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PubMed2003

The reliability and validity of the American Board of Internal Medicine Monthly Evaluation Form.

PURPOSE: To report indicators of reliability and validity of the American Board of Internal Medicine Evaluation Form (ABIM-MEF) at one institution (Wright-Patterson Medical Center). METHOD: Completed ABIM-MEFs from 1990-1999 were reviewed. Reliability measures included Cronbach alpha, interrater reliability, and rating consistency between different types of staff and rotations. Construct validity was investigated by tracking ABIM-MEF scores over time and with factor analysis. Predictive validity was assessed by correlating ABIM-MEF scores with the In-training Examination and ABIM Certifying Examination results RESULTS: The 71 residents averaged 12 ABIM-MEFs per year. The forms had a Cronbach alpha of 0.96 and high interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.80). Ratings did not differ by type of attending or rotation, except that noninternists rated residents lower on procedural skills. ABIM-MEF questions about judgment, knowledge, and clinical skills showed significant improvement from month to month during each academic year as well as year to year. In contrast, questions on professional attitudes, humanism, and procedural skills sections improved between postgraduate year 1 and postgraduate year 2 only. ABIM-MEF questions collapsed into two domains in factor analysis: judgment-knowledge-skills and attitude-humanism. ABIM-MEF questions from judgment and knowledge sections modestly predicted In-training Examination and ABIM Certifying Examination results. In contrast, professional attitude, humanism, and clinical as well as procedural skill questions had little discriminative ability. CONCLUSIONS: The ABIM-MEF appears to be reliable and valid. Further, factor analysis results support the ABIM's movement to simplify the monthly evaluation form to the new Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core competencies.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reliability and validity of the Frail Elderly Functional Assessment questionnaire.

Measuring functional activity for elderly at very low functional levels remains a challenge because many functional instruments have not been standardized in a frail elderly population. The Frail Elderly Functional Assessment questionnaire (FEFA) is a 19-item, interviewer-administered questionnaire designed to assess function in frail elderly at a very low activity level. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of this instrument in a frail elderly population. Two groups of subjects over 65 yr old were selected to test the reliability and validity of this questionnaire. Test-retest reliability was determined by correlating the responses of 29 homebound (including nursing home-bound) subjects who answered the questionnaire on two occasions 2 wk apart. To assess the validity of the FEFA, the questionnaire was administered to 23 frail, homebound (including nursing home-bound) elderly subjects who had a Mini-Mental State Examination score of > or = 18. Validity was determined by correlating patient responses to direct observations by the investigators of tasks addressed in the questionnaire. Correlation was also determined against the Katz's Activity of Daily Living index, Lawton's Instrumental Activity of Daily Living index, and the Barthel index. The reliability coefficient was 0.82. Correlation between the FEFA questionnaire and direct observation of questionnaire task performance was 0.90. Construct validity against the Katz's Activity of Daily Living, Lawton's Instrumental Activity of Daily Living, and the Barthel index showed correlations of 0.86, 0.67 and 0.91, respectively. Initial data indicate that the FEFA is a valid and reliable instrument that may be useful in assessing function in frail elderly people.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

How reliable are maternal reports of their children's psychopathology? One-year recall of psychiatric diagnoses of ADHD children.

