A-B type and the relationship between police officers and ghetto citizens.
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Adult↗
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Results for “SOCIAL CONDITIONS”
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Psychosocial differences between Dutch male and female transsexuals.
One-hundred sixty-eight male and 55 female transsexuals, in hormonal treatment at the Gender Foundation in Amsterdam, were compared with respect to psychosocial characteristics. Results indicated that females more frequently had displayed cross-gender behavior during childhood than males, that they cross-dressed more often, and that, contrary to males, none had married in her anatomical sex. Females also applied for surgical gender reassignment at an earlier age than did males. More of the females lived in a stable relationship with a partner of their own biological sex. Relations with the parental home were better for females than for males, and the former were more often employed or enrolled in a study. No significant differences existed with respect to psychiatric treatment, substance abuse, or attempted suicides. It is concluded that unambiguous cross-gender behavior is more common in female than in male transsexuals and that the social conditions of the female are more satisfactory. However, a relatively high incidence of psychiatric treatment and attempted suicides indicates severe psychological problems in both the male and female groups.
Adult↗
Adolf Meyer lecture. The future of psychiatry--a Hobson's choice?
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Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Policemen and policework: a psychodynamic understanding.
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Aggression↗
Family investigations in idiopathic hypercalciuria.
We analysed some genetic and environmental factors influencing renal (RH) and absorptive hypercalciuria (AH) the main subtypes of idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH). Their distinction is essential in the prevention and treatment of urolithiasis. Twenty-one children admitted for renal stones had IH (8 RH and 13 AH). Their families were investigated with the participation of a total of 68 family members including 62 first-degree relatives. They were all normocalcaemic. Their urinary calcium excretion was measured on at least two occasions, and they underwent a calcium restriction--calcium loading test. Each subject was interviewed with reference to medical history, drug administration, social conditions, and nutritional habits. Pedigree analysis suggested a higher rate of familiarity and autosomal dominant inheritance of RH whereas no such pattern was found among the relatives of patients with AH. The interviews disclosed a distinct preference for calcium-rich foods in subjects with AH, while RH and normocalciuric individuals preferred a low-calcium diet. We conclude that the subtypes of IH are genetically different. RH is most probably inherited as an autosomal dominant trait (or has at least an autosomal dominant form), whereas AH is more likely to be associated with nutritional factors.
Adolescent↗
On closing the gender gap: increasing the value of women in India.
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Female↗
Advance directives. Good, bad or indifferent.
The author writes about various alternatives once decisional capacity is lost. So-called advance directives come in two forms: the living will and an appointed proxy for health care. The US--were these have been legally binding for over 20 years in all states--is a useful laboratory for studying the effect. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed. In some civilizations decisions about all such matters are made in different ways--these are not superior or inferior but simply different. In the US with its shameful social conditions for a large part of the population more important problems need to be addressed. In civilizations which have at least basic medical care for all, discussing such documents becomes far more important. The EU is likely to make some form of advance directive have legal standing. The last 20 or more years that they have been utilized in the US may provide experience important for the time when the EU also makes such documents legally binding.
Advance Directives↗
Patients' and their relatives' causal explanations of schizophrenia.
BACKGROUND: Previous studies with schizophrenia patients and their relatives which have been carried out in the western part of Germany and in Austria have demonstrated a strong tendency towards assuming psychosocial stress as a cause of schizophrenia. The question arises as to whether patients with schizophrenia and their relatives in the eastern part of Germany (former German Democratic Republic) share these beliefs. METHODS: Problem-centered interviews were conducted with 100 schizophrenia patients living in the catchment area of the university hospital who were in psychiatric outpatient treatment. Thirty-six relatives were also interviewed at the same time. RESULTS: Both patients and relatives most frequently reported psychosocial stress as a cause of the illness. Sixty-two per cent of the patients and 86 % of the relatives reported more than one cause. However, the majority of them did not explicitly link these causes to one another. DISCUSSION: Similarities between the results of this study and those of previous studies prevail. However, there are some differences with regard to the role attributed to socialisation and society. Whereas there is a stronger tendency to hold the family responsible for the illness in the West, in the East the social conditions are more frequently considered to be of etiological relevance. Inconsistencies between patients' and relatives' beliefs and the results of psychiatric research on the causes of schizophrenia suggest a need to provide specific psychoeducation for both.
Adolescent↗
Psychiatric disorders in Sardinian immigrants to Paris: a comparison with Parisians and Sardinians resident in Sardinia.
BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to compare the prevalence of ICD-10 psychiatric disorders in a community sample of subjects of Sardinian origin resident in Paris (here "immigrants"), of the general Parisian population ("Parisians") and of Sardinians resident in Sardinia ("Sardinians"). METHODS: The sample of immigrants was obtained by contacting a fifth of all households with a Sardinian surname in Paris telephone directories. The other samples have already been partially described in previous studies. All subjects were interviewed using the CIDIS, a shortened version of the structured WHO interview CIDI. RESULTS: High or very high response rates were achieved in all studies. The final sample sizes were: 153 immigrants, 2,260 Parisians and 1,040 Sardinians. Immigrants showed high rates of depressive disorders, as did Parisians, and high rates of anxiety disorders, as did Sardinians. The immigrants' offspring (second-generation immigrants) seemed to be particularly at risk for depression, drug-abuse and bulimia. Elderly Sardinians who had returned to Sardinia after a long period of emigration showed an increased risk of dysthymia. The presence of a confidential relationship had a protective effect. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with previous findings which suggest a greater risk of anxiety disorders in Southern Europe and of depression in Northern European countries. Immigrants in this study seem to present a particularly unfavourable pattern of mental disorders compared to both origin and host populations. The role of social support, use of mental health services and social conditions of second-generation immigrants should be analysed in greater depth.
Adult↗
[History of orthopedics in East Germany 1949-1990].
The following article deals with the essential aspects of the history of German orthopedics between 1949 and 1990 in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Starting from the prevailing situation after World War II, the growth of orthopedic care in the GDR is described and the development of national orthopedic centers in the former GDR is summarized. In this context, reference is made to those public figures who played a leading role in this process, in particular F. Löffler, P.F. Scheel, and P.F. Matzen. In addition, the influence of social conditions in the GDR on the development of orthopedics and the resultant constraints are presented. Moreover, this contribution depicts the progress of orthopedic science in the former GDR and describes such salient aspects as the appearance of the specialized journal Beiträge zur Orthopädie und Traumatologie (Essays on Orthopedics and Traumatology), the Gesellschaft für Orthopädie der DDR (Association for Orthopedics in the GDR), and the annual conferences held by the this association.
Congresses as Topic↗
Factors affecting the daily rhythm of body temperature of captive mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus).
Microcebus murinus, a small nocturnal Malagasy primate, exhibits adaptive energy-saving strategies such as daily hypothermia and gregarious patterns during diurnal rest. To determine whether ambient temperature (T(a)), food restriction and nest sharing can modify the daily body temperature (T(b)) rhythm, T(b) was recorded by telemetry during winter in six males exposed to different ambient temperatures (T(a) = 25, 20, 15 degrees C) and/or to a total food restriction for 3 days depending on social condition (isolated versus pair-grouped). At 25 degrees C, the daily rhythm of T(b) was characterized by high T(b) values during the night and lower values during the day. Exposure to cold significantly decreased minimal T(b) values and lengthened the daily hypothermia. Under food restriction, minimal T(b) values were also markedly lowered. The combination of food restriction and cold induced further increases in duration and depth of torpor bouts, minimal T(b) reaching a level just above T(a). Although it influenced daily hypothermia less than environmental factors, nest sharing modified effects of cold and food restriction previously observed by lengthening duration of torpor but without increasing its depth. In response to external conditions, mouse lemurs may thus adjust their energy expenditures through daily modifications of both the duration and the depth of torpor.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
[The research course in geriatrics at the Robert Bosch Foundation--new scientific geriatric academicians from a German view].
The medical needs of the aging population, accentuated by demographic changes, are poorly reflected by the present academic medical training programs. Geriatric medicine does not receive the attention it should have to meet the rapidly increasing demands of the aging population. This is true for Germany but also for Switzerland and Austria as well as many other European countries. The Robert Bosch Foundation with the goal of improving social conditions and scientific competence through innovative projects is engaged in improving the situation of the aging population by a number of projects. Aware of the deficits in geriatric medicine and in response to the need of a training program in academic geriatric medicine, the Foundation initiated a research training program in Geriatrics in 2002 together with initially five now seven academic centers in Germany and Switzerland. The program is aimed at young researchers having graduated in medicine and interested in a career in academic geriatric medicine. Two types of grants are given: an early career award for young postdocs at the beginning of their scientific training for two years and a mid career stipend for medical scientists coming from other disciplines and interested in a career in geriatric medicine. The goal of the training program is developing competence in clinical research and in geriatric medicine. A research council advises the Foundation in the grant allocation and monitors the program as well as the individual progress of the award recipients. Currently, 10 trainees are in the program. The initiative of the Robert Bosch Foundation is an enormous help to establish academic geriatric medicine in Germany.
Biomedical Research↗
Ecological and social effects on reproduction and local recruitment in the red-backed shrike.
Numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain variation in reproductive performance and local recruitment of animals. While most studies have examined the influence of one or a few social and ecological factors on fitness traits, comprehensive analyses jointly testing the relative importance of each of many factors are rare. We investigated how a multitude of environmental and social conditions simultaneously affected reproductive performance and local recruitment of the red-backed shrike Lanius collurio (L.). Specifically, we tested hypotheses relating to timing of breeding, parental quality, nest predation, nest site selection, territory quality, intraspecific density and weather. Using model selection procedures, predictions of each hypothesis were first analysed separately, before a full model was constructed including variables selected in the single-hypothesis tests. From 1988 to 1992, 50% of 332 first clutches produced at least one fledgling, while 38.7% of 111 replacement clutches were successful. Timing of breeding, nest site selection, predation pressure, territory quality and intraspecific density influenced nest success in the single-hypothesis tests. The full model revealed that nest success was negatively associated with laying date, intraspecific density, and year, while nest success increased with nest concealment. Number of fledglings per successful nest was only influenced by nest concealment: better-camouflaged nests produced more fledglings. Probability of local recruitment was related to timing of breeding, parental quality and territory quality in the single-hypothesis tests. The full models confirmed the important role of territory quality for recruitment probability. Our results suggest that reproductive performance, and particularly nest success, of the red-backed shrike is primarily affected by timing of breeding, nest site selection, and intraspecific density. This study highlights the importance of considering many factors at the same time, when trying to evaluate their relative contributions to fitness and life history evolution.
