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PubMed2004

[Influence of male surgical sterilization on social behavior of Brandt's vole].

Using the method of surgical sterilization, this paper studied the influence of sterilized male on the social behavior of Brandt's vole. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the frequency of amicable and agnostic behaviors between male surgical sterilization group and control, and between intact and sterilized males in the same group. It could be concluded that male surgical sterilization had no influence on the social behavior of Brandt's vole.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Current status of disinfection and sterilization for dental handpieces in the hospitals].

OBJECTIVE: To understand current status of the uses of dental handpieces, methods of disinfection and sterilization and their effectiveness in dental-care hospitals and out-patient departments of stomatology in general hospitals. METHODS: Ten dental-care hospitals and departments of stomatology in general hospitals at varied levels were randomly sampled during 2000 to 2001 to investigate the uses of dental handpieces and means of their disinfection and sterilization. One used dental handpiece from each hospital or department of stomatology in general hospital selected was detected for possible contamination of bacteria by aerobic bacterial count and Coliform bacterial examinations and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) on it, based on "The Technical Standards for Disinfection" set by the Ministry of Health of China, and the effectiveness of its disinfection and sterilization was evaluated as well. RESULTS: Anti-suction handpieces were used only in 5.9% of the hospitals or departments, 94.1% of them without anti-suction devices. Cleansing disinfection was applied for used dental handpieces in 62.9% of the dental-care hospitals and the departments of stomatology, with an effective rate of 26.17%, immersing disinfection in 10.0%, with an effective rate of 55.88%, and autoclave in 27.1%, with an effective rate of 80.43%. Used dental handpieces in the hospitals and departments of stomatology in general hospitals were all contaminated by bacteria and HBsAg could be detected in 1.67% of them. CONCLUSIONS: Dental handpieces without anti-suction should be replaced soon by those with it or comprehensive dental unit with anti-suction device should be used. Used dental handpieces must be sterilized effectively before next use. Awareness on prevention from cross-infection should be improved for dental-care professional staff and operation of sterilization should be standardized.

Cross Infection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluating the formulae for integrated lethality in ethylene oxide sterilization using six different endospore forming strains of bacteria, and comparisons of integrated lethality for ethylene oxide and steam systems.

Bacterial endospores from six different species of bacteria were exposed to a spectrum of ethylene oxide (EtO) sterilizing conditions. Temperature was varied from 40 to 60 degrees C and the ethylene oxide concentration was varied from 300 to 750 mg/L. Relative humidity was maintained at 60+/-10% RH. The fraction negative procedure was used to determine the D value for each of the test conditions. Bacterial species tested included Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC # 9372, Bacillus smithii ATCC # 51232, Bacillus subtilis "5230" ATCC # 35021, Bacillus subtilis, DSM # 4181, Bacillus pumilus ATCC # 27142, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC # 7953. All spore preparations were inoculated on filter paper strips packaged in blue, sterilizable glassine pouches. G. stearothermophilus was the least resistant organism tested. The most resistant organisms tested were B. atrophaeus and B. subtilis "5230". The B. subtilis "5230" strain was slightly more resistant than B. atrophaeus at conditions of 54C and EtO concentrations of 400, 600, and 750 mg/L, as well as at 60C/750mg/L EtO. The other species were between these extremes. This empirical data allowed the application of the recently published formula for converting D values from one set of conditions to another and evaluations of accuracy. The measured D values also allowed the determination of Z values based on temperature variations. These formulae, when applied to process temperatures independent of gas concentration, result in a Z value of approximately 32 degrees C that appears to be similar for all species tested. These data support the application of the previously published formulae 1-6 and allow the same approach to integrated lethality for ethylene oxide processes as is commonly applied to steam sterilization. A review of steam sterilization and related principles was conducted for comparison of integrated lethality for these two methods of sterilization. Errors associated with D values, Z values, extrapolation, and integrated lethality for both methods of sterilization are discussed.

