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PubMed2001

Quantitative structure-retention relationships with model analytes as a means of an objective evaluation of chromatographic columns.

The performance of several previously designed model series of test analytes has been tested to characterize in an objective, quantitative manner modern stationary phases for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using quantitative structure-retention relationships (QSRRs). Three QSRR approaches and three respective series of test analytes recommended for studies of the molecular mechanism of chromatographic retention are employed: the reduced linear solvation energy relationship (LSER)-based model of Abraham, a model employing structural descriptors from molecular modeling, and a model relating retention to the n-octanol-water partition coefficient log P. All of the models and test analytes proposed provide reliable QSRR equations. Those equations discriminate in quantitative terms individual columns and chromatographic systems and can be interpreted in straightforward rational chemical categories. In view of QSRRs, the differences in the intermolecular interactions between a given stationary phase and a structurally defined analyte rationalize the observed differences in retention. The QSRR models (previously derived retrospectively) are demonstrated to work well on new sets of RP-HPLC data. At the same time, it has been confirmed that the three test series of analytes have properly been designed and can be recommended for comparative studies of analytical columns. QSRRs once derived on a given column for model analytes can be used to predict the retention of other analytes of a defined structure. That in turn can facilitate the procedure of the rational optimization of chromatographic separations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Restoration of mechanical strength and morphological features of the periodontal ligament following orthodontic retention in the rat mandibular first molar.

Biomechanical properties and morphological features of the periodontal ligament (PDL) in the rat mandibular molars were examined during orthodontic retention. Seventy-three male rats of the Wistar strain, 8 weeks of age, were used for biomechanical analysis and six rats for morphological analysis. An elastic band was inserted between the mandibular first and second molars for 4 days; after removal of the elastic band the interdental space was filled with resin for 4 and 8 days. The maximum shear stress, tangent modulus, and failure strain energy density of the PDL of the first molar in the experimental animals decreased markedly following application of an orthodontic force. They increased rapidly and were restored completely to the control levels by the 8th day after retention. Light microscopy showed severe compression and extension of the PDL in the experimental animals on the 8th day after retention. Birefringent collagen fibre bundles running across the compressed and expanded PDL were observed, although they appeared to be thinner with less insertions into the alveolar bone or cementum in the experimental animals than in the controls. This suggests that the periodontal collagen fibres were partially reorganized and rearranged during retention. The reorganization and rearrangement of periodontal collagen fibres seemed to be partly related to the restoration of mechanical strength of the rat molar PDL during the 8 days of retention.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed2003

Recruitment and retention of older minorities in mental health services research.

PURPOSE: This article reviews the problems associated with recruiting older minorities into mental health research studies and proposes a consumer-centered model of research methodology that addresses the barriers to recruitment and retention in this population. DESIGN AND METHODS: The authors discuss and compare the results of recruitment and retention interventions for two geriatric mental health studies, one that used traditional methods of recruitment and retention and another that used consumer-centered methods. RESULTS: Although the consumer-centered methods result in better recruitment of older minorities in general (chi(2) = 54.90, p <.001), it was not superior to the traditional method in recruiting older minorities (chi(2) = 0.82, ns). However, the consumer-centered approach yielded better retention of older minorities (chi(2) = 6.20, p <.05) than did the traditional method. Within both methods, recruitment through provider referral and face-to-face contact were the superior recruitment methods (chi(2) = 6.78, p <.05). Having an experienced recruiter or a community recruiter resulted in greater agreement to participate than simply having an ethnically matched recruiter (chi(2) = 36.00, p <.001). IMPLICATIONS: Although these data are observational, and rigorous research on the best methods for recruiting and retaining older minorities is still necessary, the results suggest that a consumer-centered model of research yields greater overall recruitment and retention rates than do traditional research methods.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1994

Reversed-phase solvent-gradient HPLC retention indexes of drugs.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system has been developed in which ionized basic drugs and nonionized drugs elute in efficient and reproducible bands. The effects of different HPLC systems and solvent-gradient rates on the reproducibility of retention times and normalized retention data were investigated. The retention indexes of 469 drugs were determined on this system and compared with the retention indexes of drugs in common from a previously reported retention index database.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1984

Effect of acute and subchronic exposure to cadmium on the retention of iron in rats.

