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PubMed1993

Interaction between the joints in the shoulder mechanism: the function of the costoclavicular, conoid and trapezoid ligaments.

By developing a measurement method based on the palpation of bony landmarks, the three-dimensional positions of the scapula and clavicle can be measured at several angles of humerus elevation. An analysis of these measurements shows the interaction between all joints of the shoulder mechanism. With the help of a biomechanical shoulder model the role of some of the extracapsular ligaments in the motion pattern of scapula and clavicle can be derived. In addition, the interaction between the rotations in the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints is shown, and the possible implications for the treatment of joint problems in the shoulder are discussed.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2001

Polymelia with two extra forelimbs at the right scapular region in a male Korean native calf.

In a male Korean native calf 14 days of age, polymelia (notomelia) was observed macroscopically and radiographically. External features included two normal forelimbs, two normal hindlimbs and two undeveloped extra forelimbs. The extra forelimbs were attached to the caudal regions of the right scapula and devoid of muscular tissues. In the extra forelimbs, a scapula-like bone formed a joint with the incompletely duplicated humerus. The humerus fused with the incompletely duplicated radius. The ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones and phalanges were completely duplicated. But one set of the duplicated carpal bones consisted of five bones: radial, accessory, fourth carpal, fused second and third carpal, and fused ulnar and intermediate carpal bones. The hoof and the rudimentary hoof of accessory digit were duplicated.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Kinesio taping in stroke: improving functional use of the upper extremity in hemiplegia.

The purpose of this article is to present the Kinesio taping method used to improve the upper extremity function in the adult with hemiplegia. The article discusses various therapeutic methods used in the treatment of stroke patients to achieve a functional upper extremity. The only taping technique for various upper extremity conditions that has been described in the literature is the athletic taping technique. In this article, some interpretation is offered on proper assessment of the nonfunctional upper extremity, including the emphasis on postural alignment, trunk control, and scapula alignment. The Kinesio taping method in conjunction with other therapeutic interventions may facilitate or inhibit muscle function, support joint structure, reduce pain, and provide proprioceptive feedback to achieve and maintain preferred body alignment. Restoring trunk and scapula alignment after the stroke is critical in an effective treatment program for the upper extremity in hemiplegia.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Radiographic studies on maturation process of secondary ossification centers in long bones of the Japanese white rabbit.

The maturation process of the secondary ossification centers of the extremities was radiographically investigated in the Japanese white rabbit of both sexes aged 1 day to 78 weeks. The ossification centers appeared at 1 day of age in the proximal and distal epiphyses of humerus, the head of femur, the distal epiphysis of femur and the proximal epiphysis of tibia, at 1 week of age in the supraglenoid tubercle of scapula, the proximal and distal epiphyses of radius, the proximal and distal epiphyses of ulna, the greater trochanter of femur, the distal epiphysis of tibia and the distal epiphysis of fibula, and at 2 weeks of age in the proximal epiphysis of fibula. The ossification centers developed rapidly from the time of appearance to 8 weeks of age, and gradually thereafter until 32 weeks of age. By 78 weeks of age, the complete fusion with the diaphysis was observed in the supraglenoid tubercle of scapula, the proximal and distal epiphyses of humerus, the head and distal epiphysis of femur. Incomplete fusion, leaving an epiphyseal line, was found in the proximal and distal epiphyses of radius, ulna, tibia and fibula, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[The experimental errors in measuring the size of bones in mice].

An experiment was conducted with 236 mice (3-9 weeks of age) to determine the bias in taking soft-X-ray photograph, and systematic and random errors of the values measured with a picture analyzer. Sites measured are length of scapula (SCAL), humerus (HUML), ulna (ULNL), coxae (COXL), femur (FEML), tibia (TIBL), thoracic vertebrae (VTL), lumbar vertebrae (VLL) and sacral vertebrae (VSL), and width of scapula (SCAW) and coxae (COXW). Systematic bias peculiar to the procedure was found in the values of bones measured. The X-ray photograph caused the downward bias to the length of sacral vertebrae alone, but did not to others. The standard errors of measurements (squared root of error variance) with picture analyzer ranged between 0.12 and 0.24 mm and had no apparent relationship to the size of bone.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Growth of skeletal bones and their sexual differences in mice.

