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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

AIDS and condoms in Brasilia: a telephone survey.

A telephone survey was conducted to measure AIDS knowledge, media usage and condom attitudes and behaviors among 500 adults aged 18 to 49 in Brasilia, as well as to evaluate the feasibility of the telephone survey method in a developing country. The response rate was 91.6%. Respondents had good knowledge about correct modes of HIV transmission and prevention but also believed HIV was transmitted through blood donation, public toilets, swimming pools, and mosquito bites. TV and newspapers were the most important sources of information on health matters and AIDS, though health workers were considered the most credible sources of such information. Only 19% of sexual encounters in the 4 weeks prior to the survey included condoms. Single and younger respondents and those with more positive attitudes used condoms more frequently. More work is needed to identify appropriate messages to motivate people to use condoms. Telephone surveys regarding AIDS and sexual attitudes and behaviors are feasible in Brasilia, a planned community with universal telephone coverage.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

[Human pathology caused by free-living amoebae].

Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris are free-living amoebae that occasionally may induce pathology in human beings. CNS disease due to N. fowleri, called "primary" amoebic meningoencephalitis, is acquired after exposure to polluted waters in swimming pools, rivers, and lakes. The clinical course is acute, often fulminant and characterized pathologically by necrotizing hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis, involving mainly the base of the brain, brainstem and cerebellum. In contrast, some Acanthamoeba spp. and B. mandrillaris cause opportunistic, chronic "granulomatous" encephalitis in subjects pathologically or iatrogenically immunocompromised. There are, most likely, foci of protozoa in lung and skin reaching the CNS by hematogenous route. Only Acanthamoeba spp. can also produce severe, subacute keratitis, mainly today in contact lens wearers.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1998

Detection of Cryptosporidia in different water sources in Alexandria by monoclonal antibody test and modified Ziehl Neelsen stain.

Cryptosporidium paruum has become one of the most important contaminant found in drinking water and is associated with high risk of waterborne diseases particularly for the immunocompromised. In the present study, Cryptosporidium was found in uncovered water tanks, nearby the shore in El Noubareya and El Mahmoudeya canals and in one swimming pool. Direct flourescence monoclonal antibody was more sensitive in detecting the organism. Ziehl-Neelsen although less sensitive, yet it has the advantage that it could recognize other protozoa causing diarrhoea as G. lamblia, B hominis and Cyclospora sp.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Possible causative factors in epidemic incidence of plantar warts].

A locally increased incidence of plantar warts in schoolchildren was demonstrated statistically, although the origins and causes of the epidemic remain unclear. Excessively sweating feet rather than barefoot gymnastics in school, and perhaps the wearing of rubber boots or nylon stockings appear to facilitate the infection. The use of a public swimming pool may be a possible cause, but could not be proven. It seems that an intact, thickened, dry horny layer provides some protection whereas a softened, moistened and macerated horny layer promotes the spread of plantar warts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with swimming in a public pool.

A multistate outbreak of hepatitis A was traced to a campground in Louisiana. Among 822 campers during one weekend, 20 developed hepatitis A. Case-patients ranged in age from 4 to 36 years; the highest attack rate (6.4%) was for children aged 5-9 years. A case-control study revealed that case-patients were more likely than controls to have swum in a public swimming pool on Saturday afternoon (19/19 vs. 26/38; odds ratio [OR], undefined; lower 95% confidence limit, 1.7). Case-patients were more likely than controls to have swum in the jacuzzi pool (16/19 vs. 10/26; OR, 8.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-47.1) or adult pool A (19/19 vs. 15/26; OR, undefined; lower 95% confidence limit, 2.6). Case-patients were also more likely to have swum for greater than 1 h and to have put their heads under the water. Because of the design of the filtering system of adult pool A, a cross-connection between a sewage line and the pool water intake line was possible. This outbreak may have been caused by transmission of hepatitis A through swimming; thus, swimming may serve as a mode of transmission of hepatitis A virus, especially among small children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

An outbreak of Norwalk gastroenteritis associated with swimming in a pool and secondary person-to-person transmission.