OBJECTIVE: Although childhood psychiatric diagnoses often rely on maternal reports, little is known about their long-term reliability and diagnostic accuracy. Thus, the authors sought to examine these psychometric features in a cohort of ADHD and control children. METHOD: The sample consisted of 140 referred children with ADHD and 120 normal controls. The authors compared childhood diagnoses based on maternal reports of their children's psychopathology at this baseline assessment with those collected 1 year later. RESULTS: Both reliability and accuracy were excellent for ADHD. Reliability and specificity were also excellent for conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, major depression, bipolar disorder, separation anxiety, and multiple anxiety disorders. Reliability and sensitivity were relatively low for simple phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia, and overanxious disorder. CONCLUSIONS: With some exceptions, maternal reports of their children's psychopathology provided a reliable and accurate means of assessment. Generally, maternally derived diagnoses were less accurate for internalizing compared with externalizing disorders. However, specificity was high for all diagnoses, suggesting that mothers were not biased to report symptoms that had not occurred.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The Neuropsychiatric Rating Schedule: reliability and validity.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate reliability and validity for the Neuropsychiatric Rating Schedule (NPRS) interview designed to permit diagnosis of organic personality syndrome (OPS) or personality change due to a general medical condition (PC). METHOD: Subjects from prospective (n = 50) and retrospective (n = 72) studies of traumatic brain injury were aged 6 through 18 years. Parents and children were informants for the NPRS. Convergent and discriminant validity of subtypes of OPS/PC were assessed against standard scales completed by parents and teachers. Interrater reliability data (n = 20), test-retest reliability data (n = 42), as well as sensitivity-to-change data (n = 37) were collected. RESULTS: All subtypes of OPS/PC were diagnosed, but apathy and paranoia subtypes were rare. Rating scale data supported convergent validity of OPS/PC subtypes generated with the NPRS. Affective instability, rage/aggression, and inappropriate social judgment were moderately to highly correlated, but apathy and paranoia could be discriminated from each of these subtypes. Interrater agreement for NPRS items was fair to excellent for all but one item (paranoia). Test-retest reliability was fair to good, and sensitivity to change was demonstrated. CONCLUSION: The NPRS generated reliable and valid diagnoses of the common subtypes of OPS/PC.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Cross-national reliability study of a schedule for assessing personality disorders.

The inter-rater reliability of a schedule used to assess personality disorders was examined. The Personality Assessment Schedule (PAS) involves an interview with both the patient and a close informant and the ratings for the informant are given most weight in the final scoring. Videotaped interviews with 23 psychiatric patients, most of whom had a clinical diagnosis of personality disorder, and a close informant were scored by seven raters, four in the United Kingdom and three in the United States. Overall inter-rater reliabilities (using the intraclass correlation coefficient, RI) were generally good to excellent for each of the 24 personality variables tested, ranging between .66 and .94 for informants and between .51 and .91 for subjects. Corresponding reliability coefficients for overall mean PAS scores were .82 and .75, respectively. Consistent with these findings, there was little bias between the scores of American and British raters, although there was some tendency for American raters to score higher for the trait of eccentricity and lower for the trait of conscientiousness than was true for British raters. There was less bias for informants' ratings than for those of subjects. In a second set of analyses, it was shown that inter-rater reliability levels (using the Kappa statistic) were also good to excellent (.6 to .8) for the categorical diagnosis of personality disorder. These results, taken together, demonstrate that abnormal personality can be reliably assessed by both British and American raters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Reliability of dual diagnosis. Substance dependence and psychiatric disorders.

The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R was used to examine the effects of the co-occurrence of psychiatric and substance dependence disorders on diagnostic reliability. The test-retest reliability over a 1-week period was studied in groups of: a) individuals with current substance abuse diagnoses (N = 97), b) individuals with past, but not current, drug histories (N = 146), and c) individuals without substance abuse diagnoses (N = 356; primarily psychiatric patients). A measurement of reliability (Kappa coefficients) was estimated for four general psychiatric categories (psychotic, mood, anxiety, and eating disorders), along with specific most-frequent diagnoses in each category (schizophrenia, major depression, panic disorders, and bulimia nervosa, respectively). Past use and non-drug-use groups were similar in their generally reliable reporting of current and past psychiatric disorders. However, current mood and psychotic disorders were less reliably diagnosed in the group with current substance use disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Cross-cultural validity and reliability testing of a standard psychiatric assessment instrument without a gold standard.

The objective of this study was to assess the cross-culture validity and reliability of a standard psychiatric assessment instrument without the usual "gold standards." Normally criterion validity testing requires comparison with such a standard--usually another instrument or a professional diagnosis. Instead local informants identified persons with and without "agahinda gakabije" (a locally described grief syndrome) who were then asked if they thought they had this syndrome and also interviewed using the depression section of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (DHSCL). To assess criterion validity, interviews where respondent and informant agreed on the presence or absence of agahinda gakabije were compared with depression diagnosis using the DHSCL. We also assessed construct validity (using factor analysis), internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha), and test-retest reliability using results from a subsequent community-based survey employing the DHSCL. We found a similar relationship between depression and agahinda gakabije as between depression and grief in western countries, which supports criterion validity. Construct validity and internal reliability were good (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87). Test-retest reliability of a DHSCL-based scale was less adequate (0.67). Although not replacing the usual gold standards for testing criterion validity, this approach may prove useful where these standards are unavailable. As this includes much of the developing world, this could result in more accurate mental health assessments among populations for whom this has hitherto not been possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Intra- and interexaminer reliability of anthropometric measurements of term infants.