An experiment was conducted in 76 mice (3 to 9 weeks of age) to investigate the characteristics in growth of major skeletal bones and their sexual differences. The length of ulna, radius, femur and tibia attained their maximum growth rate at earlier age, and showed no sexual difference in their growth patterns. Scapula length and width, humerus length and os coxae width reached the maximum growth rate at a later age than the forearm and shank, and showed no sexual difference in their growth, although those bones presented larger adult sizes for male than female. The length of vertebrae showed significant sexual differences in their growth patterns and adult sizes, except for lumber vertebrae. A significant sex difference in body weight caused the sexual differences in relative growth of bones to body weight. According to their relative growth to the length of humerus, the skeletal bones could be well grouped into three categories. A significant sexual difference was seen in the relative growth of scapula length. In general, it seemed that the bones growing in a vertical direction grew earlier than the bones growing in a horizontal direction, especially those of the forearm and shank. The results obtained in mice were in good agreement with the findings in pigs.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Postural assessment of girls between 7 and 10 years of age.

UNLABELLED: Postural alterations are often found in children and teenagers. In this stage of development, the posture undergoes many adjustments and adaptations due to changes of the body and to demanding psychosocial factors. PURPOSE: To identify which postural alterations occur most often in students between 7 and 10 years of age, to identify preventive measures, and to provide information to parents and teachers about the problem of bad posture. METHODS: Thirty three girls in each of 4 age groups between 7 and 10 years of age were assessed, resulting in a sample of 132 subjects. Photos of each girl in the sagittal and frontal planes were examined for postural deviations. RESULTS: The main postural deviations found were knock-knee, medial rotation of the hip, antepulsion, pelvic anteversion, knee hyperextension, lumbar hyperlordosis, valgus ankle, imbalanced shoulders, lateral pelvic inclination, scoliosis, trunk rotation, thoracic hyperkyphosis, winged scapula, shoulder protraction, abducted scapula, medial rotation of shoulders, and head tilt. CONCLUSION: High incidences of postural alterations occur in children of school age. Some of these reflect normal postural development, and get corrected during the child's growth. On the other hand, some alterations are asymmetries that can be caused by daily demands on the body and can result in negative impacts on the quality of life during childhood and adulthood. We emphasize the importance of providing information to parents and teachers about the problem of bad posture.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Dynamic glenohumeral stability provided by the rotator cuff muscles in the mid-range and end-range of motion. A study in cadavera.

BACKGROUND: Both static and dynamic factors are responsible for glenohumeral joint stability. We hypothesized that dynamic factors could potentially operate throughout the entire range of glenohumeral motion, although capsuloligamentous restraints (a static factor) have been thought to be primarily responsible for stability in the end-range of motion. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively compare the dynamic glenohumeral joint stability in the end-range of motion (the position of anterior instability) with that in the mid-range by investigating the force components generated by the rotator cuff muscles. METHODS: Ten fresh-frozen shoulders from human cadavera were obtained, and all soft tissues except the rotator cuff were removed. The glenohumeral capsule was resected after the rotator cuff muscles had been released from the scapula. A specially designed frame positioned the humerus in 60 degrees of abduction and 45 degrees of extension with respect to the scapula. The compressive and shear components on the glenoid were measured before and after a constant force was applied individually to each muscle with the humerus in five different positions (from neutral to 90 degrees of external rotation). The dynamic stability index, a new biomechanical parameter reflecting these force components and the concavity-compression mechanism, was calculated. The higher the dynamic stability index, the greater the dynamic glenohumeral stability. RESULTS: In the mid-range of motion, the supraspinatus and subscapularis provided higher dynamic stability indices than did the other muscles (p < 0.05). On the other hand, when the position of anterior instability was simulated in the end-range of motion, the subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor provided significantly higher dynamic stability indices than did the supraspinatus (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The rotator cuff provided substantial anterior dynamic stability to the glenohumeral joint in the end-range of motion as well as in the mid-range. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A glenohumeral joint with a lax capsule and ligaments might be stabilized dynamically in the end-range of motion if the glenoid concavity is maintained and the function of the external and internal rotators, which are efficient stabilizers in this position, is enhanced.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Bone that best matches the properties of the mandible.

