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PubMedDate not supplied

Contribution of early and adult factors to socioeconomic variation in blood pressure: thirty-four-year follow-up study of school children.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively examine the role of childhood and adulthood factors in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and adult systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP). METHODS: One hundred and five boys and 101 girls who were 8 years of age at entry into the study were observed for 34 years in the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development, Finland. Data were gathered on educational attainment and occupational status, as indicators of SES, and potential explanatory factors related to 0, (14), 27, 36, and 42 years of age. SBP and DBP were assessed at 15 and 42 years of age. RESULTS: In a structural equation model adjusted for sex and childhood SBP, educational attainment was inversely associated with adult SBP (structural coefficient -0.17, p<.05). Incorporating the effects of parental SES and adult body mass index into the model attenuated this association so that it was no longer significant. Variation in birth weight, unemployment, smoking, alcohol consumption, and use of antihypertensive medication had marginal or no impact on the education-SBP association. No socioeconomic variation was found for DBP or occupational status. CONCLUSIONS: Prospective evidence suggests a weak association between low educational attainment and development of high SBP. Parental SES and adult BMI were the key explanatory factors for this association.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[The second cycle in nursing. A project of historical continuity].

The year 2000 broke out with a controversial and accelerated debate about a Licentiate for Nursing, a project which has been developing since the beginning of the nineties as a result of a series of demands and projects presented earlier on. In this article, Marta Durán, a well-known prestigious professional who is playing an important, leading role in this whole process, presents the academic and disciplinary benchmarks which, in her opinion and based on a rigorous, well-founded position, should be those which enable us to select a model that covers the expectations opened up by this project. The issue is dealt with from the following perspectives: the context of human and social development and the academic proposal for the development of nursing.

Forecasting↗
PubMed2001

Risk factors for teenage pregnancy among sexually active black adolescents in Cape Town. A case control study.

MOTIVATION: Teenage pregnancy is an important health and social problem in South Africa. So far research on adolescent sexual activity has been almost exclusively descriptive; as a result there is considerable knowledge about practices of adolescents in general and outcomes of their pregnancies, but very limited understanding of factors that place particular adolescents at increased risk of teenage pregnancy. Without this understanding, our ability to intervene effectively to reduce teenage pregnancy rates is limited. OBJECTIVE: To undertake an exploratory study to investigate risk factors for teenage pregnancy among sexually active adolescents in an urban and peri-urban context. METHODS: The study used a matched case-control design, with 191 cases and 353 age-matched controls from the same school or neighbourhood. Subjects were under 19 years of age and were recruited from township areas of Cape Town. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on socio-economic factors, contraceptive knowledge and use, and sexual behaviour. Conditional logistical regression was used to analyse the relationship between teenage pregnancy and the factors investigated. RESULTS: Teenage pregnancy was found to be most strongly associated with having frequent sex (risk ratio (RR) 30.81) without reliable contraceptive protection (RR 24.35), forced sexual initiation (RR 14.42), not owning a television set (RR 10.33), larger household size (RR 2.44), not living in a brick house (RR 5.09), not living with the biological father (RR 3.26), talking openly about sex with a boyfriend (RR 4.72), and perceiving most friends to be pregnant (RR 4.38). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest associations between the promotion of sexual health among adolescents and broader social development and promotion of gender equality. Although further research is needed, it is likely that important foci for short-term strategies should include developing assertiveness, enhancing decision-making competence, and promoting contraception and condoms as part of comprehensive sexual and reproductive health educational interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The nutrition transition: worldwide obesity dynamics and their determinants.

OBJECTIVE: This paper explores the major changes in diet and physical activity patterns around the world and focuses on shifts in obesity. DESIGN: Review of results focusing on large-scale surveys and nationally representative studies of diet, activity, and obesity among adults and children. SUBJECTS: Youth and adults from a range of countries around the world. MEASUREMENTS: The International Obesity Task Force guidelines for defining overweight and obesity are used for youth and the body mass index > or =25 kg/m(2) and 30 cutoffs are used, respectively, for adults. RESULTS: The nutrition transition patterns are examined from the time period termed the receding famine pattern to one dominated by nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases (NR-NCDs). The speed of dietary and activity pattern shifts is great, particularly in the developing world, resulting in major shifts in obesity on a worldwide basis. Data limitations force us to examine data on obesity trends in adults to provide a broader sense of changes in obesity over time, and then to examine the relatively fewer studies on youth. Specifically, this work provides a sense of change both in the United States, Europe, and the lower- and middle-income countries of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America. CONCLUSION: The paper shows that changes are occurring at great speed and at earlier stages of the economic and social development of each country. The burden of obesity is shifting towards the poor.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rehabilitation and development after childhood cancer: can the need for physical exercise be met?