Endospore-Forming Bacteria↗
PubMed2005

Viable spore counts in biological controls pre-sterilization.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the total count of viable spores in standardized inoculated carriers pre-sterilization. Samples of "Bacterial Spore Sterilization Strip" (R Biological Laboratories) (well before their expiry date) were divided into Group A (B. subtilis) and Group B (B. stearothermophylus). Twenty-four strips were tested per group. The strips were minced in groups of three, placed in chilled sterile water and vortexed for 5 minutes to obtain a homogenous suspension. Ten ml of the homogenous suspension were transferred to two sterile jars, i.e. one jar per group. The samples were then heated in a water bath at 95 degrees C (Group A) or 80 degrees C (Group B) for 15 minutes and cooled rapidly in an ice bath at 0- 4 degrees C during 15 minutes. Successive dilutions were performed until a final aliquot of 30 to 300 colony-forming units (CFU) was obtained. The inoculums were placed in Petri dishes with culture medium (soy extract, casein agar adapted for spores, melted and cooled to 45-50 degrees C) and incubated at 55 degrees C or 37 degrees C. Statistical analysis of the data was performed. A larger number of spores were found at 48 hours than at 24 hours. However, this finding did not hold true for all the groups. The present results show that monitoring viable spores pre-sterilization would guarantee the accuracy of the data. Total spore counts must be within 50 and 300% of the number of spores indicated in the biological control. The procedure is essential to guarantee the efficacy of the biological control.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1991

Noninvasive procedures in dermatology. Potential infective risks and need for sterility.

Although in the area of incisional surgery the level of sterile techniques has improved in recent years and approaches that of the surgical standards in other specialties, one cannot say the same with regard to some of the nonsurgical or semisurgical procedures. Here, unfortunately, there are even no standards to aim for and no guidelines to adopt. Since in the field of nonsurgical cosmetic skin care dermatologists have a unique position, we alone must shoulder the responsibility for setting the standards and determining the appropriate conditions for carrying out these procedures. Unfortunately, it appears that in certain of the dermatologic procedures not involving actual skin incision, the level of sterility has not improved for decades. In such dermatologic procedures there are marked discrepancies between the care taken to maintain a high degree of sterility of instruments that penetrate the skin, compared with the lack of attention to sterility of instruments that do not directly penetrate the skin and the area surrounding the procedure site. It seems that the guiding principle we must strive for is to prevent the transmission of infection from one patient to another. The emphasis should be not on sterility per se but on the prevention of transmission of disease from patient to patient.

Cross Infection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sterilization--where are we and what do we want?].

According to the estimation from the mid-eighties, about 135 million people were sterilized, 95 million females and 40 million males. In 1977, sterilization was legalized in Slovenia, in 1978 in Croatia. In the period from 1978 to 1989, 4,503 females and 654 males were sterilized in Slovenia. The majority of female sterilizations were performed in the interval and post partum (the third cesarean section), applying laparoscopy or mini-laparotomy according to Pomeroy, in some cases the obsolete Madlener technique, while vasectomies were performed by using the standard method. The accurate statistical data on complications are not available but are estimated to be minimal. Requests for a tubal or seminal duct reconstruction have been exceptional. With a higher number of sterilizations the incidence of induced abortions in women at the age of more than 35 years would be reduced and the use of contraception would be increased. Yugoslavia, besides Albania and the Soviet Union, was the last to resort to contraceptives.

Female↗
PubMed1991

Laparoscopic tubal sterilization under local anesthesia in women with cyanotic heart disease.