The influence of cadmium on the retention of a single dose of iron after acute and subchronic treatment with cadmium was studied in normal rats. Additionally the results were compared with iron retention in unexposed iron-deficient animals. Test solutions contained iron and cadmium in various molar ratios (Fe:Cd = 1:0, 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2 mumol/kg body weight). In acute experiments iron retention of normal unexposed rats was decreased in a dose-dependent manner by cadmium. In subchronic studies the diets fed during the treatment period contained iron (28 ppm) and cadmium (28, 56, 112 ppm) in the same molar ratios as did the test solutions. After 4 weeks of feeding a cadmium-fortified diet, the retention of a single dose of 59Fe was increased in all pretreated animals. Iron retention of the cadmium-fed rats was reduced, however, only if cadmium and iron were administered simultaneously. Cadmium appears to compete with iron at the iron transfer system. Acute or subchronic exposure to cadmium did not appear to influence the capability of the intestine to adapt absorption of iron to the increased requirement of the organism or to the utilization of iron for hemoglobin synthesis.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗
PubMed1984

The effect of soy protein isolate in the diet on retention by the rat of iron from radiolabeled test meals.

The influence of soy protein isolate (SPI) in the diet on whole-body retention of extrinsically radiolabeled iron from test meals containing or not containing SPI was evaluated in marginally iron-deficient weanling rats. In experiment 1 SPI was compared with casein in a 2 X 2 factorial design: diets and test meals were either SPI-based or casein-based. Diets were fed for 13 days prior to the test meal and for 7 days subsequent to the test meal. Rats fed the SPI-based diet retained less iron from test meals than did rats fed the casein-based diet (66.1 vs. 74.8%, P less than 0.01). Experiment 2 showed that an SPI-based diet fed during the final 4 days of a 14-day pre-test meal period and subsequent to the test meal led to less iron retention compared to a casein-based diet. In addition to the observed diet effect, experiment 1 showed that iron retention was less from an SPI-based test meal than from a casein-based test meal, confirming previous reports of adverse effects of SPI on iron retention. The present experiments show that SPI can adversely affect from retention in two ways: by its presence in the diet before and after a test meal, and by its presence in a test meal.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Controlled high meat diets do not affect calcium retention or indices of bone status in healthy postmenopausal women.

Calcium balance is decreased by an increased intake of purified proteins, although the effects of common dietary sources of protein (like meat) on calcium economy remain controversial. We compared the effects of several weeks of controlled high and low meat diets on body calcium retention, using sensitive radiotracer and whole body scintillation counting methodology. Healthy postmenopausal women (n = 15) consumed diets with similar calcium content (approximately 600 mg), but either low or high in meat (12 vs. 20% of energy as protein) for 8 wk each, in a randomized crossover design. After 4 wk of equilibration of each diet, calcium retention was measured by extrinsically labeling the 2-d menu with (47)Ca, followed by whole body scintillation counting for 28 d. Urinary and blood indicators of bone metabolism were also determined for each diet. Calcium retention was not different during the high and low meat dietary periods (d 28, mean +/- pooled SD: 17.1 and 15.6%, +/-0.6%, respectively; P = 0.09). An initially higher renal acid excretion in subjects consuming the high meat compared with the low meat diet decreased significantly with time. The diets did not affect urinary calcium loss or indicators of bone metabolism. In conclusion, under controlled conditions, a high meat compared with a low meat diet for 8 wk did not affect calcium retention or biomarkers of bone metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women. Calcium retention is not reduced when subjects consume a high protein diet from common dietary sources such as meat.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Performance and nutrient retention responses of broilers to dietary oxyhalogenic and ionic salts.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of 2 ionic and antimicrobial mixtures on broiler performance and nutrient retention. In experiment 1, male broilers were fed 6 diets in a 2 x 3 factorial experiment (5 cages/diet, 9 chicks/cage) from 0 to 21d of age. Diets with 2 nutrient densities [normal industry diet (ND) and a low nutrient density diet (82% of ND)] and 3 ionic and antimicrobial mixtures [none (control) or 1 of 2 formulations containing different mixtures of ionic salts and oxyhalogenic compounds (sodium salts of chlorite, chlorate, chloride, borate, sulfate, bromide, salicylate, and hydrogen peroxide) at 4.4 mL/kg of feed (mix A and B)]. Birds fed mix B (568.6 g) were heavier (P < 0.05) at 21d of age than birds fed the control diet (501.7 g) and BW of birds fed mix A (536.1 g) did not differ from mix B or controls. Phosphorus and nitrogen retention from 18 to 20 d in birds fed mix B (78.05% and 82.23%, respectively) was greater (P < 0.05) than birds fed mix A (60.21 and 71.22%, respectively) and birds fed mix A had greater (P < 0.05) retention than birds fed the control diet (45.94 and 69.06%, respectively). In experiment 2, chicks were fed either 4.4 mL of mix B/kg feed, a diet with salinomycin and bacitracin, or a control diet. Birds fed the control or mix B diet had greater (P < 0.05) BW at 18 d than birds on the antibiotic treatment, whereas diet or nutrient retention differences were not present at 42 d of age. In conclusion, the ionic and antimicrobial mixtures improved performance and nutrient retention in young broilers but these did not last until market age.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Effects of subchronically inhaled carbon black in three species. I. Retention kinetics, lung inflammation, and histopathology.