BACKGROUND: The reliability of anthropometric measurements of term infants has not been studied sufficiently to determine if these measurements are reliable enough to be used in clinical practice and research. This study described the intra- and interexaminer reliability of the following anthropometric measurements: weight (WT), head circumference (HC), chest circumference (CC), abdominal circumference (AC), mid-arm circumference (MAC), and length. METHODS: A convenience sample of 50 clinically stable term infants was studied. Two examiners obtained the six measurements twice using blank tape measures. The order of examiners was randomized and the examiners were masked to their own and the other examiners' measurements. RESULTS: The intraexaminer mean absolute differences were as follows: WT = 1.88, 3.28 g; HC = 0.29, 0.29 cm; CC = 0.50, 0.78 cm; AC = 0.71, 0.77 cm; MAC = 0.36, 0.39 cm; length = 0.92, 1.18 cm. The interexaminer mean absolute differences were as follows: WT = 1.94, 1.66 g; HC = 0.37, 0.36 cm; CC = 0.59, 0.72 cm; AC = 0.99, 0.77 cm; MAC = 0.41, 0.57 cm; length = 1.57, 1.47 cm. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that intraexaminer differences tended to be smaller than interexaminer differences for all measures except weight, which remained stable for intra- and interexaminer comparisons. These findings also suggest that weight and head circumference were the most reliable measures, whereas length and mid-arm circumference were the least reliable measures.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2002

The reliability of the assessment of endoscopic laryngeal findings associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux disease.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the reliability of the assessment of laryngoscopic findings potentially associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized blinded study. METHODS: One hundred twenty video segments of rigid fiberoptic laryngeal examinations were prospectively analyzed by five otolaryngologists blinded to patient information and were scored according to several variables potentially associated with LPRD. Separate assessments of the degree of erythema and degree of edema were scored on a five-point scale for the anterior commissure, membranous vocal fold, and interarytenoid region. Similarly, interarytenoid pachydermia, likelihood of LPRD involvement, and severity of LPRD findings were assessed. For each of these scored physical findings, inter-rater and intrarater reliabilities were determined. RESULTS: The inter-rater reliabilities of the laryngoscopic findings associated with LPRD were poor. Intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.161 and 0.461 for edema of the arytenoids and membranous vocal folds, respectively (P <.001). Intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.181 and 0.369 for erythema of the arytenoids and membranous vocal folds, respectively (P <.001). Raters demonstrated poor agreement as to the severity of LPRD findings (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.265) and the likelihood of an LPRD component for dysphonia (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.248). Similarly, intrarater reliability was extremely variable for the various physical findings, with Kendall correlation coefficients ranging from -0.121 to 0.837. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate clinical assessment of laryngeal involvement with LPRD is likely to be difficult because laryngeal physical findings cannot be reliably determined from clinician to clinician. Such variability makes the precise laryngoscopic diagnosis of LPRD highly subjective.

Edema↗
PubMed1976

The Sickness Impact Profile: reliability of a health status measure.

This report describes the results of research conducted on the reliability of the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). The SIP is a questionnaire instrument designed to measure sickness-related behavioral dysfunction and is being developed for use as an outcome measure in the evaluation of health care. The test-retest reliability of the SIP in terms of several reliability measures was investigated using different interviewers, forms, administration procedures, and a variety of subjects who differed in terms of type and severity of dysfunction. The results provided evidence for the feasibility of collecting reliable data using the SIP under these various conditions. In addition, subject variability in relation to reliability is discussed.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed1985

The Abbreviated Injury Scale and Injury Severity Score. Levels of inter- and intrarater reliability.

Given the wide usage and proven value of the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) in rating severity of trauma, it is essential that certain reliability issues concerning its application be resolved. This article describes a study designed to address these reliability issues. Each of 15 raters with varying qualifications was asked to identify AIS code injuries sustained by 375 trauma patients admitted to four Baltimore area hospitals. Results showed that as a group, physicians and nurses tend to be more reliable in their ratings than either emergency medical technicians (EMTs) or nonclinical technicians, although a research assistant who is well trained in AIS coding and is a diligent worker can use the AIS to code severity as reliably as the physicians when sufficient information is provided in the medical chart. Reliability of AIS scoring was somewhat higher for blunt (vehicular and nonvehicular) versus penetrating injuries.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1990

Reliability and validity of utilization review criteria. Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol, Standardized Medreview Instrument, and Intensity-Severity-Discharge criteria.

