antibiotic resistance genes in Danish multiresistant Salmonella enterica Typhimurium DT104.

The presence and genetic content of integrons was investigated in eight Salmonella enterica Typhimurium DT104 isolates from different pig herds in Denmark. Two different integrons were identified using PCR and sequencing. Each of the integrons carried a single resistance cassette in addition to the sul1 and qacE delta 1 genes characteristic of integrons. The first integron encoded the ant (3")-Ia gene that specified resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin. The second contained the pse-1 beta-lactamase gene. All the multiresistant strains contained both integrons. The presence of these two integrons did not account for the total phenotypic resistance of all the isolates and does not exclude the presence of other mobile DNA elements.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Characterisation of integrons and antibiotic resistance genes in Danish multiresistant Salmonella enterica Typhimurium DT104.

The presence and genetic content of integrons was investigated in eight Salmonella enteritica Typhimurium DT104 isolates from different pig herds in Denmark. Two different integrons were identified using PCR and sequencing. Each of the integrons carried a single resistance cassette in addition to the sull and qacE delta 1 genes characteristic of integrons. The first integron encoded the ant (3")-1a gene that specified resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin. The second contained the pse-1 beta-lactamase gene. All the multiresistant strains contained both integrons. The presence of these two integrons did not account for the total phenotypic resistance of all the isolates and does not exclude the presence of other mobile DNA elements.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Detection and characterisation of integrons in Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis.

Integrons have been widely described among the Enterobacteriaceae including strains of multi-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium DT104; however, information with respect to the presence of integrons among S. enterica serotype Enteritidis strains is limited. Multi-resistant isolates of Enteritidis were screened for the presence of integrons using a PCR protocol. One integron was detected in all isolates that were resistant to sulfonamide and streptomycin. Characterisation of these isolates indicated an integron which ranged in size between 1000 and 2000 bp and which harboured a gene cassette encoding the ant(3")-Ia gene specifying streptomycin and spectinomycin resistance. Further studies revealed the integrons to be located on large conjugative plasmids. This appears to be the first report of plasmid-borne integrons in Enteritidis.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2001

Plasmid transfer and susceptibility to antibiotics in the halophilic phototrophs Rhodovibrio salinarum and Rhodothalassium salexigens.

The present study defines a series of genetic procedures to be used for molecular studies in photosynthetic halophilic species such as Rhodovibrio salinarum and Rhodothalassium salexigens. In both species, the minimal inhibitory concentrations for the antibiotics tetracycline, rifampicin, chloramphenicol, spectinomycin, streptomycin, and kanamycin were determined. In addition, conjugal transfer of IncP and IncQ plasmids from Escherichia coli was demonstrated and the resistance markers expressed in these halophiles were determined. Finally, Rth. salexigens growth dependence on variable salt concentrations was measured: maximal growth rates were seen at 6% and 4% NaCl under phototrophic and chemotrophic conditions, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report analyzing the genetic properties of two representative species of halophilic purple non-sulfur phototrophs.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2025

A genotype-independent and highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated soybean genetic transformation system.

A stable and efficient transformation system is crucial for functional genomics and trait improvement in soybean. This study developed a tissue culture based genetic transformation system incorporating dual selection (Spectinomycin and RUBY). This system significantly enhances transformation efficiency, shortens the transformation cycle, and demonstrates broad genotype independence, providing a powerful tool for soybean research and breeding.

Glycine max↗
PubMed2026

Development of a highly efficient prime editing platform for cucurbits enables breeding of multi-disease-resistant cucumber.

The prime editing (PE) system is a precise genome editing technology that works efficiently in monocots; however, its application is limited by low editing efficiency in dicots, particularly Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae plants. Here, we first significantly improved the transformation efficiency by introducing spectinomycin in cucurbits, then used the tomato elongation factor 1-alpha (SlEF1α) promoter to enhance PE protein expression, and incorporated the Csy4 ribonuclease to process pegRNAs, collectively addressing multiple constraints limiting PE efficiency in cucurbits. The optimized PE systems, particularly Csy4-PE6d, achieved an average desired editing frequency of 80.83% at targeted loci in cucumber via stable genetic transformation, with frequencies reaching up to 100% at certain sites. Moreover, Csy4-PE6d generated homozygous edits in 36.43% of transgenic lines and demonstrated robust editing activity in melon, pumpkin, and potato. Using the Csy4-PE6d tool, we generated heritable edited cucumber lines with dual resistance to bacterial angular leaf spot and downy mildew by targeting the CsSGR gene. Collectively, this optimized system substantially enhances PE efficiency in Cucurbit crops, providing an effective solution to common challenges such as low editing efficiency and limited heritability in these species.