OBJECTIVE: The main advantage of primary oromandibular reconstruction using free vascularized bone-containing flaps is improved oral function from (1) the maintenance of mandibular and soft tissue architecture and (2) dental rehabilitation through osseointegrated implants. Bone dimensions, volume, quality, and the ability of the bone to withstand masticatory forces are important factors in achieving successful osseointegration. Previous studies have objectively examined the dimensions of bones used in oromandibular reconstruction, but few have addressed their biomechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to compare the dimensional and biomechanical properties of the bones commonly used in oromandibular reconstruction with those of the mandible. METHODS: Eleven formalin-fixed cadavers were used. The mandibles, fibulae, iliac crests, scapulae, clavicles, second metatarsals, radii, and anterior ribs were harvested. Measurements of the dimensions of the bones were made with calipers at multiple sites. Three-point break strength and screw pulling force tests were then performed on all of the bones. RESULTS: The fibulae, iliac crests, and clavicles had dimensions that best matched those of the mandible. The three-point break strength and screw pulling force tests were consistently the highest for the mandibles and fibulae, followed by the clavicles, scapulae, iliac crests, metatarsals, radii, and ribs, in that order. CONCLUSIONS: The fibula is the bone that best matches the properties of the mandible.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Styles of modulation of emotional behavior: relationship with myographic tension and morphology of the shoulder.

We examined the morphology of the shoulder through anthropometric measures and the style of modulation of emotions of 54 women. The hypothesis was that the morphology of the shoulder (angles related to the position of the scapula, etc.) can be considered as partially inhibited gestures. The hypothesized relationship between emotions and shape of the shoulder is supported by the suggestion that some aspects of the morphology of the shoulder, as, for example, the habitual position of the scapulae, are an expression of particular gestures. The research indicates interesting relationships between morphological aspects of the shoulder and styles of modulation of emotion. These are discussed within the framework of a psychophysiological model.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Scapulothoracic muscle fatigue associated with alterations in scapulohumeral rhythm kinematics during maximum resistive shoulder elevation.

Clinical examinations and biomechanical analysis of the shoulder often include an assessment of the scapulohumeral rhythm. It is important to understand factors which may affect the scapulohumeral rhythm so that optimal diagnostic and therapeutic strategies can be devised. The purpose of this study was to determine if the scapulohumeral rhythm, when assessed under dynamic conditions, is altered as a result of a fatigue-inducing exercise. Twenty-five subjects were required to elevate their arm against maximum resistance until they were no longer able to completely elevate their arm. Three-dimensional kinematics were measured using an electromagnetic tracking system. Electromyographic activity was recorded from the upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and the middle deltoid muscles. Power frequency spectrum using the Fast Fourier Transform and the root mean square signal amplitudes were determined for each muscle. The scapulohumeral rhythm was determined using least squares regressions of humeral elevation to scapular upward rotation for 20% intervals (phases) of elevation for each subject. The results showed that during the midrange of elevation to maximum elevation [phases 3-5 (60-150 degrees)], the scapulohumeral rhythm decreased with fatigue, and that the decrease in the scapulohumeral rhythm was associated with myoelectric indicators of fatigue (median power frequency). The study suggests that shoulder fatigue affects the way in which the scapula moves concomitantly with the humerus. Fatigue tends to result in increased motion of the scapula, which alters the scapulohumeral rhythm.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Reliability of function-related tests in patients with shoulder pathologies.