A study was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP), the Standardized Medreview Instrument (SMI) and the Intensity-Severity-Discharge criteria set (ISD), three utilization review instruments used to determine whether inpatient care is required. Reliability and validity were assessed for retrospective application of these instruments to charts of a sample of 119 medical cases from 21 hospitals in the state of Michigan. The reliability of each instrument was determined by having the instrument applied by two different nurse reviewers to each hospital record. Results indicated that the AEP and ISD were moderately reliable, while the SMI had low reliability. The validity of each instrument was tested by comparing the judgments of nurse reviewers using the instruments with the judgment of a panel of physicians. The AEP and ISD were found to be moderately valid and the SMI was found to have low validity. Results suggested that the SMI should not be used. The modest level of validity of the other two instruments suggests that payment should never be denied on the basis of the instrument alone. Payment should be denied only if a physician confirms the judgment based on the instrument that inpatient care was not required.

Health Maintenance Organizations↗
PubMed1994

A Perceived Health Index for use in persons with advanced HIV disease: derivation, reliability, and validity.

Acceptance of health status as an outcome in clinical trials of new treatments for HIV disease has been hampered by the lack of valid and clinically relevant means of summarizing differences across multiple dimensions. We formed a summary Perceived Health Index from health status measures adapted from RAND Medical Outcomes Study scale and contained in the HIV-PARSE survey instrument, which had been administered to a large number of participants in clinical trials for advanced HIV disease. The psychometric properties of the included health status scales were assessed using multitrait scaling and test-retest stability. Weights for the index were derived from regressions of Current Health Perceptions on the domain-specific health status scales. The effect of participant characteristics on weights was tested. Finally, the reliability and known-clinical groups validity of the index was assessed. Data were obtained from 1,862 clinical trial participants who provided a total of 7,352 observations. The mean CD4 count was 131. The internal consistency reliability of the multi-item scales ranged from 0.86 to 0.90, and items demonstrated excellent discrimination across scales. The domain-specific scales explained 59% of the variation in the Current Health Perceptions scale (P < 0.00001). The resulting Perceived Health Index was equal to 0.20 Physical Functioning + 0.15 Pain + 0.41 Energy/Fatigue + 0.10 Emotional Well-being + 0.05 Social Functioning + 0.09 Role Functioning. The strong positive bivariate relationship between the Cognitive Function/Distress scale and the Current Health Perceptions scale was subsumed by the combination of the other domain-specific scales in multiple regressions, so it does not appear independently in the index. The proportional weights used in the index were insensitive to variations in demographics. The reliability of the index was conservatively estimated to be 0.94. Patients with index scores in the lowest quartile had a 2- to 11-fold higher probability than those in the highest quartile of reporting various specific clinical events, and the index correlated significantly more highly with the number of such events than did the current health perceptions scale. The modified MOS health status scales included in the HIV-PARSE are reliable and valid in patients with advanced HIV disease. The Perceived Health Index provides a reliable and valid means of summarizing self-reported current health, correlates strongly with clinical indicators, and should be useful as a outcome measure in patients enrolling into clinical trials of therapies for advanced HIV disease. Regression based weights are a useful means of summarizing multidimensional measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Test-retest reliability of a complex human immunodeficiency virus research questionnaire administered by an Audio Computer-assisted Self-interviewing system.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the test-retest reliability of a complex questionnaire administered by Audio Computer-assisted Self-interviewing to recently diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. METHODS: Thirty-seven English-speaking and 32 Spanish-speaking participants completed both test and retest interviews. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) and kappa (kappa) and weighted kappa (kappa) statistics were obtained for individual questions. From these, overall kappa and Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated across all variables and for groups of questions. RESULTS: Overall measures of reliability were kappa = 0.767, r = 0.728. Some variation in reliability existed for different response formats, question content groups, and languages of the participants. Differences in overall reliability by Spanish compared with English participants were small and not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Audio Computer-assisted Self-interviewing provides reliable measures for items assessed in the Antiretroviral Treatment and Access Study baseline questionnaire. Some differences exist as a result of question content, interview language, and response format, requiring assessment in future studies and consideration in designing Audio Computer-assisted Self-interviewing systems and questionnaires.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Reliability of a handgrip test for evaluating heart rate and pressor responses in multiple sclerosis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the test-retest reliability of an isometric handgrip exercise protocol designed to evaluate heart rate and arterial pressure responses in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS Three males and eleven females, aged 24 through 51, performed isometric handgrip contractions at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) to the point of fatigue (defined as inability to maintain the target force for three consecutive seconds). During this exercise, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded every 30 s. Heart rate and beat-to-beat systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures were recorded continuously throughout the duration of exercise. Surface EMG was monitored continuously via loudspeaker to provide feedback on extraneous muscular activity. Each subject performed three trials. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to calculate interclass reliability estimates for each dependent variable. RESULTS: Reliability estimates for MVC and time to fatigue were 0.98 and 0.84, respectively. Reliability estimates for the following dependent variables at the point of fatigue were: RPE, 0.90; delta HR, 0.97; delta systolic pressure, 0.92; delta diastolic pressure, 0.87; and delta MAP, 0.88. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that this isometric handgrip protocol is a reliable method for evaluating heart rate and blood pressure responses in MS patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Reliability of peak-lactate, heart rate, and plasma volume following the Wingate test.