Disease Resistance↗
PubMed2006

Synergistic interaction between phenothiazines and antimicrobial agents against Burkholderia pseudomallei.

The gram-negative soil bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe and potentially fatal septicemic disease that is endemic to Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Its intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics is attributed mainly to the presence of several drug efflux pumps, and therefore, inhibitors of such pumps are expected to restore the activities of many clinically important antimicrobial agents that are the substrates of these pumps. The phenothiazine antipsychotic and antihistaminic drugs prochlorperazine, chlorpromazine, and promazine have a synergistic interaction with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial agents, thereby enhancing their antimicrobial potency against B. pseudomallei. Antimicrobial agents that interacted synergistically with the phenothiazines include streptomycin, erythromycin, oleandomycin, spectinomycin, levofloxacin, azithromycin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. The MICs of these antibiotics were reduced as much as 8,000-fold in the presence of the phenothiazines. Antimicrobial agents which did not interact synergistically with the phenothiazines include gentamicin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin. Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, provided an augmentation of antimicrobial activities similar to that of the phenothiazines, suggesting that the phenothiazines might have interfered with the proton gradient at the inner membrane. B. pseudomallei cells accumulated more erythromycin in the presence of the phenothiazines, an effect similar to that of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, a proton gradient uncoupler. In the presence of the phenothiazines, a much reduced concentration of erythromycin (0.06x MIC) also protected human lung epithelial cells and macrophage cells from B. pseudomallei infection and attenuated its cytotoxicity.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1976

Susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans to antimicrobial agents.

Fifty strains of Streptococcus mutans, including defined strains and clinical isolates, were tested for susceptibility to 20 different antimicrobial agents. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined by a liquid microtiter procedure. Antibiotics that were most effective in concentrations below 0.1 mug/ml included penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, cephalothin, and methicillin. Antibiotics effective in concentrations between 0.1 mug and 10 mug/ml included rifampin, lincomycin, thiostrepton, spiromycin, vancomycin, streptolydigan, novobiocin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, spectinomycin, and gentamicin. Antibiotics effective at higher concentrations ranging from 10 mug/ml to 400 mug/ml included the aminoglycosides kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, and kasugamycin. Although most antibiotics exhibited inhibitory effects in a narrow range of concentrations, antibiotics such as tetracycline, thiostrepton, and spiromycin had a 1,000-fold range from the lowest to highest concentrations required for growth inhibition.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1978

Chloramphenicol resistance plasmids in Escherichia coli isolated from diseased piglets.

The plasmids in 19 chloramphenicol-resistant Escherichia coli strains of three pig pathogenic antigen types were studied in conjugation and transduction experiments. The plasmids had identical resistance patterns: streptomycin, spectinomycin, sulfonamides, and chloramphenicol (Sm, Sp, Su, Cm) and belonged to IncFII. One plasmid carried ampicillin resistance in addition. Restriction enzyme analysis of the deoxyribonucleic acid from five of the plasmids originating from the same herd showed that their digestion patterns with EcoRI were indistinguishable. EcoRI cleaved the deoxyribonucleic acid of a sixth plasmid from the same herd and displayed nine of the ten bands of the other five plasmids plus an additional six. It appears that the five plasmids with identical restriction patterns have a common origin and may be copies of the same plasmid from which the sixth may have developed. Four strains carried two plasmids each. In two of these strains, a plasmid with a tetracycline marker (Tc), or possibly the tetracycline marker alone, recombined frequently with the Sm Sp Su Cm plasmid without destroying any known function of the latter. The possibility that Tc is carried on a translocation sequence is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Plasmid-mediated mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotics and to chloramphenicol in group D streptococci.