Altitude↗
Prediction of success in the first-year exam in the study of medicine--a prospective survey.
OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of students' success in the first-year exam in a new curriculum in the study of medicine in Vienna. DESIGN: We tested 11 topics (including socio-demographic variables, family background, school performance, economic situation, living conditions, social integration and health, learning capacity, study motivation and ability to cope with stress) for their relevance in terms of study success in a prospective study of an unselected student sample. Data were collected from questionnaires filled in by 674 first-year students (50.8% of the total number of 1327 new students) who enrolled in the academic year 2002/03. MAIN OUTCOME: Comparison of students who passed the first-year exam with students who failed identified four predictors: male sex, German mother tongue, performance in secondary school and learning capacity. CONCLUSIONS: The new curriculum exerted subliminal selectivity; the predictive powers of school marks and subjective learning capacity were confirmed; the influence of a student's sex should be investigated further; the influence of mother tongue requires modification of pre-study courses for foreign students.
Age Distribution↗
Trafficked female sex workers awaiting deportation: comparison with brothel workers.
In 2002, we researched the psychosocial characteristics of 55 women working in the commercial brothel-based sex industry in three Israeli cities. This previous social epidemiological study focused exclusively on women working in brothels and the brothel owners consented to their interviews, suggesting that this might be a sample of the most organized brothels with the best social conditions. We therefore decided to study a second sample obtained by different referral methods. The sample consisted of 49 women in a detention center who are awaiting judicial hearings for deportation. This prison sample of sex workers is strikingly similar to the previously studied sample of sex workers working in brothels in terms of demographic features and working conditions. A higher percentage of the prison sample reported depression and somatic symptoms. However, this finding is consistent with a reaction to being arrested and awaiting deportation. Guided by a life course perspective, in the combined sample, we examined whether early exposure to trauma, motherhood and early entry into sex work affected current health and mental health. Those who were mothers were likely to have entered sex work at a later age but no other aspect of their working conditions differed from the non-mothers suggesting that motherhood per se did not appreciably change the experience of these mostly trafficked women sex workers. Early exposure to trauma increased the likelihood for work-related trauma, poor health and mental health outcomes.
Adolescent↗
Inner city disadvantage and family functioning.
The co-existence of types of social, environmental and family disadvantage and domains of family dysfunction is explored through individual interviews and use of the Family Assessment Device in a cross-sectional study of 143 inner city families. The dependence upon social welfare by the family and the overall degree of disadvantage experienced both correlate significantly with all forms of family dysfunction. Marital disruption, poor physical care of the home or of the child(ren) and poor quality of mothering correlate significantly with difficulties both in role allocation and in affective involvement. Those families suffering more types of environmental disadvantage are more likely also to be dysfunctional in each domain of family life. Some possible mechanisms for these associations are highlighted and their implications for planning of effective interventions discussed.
Adolescent↗
The Stroke in Italy and Related Impact on Outcome (SIRIO) study: design and baseline data.
The SIRIO study collected detailed information on the stroke care of patients treated in neurological departments in Italy. This report refers to the baseline profile of patients. Each centre recorded the incident cases of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, excluding SAH, for 1-4 months. Baseline data include demographics, risk factors, comorbidities, pre-event medications, social conditions, NIHSS and Rankin scale on entry, Barthel Index pre-event, diagnostic tests and treatments applied on entry. Overall, 3018 patients (56.7% men; mean age 72.1+/-12.2 years) with ischaemic (85.3%) or haemorrhagic stroke were hospitalised in 103 centres; 51% arrived by ambulance. Median time to hospital was 140 min (RIQ: 60-615). TOAST classification of the 2573 ischaemic strokes was: 29.4% large-artery atherosclerosis, 24.6% cardioembolic, 26.2% small vessels occlusion, 6.5% other determined causes and 13.3% undetermined. CT and/or MR were performed in all patients. Total Greenfield's comorbidity score was 5.4+/-3.5. Mean Barthel Index pre-event was 93+/-17; Rankin score on entry was 4-5 in 48% of the patients and 0-1 in 25%. Mean NIHSS on entry was 7.1+/-5.4; 52% of the patients had a NHISS <6 and 1% >22. SIRIO began giving the expected insights on the in-hospital management of stroke in Italy. Further information will be provided by the longitudinal phase of the study, which is in progress. Pre-event patient management and mode of reporting call for additional educational actions.
Age Factors↗