STUDY DESIGN: Nonexperimental. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the intertester and intratester reliability of a battery of function-related tests in patients with shoulder pathologies and associated reduced range of motion. BACKGROUND: A battery of function-related tests has the potential to complement assessment of functional limitation in patients who have shoulder pathologies. METHODS AND MEASURES: Three function-related tests (hand to neck, hand to scapula, and hand to opposite scapula) were conducted on 46 patients with shoulder pathologies, and 46 age- and gender-matched control subjects. The tests were performed by 2 independent physiotherapists to test intertester reliability. Intratester reliability was examined by investigating the reproducibility of the tests performed twice, with 3 to 5 days between tests, by the same physiotherapist. Comparison of the scores on the function-related tests between patients and controls was evaluated. A correlation matrix was calculated to test the level of association among the tests. RESULTS: Intratester and intertester reliability on the 3 tests (weighted K) varied from 0.83 to 0.90. The patient's test performances were decreased in comparison to the control group. The correlation matrix demonstrated a level of associations among the 3 tests varying from r = 0.64 to r = 0.66. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that function-related tests are reliable and could be used in clinical practice to document reduced function of the shoulder. The level of association among the tests indicates that each test measured different aspects of shoulder function.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The rhomboideus capitis in man--correctly named rare muscular variation.

This is the third original report on the rhomboideus capitis muscle in man, as far as the author is aware. In the earlier descriptions, the muscle was named as the occipito-scapularis and the rhomboideus-occipitalis or capitis. The muscle was situated on the left side of the neck as a muscular band attached cranially to the occipital bone and caudally to the scapula and was closely related to the splenius capitis and the levator scapulae. A revision of previous descriptions and a brief comparative note on the rhomboideus muscle is given.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2004

Longitudinal development of equine conformation from weanling to age 3 years in the Thoroughbred.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: There is little information available to define conformational changes with age using an objective but practical method of recording specific body measurements. OBJECTIVE: To analyse conformation objectively in a population of racing Thoroughbreds and describe the changes from weanling to age 3 years. METHODS: Annual photographs were taken over 4 years and conformation measurements made from photographs using specific reference points marked on the horses. RESULTS: Correlation analysis revealed highly significant, moderate to strong relationships between long bone lengths and wither height for all ages. All long bone lengths showed moderate to strong relationships with each other for all ages. The front and rear pastern angles were significantly correlated with the angle of the dorsal surface of the front and rear hooves, respectively, for all. Wither height, croup height and length of neck topline, neck bottomline, scapula, humerus, radius and femur increased significantly from age 0-1 year and age 1-2 years. Hoof lengths (medial and lateral, right and left) grew significantly between the ages of 0 and 1 and 1 and 2 years, but decreased in length between age 2 and 3 years. Horses became more offset in the right limb between weanling and age 3 years, but the offset ratios did not change with age on the left limb. The angle of the scapula (I), shoulder and radiometacarpus significantly increased between all age groups (became more upright). The angle of the dorsal surface of the hooves (both front and hind) decreased significantly from ages 0 to 1 and 1 to 2 years, but showed no significant difference between ages 2 and 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: A strong relationship between long bone lengths and wither height for all ages supports the theory that horses are proportional. Longitudinal bone growth in the distal limb increased only 5-7% from weanling to age 3 years and is presumably completed prior to the yearling year. Several growth measures increased from ages 0 to 1 and 1 to 2 years, but did not increase from age 2-3 years; indicating that growth rate either slowed or reached a plateau at this time. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: This study provides objective information regarding conformation and skeletal growth in the Thoroughbred which can be utilised for selection and recognition of significant conformational abnormalities.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Relationship of sex, strain, and body weight to carcass yield and offal production in turkeys.

Three strains of male and female market turkeys (British United Turkeys, Hybrid, and Nicholas) were grown under commercial contract production conditions and slaughtered at a range of BW (4,200 to 17,640 g) and age (13 to 22 wk) that covers the range of commercial market weights in use at the time of the study. During processing, the weight of blood, feathers, head, neck, feet plus shanks, heart, liver, gizzard, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, water uptake, hot and chilled carcass with fat pad, fat pad alone, tail, wings, drumsticks, thigh meat, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, scapula meat, lower back, upper back with ribs, breast skin, thigh skin, thigh bone, and hind half (legs, thighs, and saddle) were determined. The data were subjected to least squares analyses using models that included strain and sex effects relative to live BW. Significant differences in yield between the sexes but not among strains were found for feet plus shanks, gizzard, hot and chilled carcass with fat pad, and scapula meat. Similarly, significant differences in yield among strains but not between sexes alone were found for blood, feathers, heart, and hind half. The relationships of live BW with all other variables showed both strain and sex differences in yield. Whereas whole carcass yield as a function of BW was affected by sex alone, most other components varied by both sex and strain. Thus, choice of strain, sex, and age at slaughter affect the projected production of edible carcass and offal components.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A technique for studying the kinematics of human joints. Part II: The humeroscapular joint.