Clinical and experimental evidence attests to the neurological and psychological benefits of physical exercise. Prescribing exercise for children after cancer has the potential to facilitate recovery, performance and development, with consequent improvement in quality of life and long-term outcome. However, could a school take up the prescription for a child's individual exercise programme? As a preliminary to an intervention study, all primary and secondary schools in two Scottish regions were surveyed. The aim was to evaluate the utility of prescribing exercise as part of a child's individual rehabilitation plan and to investigate awareness in schools of the potential benefits of exercise for cognition and behaviour. Approximately half the respondents indicated that extra physical exercise sessions could be incorporated into the school day. The main difficulties preventing such inclusion were identified as a lack of staff for supervision and timetabling problems. However, there was also a high level (>70%) of lack of information about what a child could be expected to do after cancer. Further, more respondents (approximately 60%) anticipated benefits of exercise for social development than for academic progress (approximately 35%). These results emphasize the necessity of clear and specific liaison with a school when planning and implementing a child's long-term rehabilitation programme.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Neurological and neuropsychological bases of empathy.

Impairments of social behavior after cerebral damage are often problematic and difficult to assess and manage, with few models addressing evaluation, treatment options and prognosis. Recent studies suggest that a fundamental mechanism of social behavior disturbed by acquired cerebral damage is empathy. Empathy refers to the cognitive and emotional processes that bind people together in various kinds of relationships that permit sharing of experiences as well as understanding of others. Empathic changes are particularly evident after focal prefrontal cortex damage and closed head injury in adults, though early frontal lobe damage is also associated with poor empathic and social development. Although alterations in empathy have been studied in only a handful of neurologic samples thus far, it may be an important outcome variable of brain injury, particularly in patients' adjustment to family, community and vocational settings. Treatment possibilities are presented, though more comprehensive research is needed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Chinese attitudes toward cleft lip and palate: effects of personal contact.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personal contact on the attitudes of individuals towards persons with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and the possible cultural differences in these attitudes for Chinese respondents living in Hong Kong. DESIGN: Chinese parent, teacher, and employer groups were administered a cleft lip and palate attitudinal questionnaire and the Scale of Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons inventory. SUBJECTS: Thirty-nine parents of children with CLP, 27 teachers of children with CLP, and 37 employers with no previous contact with individuals with CLP participated in the study. RESULTS: The results showed significant intergroup differences on several items involving beliefs concerning emotional health, social development, and employment-related barriers for individuals with CLP, and whether such individuals should seek nonmedical help to treat speech problems. Employers showed a comparatively less favorable attitude to persons with CLP than the two other groups. CONCLUSION: Parent, teacher, and employer groups in the Chinese community studied showed differences in their attitudes towards individuals with CLP. The findings suggest the need for further community health education to help develop more positive attitudes towards disabled persons in general, as well as programs targeted at reducing negative stereotyping of adults and children with CLP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Problems in the rehabilitation of chronic or frequently relapsing schizophrenic psychoses and their causes].

The rehabilitative difficulties in part of the patients with schizophrenia are connected with premorbid disablements which lead to faulty social developments. An attempt is made to show by the example of some courses of diseases that the problems of these patients are largely similar; they are related to the patients entering the phase of vocational life, the establishment of appropriate partner relations and disturbed relations with the generation of their parents.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Psychosocial work environment and incidence of severe depressive symptoms: prospective findings from a 5-year follow-up of the Danish work environment cohort study.