Genes conferring resistance to aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotics in three group D streptococcal strains, Streptococcus faecalis JH1 and JH6 and S. faecium JH7, and to chloramphenicol in JH6 are carried by plasmids that can transfer to other S. faecalis cells. The aminoglycoside resistance is mediated by constitutively synthesized phosphotransferase enzymes that have substrate profiles very similar to those of aminoglycoside phosphotransferases found in gram-negative bacteria. Phosphorylation probably occurs at the aminoglycoside 3'-hydroxyl group. Plasmid-borne streptomycin resistance is due to production of the enzyme streptomycin adenylyltransferase, which, as in staphylococci and in contrast to that detected in gram-negative bacteria, is less effective against spectinomycin as substrate. Resistance to chloramphenicol is by enzymatic acetylation. The chloramphenicol acetyltransferase is inducible and bears a close resemblance to the type D chloramphenicol acetyltransferase variant from staphylococci.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1978

Differences in susceptibilities of virulent strains and avirulent strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antimicrobial agents.

Virulent cells (T1 colony type) and avirulent cells (T4 colony type) of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were grown in a defined liquid medium in the presence of different antimicrobial agents. Bacteria of T1 colony type were found to be more resistant than bacteria of T4 colony type to the inhibitory effects of specific concentrations of ampicillin (0.50 mug/ml) and penicillin (0.01 mug/ml). Bacteria of T4 colony type, however, were found to be more resistant to the effects of chloramphenicol (0.40 mug/ml), erythromycin (0.10 mug/ml), spectinomycin (10.00 mug/ml), and tetracycline (0.30 mug/ml). The differences in susceptibilities of these bacteria to the antibiotics investigated were not due to differences in growth rate or to differences in permeability. The data suggest that virulent gonococci and avirulent gonococci have unique properties that affect their susceptibilities to certain antimicrobial agents.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1979

Antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains from Europe and Africa.

The in vitro activities of 16 antimicrobial agents were tested by a plate dilution method against 268 unselected isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Belgium, Rwanda, Swaziland, and Zaire. Fifteen beta-lactamase-producing strains isolated in Europe from various origins were also tested. There were significant regional variations in antimicrobial agent susceptibility, even among the African isolates, with the Rwandan and Zairean strains being most resistant. Benzylpenicillin and ampicillin were equally active in all but the beta-lactamase-producing strains. Among the cephalosporins, cefotaxime was by far the most active, followed by cefuroxime, cefamandole, cefoxitin, and cefaclor, in that order. All strains were susceptible to spectinomycin, thiamphenicol, kanamycin, and rifampin, with the exception of one highly rifampin-resistant isolate and a moderately thiamphenicol-resistant strain. Twenty-six percent of the isolates were highly resistant to streptomycin. Six percent of the gonococci had a minimal inhibitory concentration for tetracycline greater than 2 mug/ml. Clavulanic acid inhibited the beta-lactamase activity of the gonococci tested and improved markedly the activities of ampicillin and amoxicillin against beta-lactamase-producing strains.

Africa↗
PubMed1979

Comparative susceptibility of penicillinase-positive and -negative Neisseria gonorrhoeae to 30 antibiotics.

The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 30 antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method for 17 penicillinase-positive and 50 penicillinase-negative strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The latter included 42 strains that were penicillin susceptible (pen S) (minimal inhibitory concentration, <0.125 mug/ml) and 8 strains with intermediate resistance to penicillin (pen I; minimal inhibitory concentration, 0.125 to 0.5 mug/ml). Two penicillinase-resistant penicillins (methicillin and nafcillin) were inhibitory for penicillin-resistant (pen R) strains. Three new cephalosporins (cefuroxime, cefamandole, cefaclor) and a cephamycin (cefoxitin) were bacteriostatic (minimal inhibitory concentration </=0.8 mug/ml) for 90% of pen S, pen I, and pen R strains. Pen I strains were more resistant than pen R strains to 6 of 13 cephalosporins. Rifampin, erythromycin, spectinomycin, chloramphenicol, and the tetracyclines were inhibitory for both pen S and pen R strains. The minimal bactericidal concentrations of cefuroxime, cefamandole, cefaclor, and cefoxitin were measured for 17 pen R strains and eight pen I strains by serial dilution of the antibiotics in Trypticase soy broth supplemented with 1% Iso VitaleX and 1% hemoglobin. All tubes were subcultured after overnight incubation at 37 degrees C. Cefuroxime and cefoxitin were bactericidal at low concentrations (minimal bactericidal concentration, </=1.0 mug/ml) for 16 of 17 pen R strains and 6 of 8 pen I strains.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1979

In vitro synthesis of peptidoglycan by beta-lactam-sensitive and -resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: effects of beta-lactam and other antibiotics.