Exposure to high concentrations of carbon black (Cb) produces lung tumors in rats, but not mice or hamsters, presumably due to secondary genotoxic mechanisms involving persistent lung inflammation and injury. We hypothesized that the lung inflammation and injury induced by subchronic inhalation of Cb are more pronounced in rats than in mice and hamsters. Particle retention kinetics, inflammation, and histopathology were examined in female rats, mice, and hamsters exposed for 13 weeks to high surface area Cb (HSCb) at doses chosen to span a no observable adverse effects level (NOAEL) to particle overload (0, 1, 7, 50 mg/m(3), nominal concentrations). Rats were also exposed to low surface area Cb (50 mg/m(3), nominal; LSCb). Retention and effects measurements were performed immediately after exposure and 3 and 11 months post-exposure; retention was also evaluated after 5 weeks of exposure. Significant decreases in body weight during exposure occurred only in hamsters exposed to high-dose HSCb. Lung weights were increased in high-dose Cb-exposed animals, but this persisted only in rats and mice up to the end of the study period. Equivalent or similar mass burdens were achieved in rats exposed to high-dose HSCb and LSCb, whereas surface area burdens were equivalent for mid-dose HSCb and LSCb. Prolonged retention was found in rats exposed to mid- and high-dose HSCb and to LSCb, but LSCb was cleared faster than HSCb. Retention was also prolonged in mice exposed to mid- and high-dose HSCb, and in hamsters exposed to high-dose HSCb. Lung inflammation and histopathology were more severe and prolonged in rats than in mice and hamsters, and both were similar in rats exposed to mid-dose HSCb and LSCb. The results show that hamsters have the most efficient clearance mechanisms and least severe responses of the three species. The results from rats also show that particle surface area is an important determinant of target tissue dose and, therefore, effects. From these results, a subchronic NOAEL of 1 mg/m(3) respirable HSCb (Printex 90) can be assigned to female rats, mice, and hamsters.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2002

The roles of nature and nurture in the recruitment and retention of primary care physicians in rural areas: a review of the literature.