The authors analyzed the impact of psychosocial work characteristics on the incidence of severe depressive symptoms among 4,133 (49% women) employees from a representative sample of the Danish workforce between 1995 and 2000. Psychosocial work characteristics at baseline included quantitative demands, influence at work, possibilities for development, social support from supervisors and coworkers, and job insecurity. Severe depressive symptoms were measured with the five-item Mental Health Inventory of the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey, with a cutoff point of 52. Women with low influence at work (relative risk (RR) = 2.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23, 3.82) and low supervisor support (RR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.20, 3.43) were at increased risk for severe depressive symptoms after exclusion of cases at baseline and adjustment for sociodemographic factors, baseline depression score, and health behaviors. Further adjustments for socioeconomic position did not change the result substantially. Additional analyses showed that a one-standard deviation increase on the influence scale resulted in a 27% decreased risk of severe depressive symptoms. Among men, job insecurity predicted severe depressive symptoms (RR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.02, 4.07). The findings indicate that the work environment influences the risk of developing severe depressive symptoms and that different factors play a role for men and women.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Developmental conditions and subjective experiences of children with a schizophrenic parent--qualitative and quantitative studies from the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk].

OBJECTIVE: 35 children 12-42 years of age of patients with schizophrenia (ABC-Cohort-12-year-follow-up) were interviewed for studying objective and subjective effects of growing up with a schizophrenic parent. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Social development and childhood experiences were assessed and quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated. RESULTS: The majority of probands had to take on early responsibilities in their family. Experienced deficits in parental care and problems with poor communication within the family were also mentioned. Compared with controls they showed only light disadvantages in the level of education and vocational training. CONCLUSION: Even if early independence could be a positive resource for children with a schizophrenic parent the restrictions in the child's life and development should not be overlooked. Information on the illness and support in dealing with stressful situations are frequently needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Reflections concerning the concept of daily work (according to Agnes Heller and Michel Maffesoli)].

Synopsis about writings of Agnes Heller concerning the work category, with the purpose to point out parallel between her opinions and Michel Maffesoli's. There is evidence that in both are manifests the analysis of daily life, historic space of individual and social development. Heller works this category-daily-into an approaching "constructivist - dialectic", where the subject of historic is visualized in its temporality (past, present and future) into the process of individual and collective changes. The approaching of Maffesoli has a nucleus "phenomenological Comprehensive", where the historic subject is persued in the dimension of present ("usual life/banal life).

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of behaviour, attitudes and childrearing on the development of the child in mothers with postpartum depression].

INTRODUCTION: Various studies find an association between the postpartum depression and child development; nevertheless, it exists few uniformity in the method in which are accomplished these. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of the postpartum depression on the development of the children during the first 28 months. Also, it is studied the childrearing of the mother, as possible mechanism for which exercises this influence. METHOD: Longitudinal and prospective study of 205 primiparous women and their children. The definitive sample understands 23 depressed women and 37 belonging to the group control that they are followed during the first 28 months postpartum. RESULTS: It is obtained a 13.5% from women with postpartum depression. The duration of the depression is related to a childrearing characterized by a under affection and care. The childrearing low in affection is associated negatively with the cognitive and social development of the son during the first year of life. The association of a greater duration of the depression with a childrearing low in affected during the first year has a negative affection on the cognitive development of the son to the 28 months. CONCLUSIONS: The mothers with postpartum depression accomplish a childrearing on their children characterized by a lower affection and care. The variable that more weigh develops on the development of the child during the period of study is the childrearing low in affection.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Smoking in Cape Town: community influences on adolescent tobacco use.

BACKGROUND: This paper examines the effect of pro- and antisocial opinions about communities on cigarette use by Black, Colored, and White 8th- and 11th-grade students in Cape Town, South Africa. METHODS: This analysis consists of 1,328 students who completed a questionnaire in 1997 on sociodemographic characteristics, substance abuse, adolescent behaviors, and opinions about their communities. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to assess hypotheses related to the social development model positing direct and indirect associations between community constructs and smoking within the previous 31 days. RESULTS: White students had the highest proportion (36.3%, P < 0.01) of past-31-days smokers compared to Colored (29.7%) and Black (9.7%) students. SEM analysis showed that among all groups the strongest association (beta = 0.29, Whites, P < 0.01; beta =.14, Coloreds, P < 0.01; beta = 0.05, Blacks, P < 0.05) with recent cigarette smoking was the personal knowledge of adults who engaged in antisocial behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Youth smoking behavior may be affected by antisocial adult behavior, subjective adult norms, and community affirmation. Thus, in addition to other factors, social norms and community influence should be considered in preventing adolescent smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Medical expertise--the Zionist vision: medicine and physicians among the immigrants to Palestine/Israel].