The synthesis in vitro of peptidoglycan by Neisseria gonorrhoeae was studied in organisms made permeable to nucleotide precursors by treatment with ether. Optimum synthesis occurred at 30 degrees C in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-maleate buffer (0.05 M; pH 6) in the presence of 20 mM Mg(2+). The incorporation from uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetyl-[(14)C]glucosamine into peptidoglycan, measured after precipitation of the cells with trichloroacetic acid, was sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics, bacitracin, diumycin, and tunicamycin and relatively resistant to spectinomycin and tetracycline. Differences in sensitivity between preparations from a beta-lactamase producer and a laboratory segregant derived from it were not great. Synthesized peptidoglycan was also fractionated into sodium dodecyl sulfate-soluble and -insoluble portions. beta-Lactam antibiotics at concentrations equivalent to the minimal inhibitory concentrations for growth of the organisms did not inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis, but rather caused a small enhancement. At higher concentrations, above about 0.5 mug/ml, incorporation into sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble material was progressively inhibited, whereas the amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate-soluble product increased greatly, more than compensating for the loss of the precipitable fraction. Similar observations were made with three strains, and also with the beta-lactam clavulanic acid, normally considered as a beta-lactamase inhibitor rather than as itself an effective antibiotic.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1980

In vitro antimicrobial activity of rosoxacin against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

The antimicrobial activity of rosoxacin, a new quinoline antibacterial compound, was determined against the causative organisms of three sexually transmitted diseases. Rosoxacin demonstrated a high degree of activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical isolates, with the minimal inhibitory concentrations for 50% of these being 0.03 microgram/ml. The corresponding minimal inhibitory concentrations for penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and spectinomycin were 0.25 U/ml, 0.125 microgram/ml, 0.25 microgram/ml, and 16 microgram/ml, respectively. Eleven strains of Chlamydia trachomatis were inhibited by 5 microgram of rosoxacin per ml, and each of seven Ureaplasma urealyticum strains was inhibited by 2 to 8 microgram of rosoxacin per ml. The results of these susceptibility studies, coupled with those of an earlier evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of rosoxacin, provide support for extending or undertaking clinical evaluations of this compound against infections with N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and U. urealyticum.

4-Quinolones↗
PubMed1981

Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Hong Kong: in vitro susceptibility to 13 antibiotics.

Fifty-five Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Hong Kong over a period of 6 months were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to 13 antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method. Six strains were beta-lactamase producing. In addition, five beta-lactamase strains from Singapore were tested. Among the non-beta-lactamase-producing strains, 34 (62%) had intermediate resistance to penicillin, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.125 to 0.5 microgram/ml, and 15 strains were fully susceptible to penicillin (MICs, 0.015 to 0.06 microgram/ml). The MICs of penicillin for all beta-lactamase-producing strains were 2 microgram/ml, and the strains were resistant to ampicillin. Although a direct correlation between the MICs for resistance to penicillin and the other antibiotics tested was not observed, the gonococci isolated in Hong Kong were notably more resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin than has been reported elsewhere, with 78% of strains requiring for inhibition an MIC of tetracycline of greater than 2 microgram/ml and 51% of the isolates requiring an MIC of streptomycin of greater than 128 microgram/ml. All strains were susceptible to spectinomycin and kanamycin as well as to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (ratio, 19:1). Among the cephalosporins, the order of effectiveness was cefuroxime, cefamandole, and cefoxitin. The older generation of cephalosporins, cephradine and cephalexin, was the least effective: 45 and 37% of the strains, respectively, required for inhibition MICs of greater than or equal to 8 microgram/ml. Cefotaxime, a new parenteral cephalosporin, was the most active; the median MIC was at least 10-fold lower than that of cefuroxime.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

Comparison of cefuroxime and penicillin in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea.

In a randomized double-blind trial, 216 men and 142 women infected with uncomplicated gonorrhea were treated with either 1.5 g of cefuroxime or 4.8 x 10(6) U of aqueous procaine penicillin G intramuscularly and 1.0 g of probenecid. The cure rates in the treatment groups were 96 and 95%, respectively. Intramuscularly administered cefuroxime was better tolerated than was procaine penicillin. Comparative antibiotic susceptibility studies revealed that cefuroxime and penicillin were about equally active and that both were more active than cefamandole or cefoxitin. Because cefuroxime is not degraded by the action of beta-lactamase enzymes, it has promise as an alternative to spectinomycin in the treatment of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections.

Cefuroxime↗