PURPOSE: A systematic review of factors associated with recruitment and retention of primary care physicians in rural areas. METHOD: Using PubMed and Medline databases, 21 quantitative articles analyzing recruitment and retention of primary care physicians in rural areas from 1990 to 2000 were found. To assess the methodologic strengths of these articles, a formal evaluation was conducted based on study design, study population, response rate, years studied, data source, and statistical methods (total possible score = 60 points). Studies were grouped by whether the factors assessed were related to pre-medical school, medical school, or residency. RESULTS: A total of six studies (score range: 30-52) analyzed pre-medical school factors, 15 (score range: 30-52) considered medical school factors, and six (score range: 20-52) analyzed residency factors related to rural recruitment and retention. Pre-medical school factors such as rural upbringing and specialty preference were most strongly correlated with recruitment of physicians to rural areas. Training factors such as commitment to rural curricula and rotations, particularly during residency, were most strongly correlated with retention in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: Although important gaps exist, scientific studies available to health educators and policymakers show there are predictable factors that influence recruitment and retention in rural areas. Policies for staffing rural areas with primary care physicians should be aimed at both selecting the right students and giving them during their formal training the curriculum and the experiences that are needed to succeed in primary care in rural settings.

Career Choice↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neutrophil dynamics and retention in lung, oxygenator, and arterial filter during cardiopulmonary bypass in a pig model.

Interactions of neutrophils with adsorbed proteins in components of the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit and expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules on activated neutrophils affect neutrophil kinetics and margination. Lung and skeletal muscle along with oxygenator (OX) and arterial filter (AF) in the extracorporeal circuit provide the major areas of neutrophil (N) interaction. The dynamics of N-interaction and N-retention during 3 hr CPB was quantified with autologous In-111 labeled neutrophils (INN) in 4 groups of 20 Yorkshire pigs (28-35 kg, 5 sham; 5 CPB, 1 hr; 5 CPB, 3 hr and 5 CPB with heparinized circuit, 3 hr); anesthetized pigs were injected with INN (500-650 microCi), 30 min before CPB and heparinized, and underwent CPB with a roller pump, a hollow fiber OX (Bentley CM 50, 5.0 m2) and AF (Bentley AF 025, 0.25 m2) at 2.5-3.6 l/min for 3 hr. N-dynamics on OX and AF was monitored by a calibrated Geiger probe. Neutrophil deposition, like that of plasma proteins on OX, reached a steady state almost instantly, but increased on filter with CPB time. INN distribution was viewed with a gamma camera; total INN was measured with an ion chamber and INN in samples of fibers and tissues was quantified with a gamma counter. INN in lung did not change significantly during CPB and increased in liver. The percentage of injected INN in lung, liver, and brain changed with CPB time and showed significant increase over sham-operated animals. Heparin coating of components decreased INN retention. INN/meter2 of lung, OX, and AF at 3 hr were 0.26 +/- 0.07%, 0.06 +/- 0.02%, and 6.17 +/- 3.94%, and significantly lower on a heparin coated filter (2.14 +/- 1.30%). Capillary surface areas of viscera and connective tissues (lung, 100; liver, 134; spleen, 20; heart, 7; skeletal muscle, 92; fat, 12; bone, 3; bone marrow, 5; brain, 0.1 meter2) were estimated from distribution of activated INN in pigs. Lung INN retention was much higher than that of the polymer surfaces of OX/AF, indicating the role of cell adhesion molecules on INN retention on endothelial cells of lung and viscera. By direct continuous monitoring and quantitation of INN at the end of CPB, a sensitive technique for quantitation of neutrophil kinetics, margination, and retention during CPB was developed.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Diagnosis of lung cancer using two-phase Tl-201 SPECT and modified retention image to view tumor in the collapsed lung: comparison with bolus CT.

In this report the usefulness of Tl-201 SPECT and modified retention images in the differentiation of lung cancer and postobstructive collapse was studied. Two-phase Tl-201 SPECT was performed in 20 lung cancer lesions in which postobstructive collapse was suspected on CT. Retention imaging was done afterward. Three types of Tl-201 images were compared with the bolus CT images. Bolus CT differentiated lung cancer from postobstructive collapse in 7 of the 20 lesions (35%). Tl-201 SPECT differentiated the two conditions in 9 of 20 lesions (45%) on early Tl-201 SPECT and in 13 of 20 lesions (65%) on delayed imaging. With modified retention images, differentiation was possible in 13 of 20 lesions (65%). By combining delayed Tl-201 SPECT and modified retention images, lung cancer alone could be demonstrated in 18 of 20 lesions (90%). Combined delayed Tl-201 SPECT and modified retention images were more effective than bolus CT in delineating the extent of lung cancer in the presence of postobstructive collapse.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Consideration of age-dependent radium retention in people on the basis of the beagle model.