In June 1977 an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis affected 103 students and teachers at an elementary school in Ohio. The illness typically lasted 24 hours or less and was characterized by vomiting (86%) and cramping (70%), but more than half of the persons involved also reported having nausea, diarrhea, and headache. Similar illness frequently followed in household members (29%) of families with primary cases. Investigation revealed that 70% of the children and teachers who swam in a pool at an all day outing June 1 (4 classrooms) and 55% of those who swam during a similar outing June 2 (2 classrooms) had the onset of acute illness from 12--48 hours later. None of the children who attended the outings but did not swim had a similar illness. The evidence suggested that the primary outbreak was caused by contaminated water in the pool and that person-to-person spread of illness followed. Results of a microbiologic study of pool water were negative for bacterial and viral pathogens. Throat washings, stool specimens, and paired blood samples studied for evidence of pathogens were negative initially, but subsequent serologic studies suggested that infection by Norwalk virus was the cause of the outbreak. The pool chlorinator which was inadvertently unconnected at the time of the school visits was reconnected and an underground leak in the water supply pipes was corrected. No more cases were reported after the pool was drained, cleaned, and reopened.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1991

Dermatophyte feet infection among students enrolled in swimming courses at a university pool.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dermatophyte feet infection among students enrolled in swimming courses at a university swimming pool. Tinea pedis infection was determined on two occasions. The first study took place on the first day of classes and the second on day twelve of swimming lessons. Culture and KOH examination of the interdigital skin scrapings of the left foot showed superficial foot infection with dermatophytes or Candida albicans in 13.2% of the students (11/83) in the first study, and in 22.2% of the students (16/72) in the second study. The most common agent of tinea pedis in the first study was Trichophyton rubrum (82%), infections by T. mentagrophytes (9%) and Epidermophyton floccosum (9%) were less common. At that time, no dermatophyte was recovered from any of 30 floor samples taken from the bathroom and pool facilities. In the second study the following dermatophytes were isolated from the student's feet: T. mentagrophytes (70.6%), T. rubrum (17.6%) and Candida albicans (11.8%). On this occasion T. mentagrophytes was recovered from 5 out of 30 floor samples. It is possible that the frequency of the use of the pool facilities may influence the prevalence of tinea pedis as well as the etiological agent involved in this disease.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Cupric keratosis: green seborrheic keratoses secondary to external copper exposure.

Exogenous copper is a well-known cause of blue-green dyspigmentation of the hair, nails, and skin. We report the case of a patient with a blue-green discoloration of multiple seborrheic keratoses on his chest and back after swimming in a pool for rehabilitation of a back injury. Metallic analysis using atomic absorption spectrometry was performed on water samples from both the swimming pool and the hot tub the patient was using. Our dermatology clinic tap water was used as a control. Results of this analysis revealed an elevated level of copper in the swimming pool (2.750 ppm) and normal levels in the hot tub (0.502 ppm) and the control sample (0.891 ppm). The copper level in the swimming pool was more than double the recommended maximum set forth by the US Environmental Protection Agency. After the patient discontinued water exercises in the swimming pool, the green discoloration of the seborrheic keratoses disappeared rapidly. We believe this case represents the first report in the literature of the discoloration of epidermal growths secondary to exogenous heavy metal exposure.

Copper↗
PubMed1996

Managing swimming, spa, and other pools to prevent infection.

Many different kinds of recreational and therapeutic pools now exist and all have the potential to transmit infection. This paper offers a brief review of reports of pool associated infections, along with short descriptions of the different kinds of pool and of the disinfection and filtration systems designed to minimise the possible transmission of infection by pool water. An outline of pool monitoring is included together with the rationale of microbiological testing and current microbiological guidelines. Good management is important; a well managed pool with an adequate disinfectant level, a pH value within the recommended range, regular filter backwashing, and satisfactory microbiological parameters will not present a significant infection risk. If management or design is poor, conditions can occur in which bathers become infected. Most infections reported in association with pools happen in these circumstances.

Bacterial Infections↗