The humeroscapular joint is used as an example to illustrate some aspects of an analytical technique for studying the kinematics of human joints. Coordinates of attachment points for muscles and ligaments on the humerus and scapula of a human skeleton were measured on an automated coordinate measuring machine. Coordinates of points on the contact areas between the glenoid cavity and the humeral head were measured to determine and ensure the sphericity of the joint. Muscle and ligament lengths were also measured on a cadaver of similar dimensions to the skeleton. The data were then used to determine the range of motion of the humeroscapular joint by considering the intersections of spheres mapped onto a plane. It is shown that the glenohumeral ligament limits flexion while the coracohumeral ligament and supraspinatus muscle limit abduction. It is also shown that the coracoacromial ligament does not limit the motion of the humerus before the scapula gets involved in the motion of the shoulder complex.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1993

[Distribution of motor nuclei in feline ventral neck muscles].

The distribution of motor nuclei in feline neck muscles at the level of the third and fourth cervical vertebrae of spinal cord was investigated, using retrograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP powder was directly injected into the cut ends of the peripheral nerves innervating each muscle. Investigated muscles in this thesis included 5 ventral muscles: Levator scapulae m.(LS), Levator scapulae ventralis m.(LSV), Longus colli m.(LC), Longus capitis m. (LCP), Intertransversarius ventralis m.(ITV). Two dorsal muscles were also examined; Splenius m.(SP) and Biventer m.(BV). The findings in retrogradely labelled motoneurons of each muscle were as follows: 1) LS and LSV (V1 ventral muscles) Labelled motoneurons were observed at the lateral border of the ventral horn, and the distribution of LSV was more dorsal than that of LS. Their cellular distributions varied from the rostral end of the third cervical segment dorsolaterally to the caudal end of the fourth cervical segment ventromedially. 2) LC, LCP and ITV (V2 ventral muscles) Labelled motoneurons were observed at the medial border of the ventral horn. The distribution of LCP was more dorsal than that of LC and ITV, but their cellular distributions were largely intermingled. The variation in cellular distribution, which was observed in V1 ventral muscles, was not recognized in this muscle group. 3) SP and BV (D1 and D2 dorsal muscles) Labelled motoneurons were observed at the apex of the ventral horn, referred to as the ventromedial nucleus by Rexed. The distribution of SP was more dorsolateral than that of BV, and the changes in cellular distribution seen in V1 ventral muscles were also observed in these muscles. Some unorganized labelled cells were found at the medial border of the ipsilateral ventral horn, anterior funiculus, anterior commissure and contralateral ventral horn. These irregularly positioned cells were not found in the staining of the ventral muscles. Organized distributions of motoneurons in the ventral horn corresponded respectively to the classification of trunk muscles, as described by Nishi (1938) in accordance with the peripheral innervation of each trunk muscle. These results indicate that the pattern of peripheral innervation reflects the spinal level, and provides important information for electrophysiological analysis of the neural network between the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Tumoral calcinosis in a dog with chronic renal failure.

A 2-year-old male German shepherd dog in poor bodily condition was evaluated for thoracic limb lameness due to a large, firm mass medial to the left cranial scapula. Radiography revealed several large cauliflower-like mineralized masses in the craniomedial left scapula musculature, pectoral region and bilaterally in the biceps tendon sheaths. Urinalysis, haematology and serum biochemistry showed that the dog was severely anaemic, hyperphosphataemic and in chronic renal failure. The dog was euthanased and a full post mortem performed. A diagnosis of chronic renal failure with secondary hyperparathyroidism was confirmed. The mineralised masses were grossly and histopathologically consistent with a diagnosis of tumoral calcinosis. Tumoral calcinosis associated with chronic renal failure that does not involve the foot pads is rarely seen.

Animals↗