This paper examines in humans the proposition emanating from studies in beagles that initial retention of radium varies in proportion to the calcium addition rate at the time of intake. Human calcium addition rates were scaled from those in beagles, the relative calcium accretion rates in the two species at equivalent stages of skeletal growth providing the scaling factor. The variation of radium retention with age was determined by fitting a modified power function to data on the retention of radium from about 30 to 15000 days following a series of therapeutic injections of 226Ra in humans ranging in age from 18 to 63 yr. The fractional retention R at t days following a single injection of 226Ra was described by R = (1 + t/d)-0.44. The age-dependent parameter d in the retention function was found to be proportional to the calcium addition rate at the time of injection in subjects receiving less than 200 micrograms 226Ra.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Development of a routine 125I bioassay program for athyrotic individuals using a pseudo uptake retention function.

Individuals working in iodine production require bioassay to determine if intakes have occurred. This is both to determine dose received for regulatory purposes and to verify whether workplace controls limiting the spread of contamination are adequate. Thyroid monitoring is commonly used as a bioassay technique to detect isotopes of iodine. If an individual performing iodine processing does not have a thyroid gland, other means must be used to determine intake and infer dose. Data was obtained from a previously published thesis that attempted to verify a model for absorption and retention of iodine by athyrotic individuals. These data were reevaluated to determine a pseudo uptake retention function. This analysis does not attempt to identify a biokinetic model, only to describe excretion of iodine and calculate an intake. Once the pseudo uptake retention function was derived, it was combined with the standard respiratory and gastrointestinal tract models as an inhalation intake retention function. A periodic urine bioassay protocol has been designed using the intake retention function described above and a conservative dose coefficient derived using organ dose coefficients for reference man, excluding the thyroid, and the appropriate weighting factors.

Biological Assay↗
PubMed1983

Beneficial effects of implanted muscle tissue on pulmonary particulate retention and survival following splenectomy.

Following splenectomy (SPLY) there is increased retention in the lung of injected particulate matter and an increased mortality from sepsis in experimental animals. Since it has been shown that autotransplanted splenic tissue (AST) decreased elevated pulmonary particulate retention after SPLY and improved the survival of animals following SPLY and sepsis, we attempted to determine whether the protective effect offered by AST was specific to the spleen. To determine this, four groups of rats were studied: Group I--sham; Group II--SPLY; Group III--received 100 mg of heterotopic AST in an omental pocket after SPLY; and Group IV--received 100 mg of heterotopic muscle tissue from the abdominal wall (AMT) in an omental pocket after SPLY. Six days after the above procedure, reticuloendothelial (RES) function was evaluated. The results indicate that both AST and AMT significantly decrease the abnormal pulmonary retention of particulate matter following SPLY. However, hepatic lipid retention was greater in the AMT than the AST group. Survival following sepsis was studied in other animals from Group I, II, III, and IV. At 7 days after the original operation, the cecum was ligated and punctured (CLP) and then removed 16 hours later. The splenic-as well as muscle-implanted animals showed significantly higher survival rates than the splenectomized animals. We therefore conclude that survival after SPLY can be improved by implanting either a fragment of the spleen or the muscle in the omental pocket. Since both tissues appeared necrotic at 7 days following implantation, the decreased pulmonary particulate retention and improved survival following SPLY and sepsis appear to be due to the presence of a necrotic tissue irrespective of its origin. These results suggest that the early effect of an implanted tissue is a nonspecific stimulation of phagocytosis.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed2002