Laparoscopic tubal sterilization under local anesthesia with intravenous sedation has been shown to be a safe procedure. However, the use of laparoscopy in patients with cyanotic cardiovascular disease is controversial and is generally contraindicated. Five women were referred with uncorrectable cyanotic heart disease and pulmonary hypertension. The mean preoperative arterial oxygen pressure was 56.2 +/- 5 mmHg (N = 5). After cardiology and cardiovascular anesthesia consultation and clearance, the patients underwent laparoscopic sterilization with Silastic rings under local anesthesia using direct trocar entry. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring and pulse oximetry were employed. The patients were kept in the intensive care unit or the hospital for 24 hours for monitoring, and all did well. This hospital for 24 hours for monitoring, and all did well. This small retrospective series demonstrates that laparoscopic sterilization under local anesthesia is a sterilization technique that may be suitable and safe for such patients when appropriate monitoring is performed. Tubal sterilization may be the contraceptive method of choice in women with heart disease when pregnancy is contraindicated.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A scanning electron microscopic study of in vitro toxicity of ethylene-oxide-sterilized bone repair materials.

Polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA) have been under investigation for use in the management of hard- and soft-tissue wounds. Current research has included the incorporation of osteo-inductive substances into a PLA-PGA copolymer alloplastic implant material for enhancement of the healing of osseous defects. Conventional methods of sterilization--such as dry heat, steam heat, or 60Co--tend either to destroy or attenuate osteo-inductive activity and alter polymer biodegradation. Ethylene oxide (EO) gas sterilization is currently being tested as an alternate method. This study examined the relationship of EO-induced cytotoxicity to the length of time of polymer aeration following EO sterilization. Three groups of copolymer implant discs were studied: (1) 50:50 PLA-PGA copolymer, (2) PLA-PGA polymer with hydroxyapatite (HA), and (3) PLA-PGA with autolyzed, antigen-extracted (AA) bone particles. Polymer discs, as well as particulate HA and AA bone controls, were sterilized with EO for 12 hours. Following periods of two weeks, one week, one day, or no subsequent vacuum aeration, samples were placed into 24-well culture plates. A suspension of human fibroblasts was added to each well. Cell growth and attachment were permitted for 24 hours. Medium was then removed, and solutions for cell fixation, buffer washing, and dehydration were added to each well. SEM examination revealed changes in cell growth with increasing periods of aeration suggestive of increasing cell vitality. Cells growing on discs having no aeration were small, round, and lobulated, whereas those of seven to 14 days' aeration were more numerous, and flattened with many microvilli, pseudopodia, and dendritic processes, features consistent with normal cell morphology. These results suggest that EO-sterilized polymer implants should be aerated for least seven to 14 days prior to surgical use.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1989

[The effect of cesarean section deliveries on female sterilization in Puerto Rico].

For the last decades Puerto Rico has had the highest rate of female sterilization of the world. However, it was to be expected that the increasing trend will slow down with the appearance of new and effective birth control methods and the increasing educational level of the population. The data obtained from an island-wide sample survey undertaken in 1982 demonstrated that this was not the case and that the rate of female sterilization continued to increase. The authors hypothesis was that this unexpected situation was a result of the remarkable increase observed in cesarean childbirth in the Island. Thus, the main objective of this study was to examine the relationship between cesarean childbirth and female sterilization. Utilizing the 1982 sample survey data the authors demonstrated that surgical deliveries had increased so rapidly during the last decades that Puerto Rico seems to be the leading country of the world, confirming the findings of a 1980 study. These data also showed that there was a very strong association between cesarean childbirth and female sterilization. A partial correlation analysis tend to demonstrate that surgical delivery in Puerto Rico, is at present, a stronger determinant of female sterilization than fertility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Effects of different sterilizing techniques on osseous regeneration of grafted lyophilized cartilage].

The suitability of variably sterilized lyocartilage grafts as potential bone substitutes was investigated in animal experiments with special attention to configurational stability. In 3 Beagles corticocancellous implant beds were prepared by box-type ostectomies and lyophilized costal cartilage blocks sterilized with X-rays,ethylene oxide gas and beta-propriolactone solution were placed into them. Implants sterilized with X-rays and beta-propriolactone appeared to be unsuited for recontouring facial bone defects, since they showed complete loss of configuration after a follow-up time of 125 and 230 days, respectively. By contrast, cartilage implants sterilized with ethylene oxide gas retained their configuration after no less than 328 days. In light of these results, methods for sterilizing other biomaterials should be re-considered.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Post-ligation syndrome: a follow-up of 556 cases, 5 to 8 years after tubal sterilization].