In National Socialist Germany Jewish academicians and professional staff were initially deprived of their rights and marginalised, later they were chased down and murdered. With regard to those, who were able to escape the National Socialist realm of power, one can speak of a forced migration of academicians that reached a dimension which until now was unknown. A greater number of different academic as well as non-academic occupational groups have been examined in the past few years in connection with their influence on scientific as well as social developments within the context of immigration. In this context Palestine, later Israel, occupies a special position. There exists a deficiency in research for the occupational group of physicians with regard to overindividual studies, which will be the focus of this analysis. There is no question about their part not only in the establishment of medical care structures in Palestine as well as the design and diversification of the Israeli health care system, but also in the international significance of Israeli developments in medicine and life sciences in the second half of the twentieth century. This study will examine members of a Zionist grouping that had exhibited Zionist engagement already before their flight from Europe. The objective of this examination is to determine the substantial contribution of Zionist physicians in designing the medical structures in the country.

Emigration and Immigration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Speech and language development in a parent-infant total communication program.

In the program described, the use of total communication (TC) did not impede speech development in preschool deaf children. Evidence indicates that sign language facilitated the young hearing-impaired child's acquisition of communicative oral speech. Exposure to sign language combined with speech enhanced the meaningfulness of residual hearing and lipreading. Milestones in sign language acquisition paralleled the milestones of spoken language. Young hearing-impaired TC children appeared to learn and express more language at an earlier age than is typical of orally trained hearing-impaired children. This implies that their cognition may not be as severely inhibited because their language acquisition is less severely delayed. This should have favorable consequences for later educational and social development. The families In the TC program were able to normalize their child-rearing activities and relationships.

Child Language↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comprehensive program in the fight against chronic non-infectious diseases in a basic population group--the Belec Study. IV. The interventional model].

As part of a comprehensive programme aimed at the struggle against chronic non-infectious diseases in basic population groups, an intervention model in the rural community Belec has been set up. The development, application and evaluation of this intervention model with an emphasis on positive experiences and difficulties connected with such a model have been described. The role of important parts of the programme has been emphasized--the work of the Health Committee and Guidance Clinic of Elevated Blood Pressure. The results show that there is necessary and possible to efficaciously involve the population of the community into the priority assessment, planning, application and follow-up of such a programme. However, the close cooperation with the local health service and other community sectors and their support is indispensible. It is also stressed that the economic and social development of the rural community is the prerequisite for the continuous intervention measures to be carried out and health care system promoted.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1994

Play and preschool children with autism.

OBJECTIVES: This research focused on two questions. First, how does the play of children with autism differ from that of normally developing children? Second, what are the relationships between play performance and adaptive abilities? METHOD: Nine children with autism and nine children without dysfunction were matched by mental age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Play performance was determined from videotapes of children playing in their homes. Parents provided information on children's adaptive abilities. RESULTS: The children with autism differed from their peers on the total play score and the participation dimension of the Preschool Play Scale. Communication, as measured by the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, was the adaptive ability most highly associated with play performance of the children with autism. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that deficits in social development are a primary feature of autism. The findings support the use of play to evaluate and develop the interpersonal skills and habits of preschool children with this disorder.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Science, health and development: Chagas disease in Brazil, 1943-1962.

The present paper discusses the historical construction and legitimacy of Chagas disease as a distinct nosological entity and as a public health issue in Brazil. It focuses on the activities of a group of researchers from Oswaldo Cruz Institute who worked at the Centre for the Study and Prevention of Chagas disease, located in Bambuí, Minas Gerais. Led in the 1940s and 50s by Emmanuel Dias, disciple of Carlos Chagas, the group made important contributions to the clinical characterization of Chagas disease as a cardiac illness, established the fact that it was technically possible to control the disease by using residual insecticides, and engaged in intense political mobilization to have the disease included as part of the Health Ministry sanitation campaigns. My hypothesis is that the group's work was a determining factor in the overcoming of certain unresolved controversies that had surrounded the medical and social identity of the disease since the 1920s. I examine to what extent this process was directly linked both to post-war optimism over new possibilities of combating infectious diseases and to the national and international debate on the relation between health and economic and social development.

Academies and Institutes↗