Arterial retention of apolipoprotein B(48)- and B(100)-containing lipoproteins in atherogenesis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The "response to retention" hypothesis of atherosclerosis suggests that the arterial deposition of cholesterol is directly proportional to the concentration of circulating plasma lipoproteins. However, there is increasing evidence to support the concept that specific lipoproteins may be preferentially retained within the arterial wall, possibly as a result of greater affinity for cell surface and extracellular matrices. RECENT FINDINGS: Recently, key studies have provided insight into mechanisms involved in the interaction of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins with extracellular matrices. In addition, novel methods and innovative experimental design has enabled us to differentiate between the delivery, retention and efflux of apoB(48)- and apoB(100)-containing lipoproteins. Other studies have demonstrated a relationship between extracellular matrix proteoglycan expression and the development of atherosclerosis. Discussion in the present review also extends to the mechanisms that are involved in the relative intimal retention of apoB(48)- and apoB(100)-containing lipoproteins in order to explain the atherogenicity of these macromolecules. SUMMARY: The perspective of this review is to highlight recent advances in the area of arterial lipoprotein retention and the physiological significance these processes may have in the aetiology of cardiovascular disease. Importantly, an understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the retention of apoB(48)/B(100)-containing lipoproteins will enable new strategies to be developed for the future management of cardiovascular disease.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of estrogen use on tooth retention, oral bone height, and oral bone porosity in Japanese postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies in the United States support the protective effect of estrogen use on tooth retention; however, little is known as to how estrogen promotes tooth retention. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of estrogen use on tooth retention, oral bone height, and oral bone porosity in Japanese postmenopausal women and to clarify how estrogen promotes tooth retention. DESIGN: Relationships among the number of teeth remaining (total, anterior, and posterior teeth), oral bone height, oral bone porosity, bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck, estrogen use status, and the duration of estrogen use were evaluated in 330 Japanese postmenopausal women (mean age +/- SD, 56.8 +/- 7.6 y). RESULTS: Analysis of covariance adjusted for confounding variables revealed that estrogen users (66 women) tended to have more posterior teeth than did nonusers (264 women) (P = 0.065), although there were no significant differences in number of total (P = 0.196) and anterior (P = 0.751) teeth remaining, oral bone height (P = 0.970), oral bone porosity (P = 0.745), and bone mineral density of the lumbar spine (P = 0.459) and the femoral neck (P = 0.749) between estrogen users and nonusers. Multiple regression analysis showed that the duration of estrogen use was significantly associated with number of total (P = 0.019) and posterior (P = 0.007) teeth remaining, independent of age and oral bone height. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that estrogen may promote tooth retention by strengthening the periodontal attachment surrounding the teeth, but not increasing oral bone height and not decreasing oral bone porosity.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2004

Nerve sparing extravesical repair of bilateral vesicoureteral reflux: description of technique and evaluation of urinary retention.

PURPOSE: Prolonged urinary retention remains a controversial and feared complication following bilateral extravesical ureteral reimplantation. We report a modified approach to limit detrusor nerve damage during extravesical correction of bilateral ureteral reflux that significantly reduces this adverse outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A modified approach to the distal detrusor dissection and ureteral mobilization, along with limited periureteral dissection, was used to perform this technique. A retrospective review of 50 patients undergoing bilateral nerve sparing extravesical ureteral reimplantation (NSEVR) by a single surgeon between 1997 and 2002 was completed. Patient age, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) grade, length of hospital stay, length of surgery and outcome were evaluated. RESULTS: The study included 36 girls and 14 boys, with an average age of 4 years 11 months (range 1 to 14 years). Average preoperative VUR grade was 2.61 (range 1 to 5). Average length of surgery when NSEVR was the only procedure performed was 105 minutes (range 54 to 185) and average length of hospital stay was 1.76 days (0 to 3). Transient urinary retention developed in 1 child on postoperative day 1, with a successful trial of voiding the next day. The rate of immediate urinary retention was 2%. There was no long-term urinary retention, voiding dysfunction or urinary tract infections. CONCLUSIONS: NSEVR for the correction of bilateral VUR is a simple modification that provides a reproducible and minimally invasive approach to treatment. We believe that limited distal ureteral dissection, preservation of the medial ureterovesical hiatus and judicious manipulation of the surrounding tissues result in elimination of long-term urinary retention.

Adolescent↗