Five to eight years later, we obtained an answer in 66.3% of 556 patients who had a sterilization between January 1978 and end of December 1981, in order to find any complication forming the so called Post-sterilization Syndrome. We traced back 80.6% of 62 patients who showed a genital pathology at the time of their surgery. We also could obtain an answer in 64.6% of 494 patients who had no apparent genital pathology at the time of their sterilization. We found that 12 patients of the first and 25 patients of the second group (10%) had suffered a major gynecological surgery since their sterilization. But in studying their records, we found that all their surgery was surgically indicated like for fibroids, prolapse, cervical cancer, etc. Three patients of the first and 16 patients of the second group (5%) showed bleeding problems which necessitated a D & C. In all, considering the age of the patients, there was no relationship between the sterilization and the rate of complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Laparoscopic sterilization of the bitch and queen by uterine horn occlusion.

Laparoscopic sterilization techniques, originally developed for use in women, were evaluated in the bitch and queen. In the first study (study I), the uterine horns of 6 bitches and 3 queens were occluded by electrocoagulation or plastic clips. The sites of occlusion were midway along the length of 1 cornus and at the uterotubal junction on the contralateral side. Both procedures effectively occluded the uterine horns, as evidenced by a distinctly visible separation of the reproductive tract. Laparoscopic examination 1 year after surgery revealed an enlarged, thin-walled, and fluid-filled uterine segment cranial to the midcornus occlusion sites in all animals. The contralateral horn was normal in appearance, except for the separation from the ovarian bursa. Three of the bitches developed pyometra (confined to the distended uterine segment) at 24 months, at 53 months, and at 72 months after sterilization, respectively. In a subsequent study (study II), 1 adult and 5 prepubertal bitches were sterilized by laparoscopic electrocoagulation of both uterine horns at the uterotubal junction adjacent to the ovarian bursa. Upon reexamination 1, 2, and 4 years later, the uterine horns of these females were normal in appearance, but were separated from the adjacent ovarian bursae. These females continued to be clinically healthy. Laparoscopic sterilization offers a rapid and safe alternative to ovariohysterectomy and, because of its minor invasive nature, can be performed on young, prepubertal animals. Such a procedure may have particular value as a simple, practical means of sterilizing dogs and cats on a mass basis.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Care and sterilization of endourologic instruments.

All endourologic instruments must be handled properly if they are to continue to function properly. Care must be taken in washing and sterilizing of this equipment, as not all endoscopic equipment can endure all methods, and people who are working with these instruments must be taught the proper care and sterilization methods of each. For example, fiberoptic telescopes and light cables must never be autoclaved; ethylene oxide is the method of choice. Disinfectant is an alternative. Loops, sheaths, high-frequency cables, resectoscopes, and working elements should be sterilized by ethylene oxide. Loops and high-frequency cables should not be soaked in a disinfectant, but other instruments may be soaked. All instruments should be dried before sterilization. Too much emphasis cannot be placed on the importance of proper storage of these very fragile fiberoptic instruments. With proper care and sterilization, these instruments will need fewer repairs and function properly for a longer time.

Disposable Equipment↗
PubMed1988

An elucidation of factors influencing physicians' willingness to perform elective female sterilization.

When a woman requests sterilization, how does her physician decide whether to operate? To answer this question, we analyzed the responses of 341 gynecologists to a survey consisting of clinical vignettes using a new statistical technique, conjoint analysis. The patient factors found to be statistically significant (all P less than .00005), in order, were age, parity/timing, and race. Other significant factors (all P less than .05) were marital status, family income, and educational level. Within those factors, physicians were most willing to sterilize older, postpartum, parous, black, married, poor, or well-educated women. Groups of physicians analyzed by age, gender, race, practice locale, practice type, religion, and religiosity were remarkably similar in their ordering. By a separate analysis, physicians were more willing to sterilize a diabetic woman than a woman in good health. This study supports the conclusions that factors including age, parity, timing, race, and health influence some gynecologists' decisions to sterilize and that not all gynecologists are willing to sterilize all patients.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

A profile of 125 women requesting reversal of sterilization.

A series of 125 consecutive requests from patients in a private practice for reversal of sterilization has been analysed. Most of the women (65,6%) had changed their marital status since the sterilization, 93,9% of these having been divorced (most of whom remarried--73,1% of the new husbands being younger than their wives and 89,6% marrying for the first time) and 6,1% widowed. In the 34,4% in whom there had been no change in marital status, a reappraisal and the wish to have another baby, sometimes consequent upon the death of a child (16,3%) or an improvement in health (7,0%) led to the request for reversal of sterilization. At the time of sterilization 64,8% of the women had been under the age of 30 years, and 82 (65,6%) had not had a stable marriage. This indicates that very careful counselling should be carried out before sterilizing patients, and also before considering reversal of the operation.

Adult↗
PubMed1969

The potential use of sterile hybrid males for the eradication of member species of the Anopheles gambiae complex.

The eradication of certain insect pests of medical importance has already been achieved in some countries by inundation of the natural populations with sterilized insects.The crossing of member species of the Anopheles gambiae complex results in the production of vigorous competitive males which are sterile. Crosses between the males of the freshwater species, provisionally called species A and B, and the females of the saltwater species A. melas and A. merus result in F(1) generations almost entirely composed of males, which again are sterile.This paper reports the results of cage experiments in which adult sterile males from these latter crosses were added to normal males and females in varying proportions and larval seeding experiments in which larvae known to produce virtually nothing but sterile males were added to normal larvae in varying proportions, reared together and the adults allowed to emerge together and mate.Both series of experiments resulted in a significant reduction in the fecundity of the females and, in the adult series, strong evidence of superior mating ability of the sterile males was given.The potentiality of this method of species eradication is discussed in relation to present difficulties experienced in the control or eradication of A. gambiae-transmitted malaria.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Sterilization of plastic culture boxes by formaldehyde vapour (author's transl)].

Various experiments showed that plastic culture boxes may be sterilized by formaldehyde vapour in an exsiccator. Detectable quanties of formaldehyde were no longer found to be present when the dishes had been stored at room temperature for 24 hours after sterilization. A striking fature in these experiments consisted in the fact that colonies failed to grow on those agar plates, the surfaces of which had been in contact with formaldehyde vapour. The dishes used should be meticulously cleaned as studies showed that complete sterilization was not achieved when bacteria were present in or on agar. When Petri dishes cleansed in alcohol and then sterilized were used in assessing aerobic bacterial counts in minced meat by the mixed plate technique, significantly higher average numbers of colonies were recorded than was the case when commercially available sterilized Petri dishes were used. When the streak plate method was adopted, however, no significant differences were observed. When all the required manoeuvres are performed with meticulous care, the method is a practicable one ensuring that plastic culture boxes may be used again several times.

Formaldehyde↗
PubMed1983

Complications in 8509 laparoscopic Falope ring sterilizations performed under local anaesthesia.

During the 3-year period 1 January 1980-31 December 1982, 8509 laparoscopic Falope ring sterilizations were performed under local anaesthesia in rural areas of the Cape Province by the Sterilization Service of Tygerberg Hospital. Despite the fact that 476 of the patients had undergone previous lower abdominal surgery, major complications (anaphylactic shock after injection of lignocaine and inadvertent perforation of the bladder by the trocar) occurred in only 2 cases. It was not possible to complete the sterilization under local anaesthesia in 98 cases, resulting in a technical failure rate of 1.15%. A prospective study of the minor complications encountered among the 193 patients sterilized during November 1982 showed that torn tubes occurred in 3.1% and uterine perforation in 2.1%. This can be partially explained by the fact that evidence of previous pelvic infection was seen during laparoscopy in 9.3% of cases. The pregnancy rate after sterilization was 0.28% for the group as a whole.

Anesthesia, Local↗