PURPOSE: The 30-s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) has been used to assess anaerobic performance capacity and to evaluate physiological responses to supramaximal exercise. Blood lactate concentration ([La]) following supramaximal exercise is often used in the field and in the laboratory to assess the glycolytic contribution to exercise. Although the reliability of the performance in the WAnT has been established, this has not been the case with the WAnT's [La] response. Thus, the main purpose of this research was to study the test-retest reliability of peak [La] following the WAnT. Additionally, the test-retest reliability of the heart rate (HR) and plasma volume changes (deltaPV) response was also evaluated. METHODS: Twenty-nine subjects (15 male, 14 female) of diverse training levels as well as physical characteristics (mean +/- SD: 23.3+/-7.0 yr, 62.5+/-12.0 kg, 170.8+/-9.7 cm, and 16.3+/-6.2% fat) performed two WAnTs within 1 wk. Capillary blood was sampled from a prewarmed fingertip at rest, just before the WAnT and at 3, 5, 7, and 9 min following it. HR was also measured during these times. RESULTS: Mean-power (MP) (+/-SE) in test 1 and test 2 was 8.4+/-0.2 and 8.3+/-0.2 W X kg(-1) body mass, respectively. Peak [La] was attained 5-7 min following the WAnTs and was not significantly different between test 1 and test 2 (9.7+/-0.3 vs 9.8+/-0.3 mM, respectively). Peak HR occurred within 5 s post-WAnT and was not different between tests (170.8+/-2.2 and 171.3+/-2.2 beats X min(-1), in test 1 and test 2, respectively). Peak deltaPV was not different between tests (-12.0+/-3.4 and -11.1+/-3.2%, in test 1 and test 2, respectively). The intraclass reliability coefficients for peak [La]. peak HR and deltaPV were 0.926, 0.941, and 0.878, respectively, whereas the corresponding value for MP was 0.982. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that peak [La], peak HR, and deltaPV following the WAnT are reliable measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Reliability of submaximal exercise tests in patients with COPD. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

UNLABELLED: Submaximal constant work rate exercise tests are often used to measure the efficacy of an exercise intervention, but the reliability of these tests in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has not been established. PURPOSE: To examine the reproducibility of submaximal exercise responses of COPD patients compared with those of healthy elderly subjects. METHODS: Sixteen COPD patients and 15 healthy subjects performed four weekly submaximal exercise tests against two different constant work rates: 20 W and 50% of the peak work rate (PWR). Spirometry was performed before each exercise test. COPD patients and healthy subjects were: age 69 +/- 5 and 65 +/- 5 yr, body mass index 26.4 +/- 3.9 and 26.7 +/- 3.0 kg x m(-2), respectively. RESULTS: Both groups had no change in minute ventilation (V(E)), oxygen uptake (VO2), breathlessness (RPB), and leg fatigue (RPLF) for either work rate over repeated measures (P > 0.05). At 50% PWR test-retest reliability coefficients for V(E) and VO2 ranged from r = 0.88 to r = 0.96 for COPD patients and from r = 0.72 to r = 0.97 for healthy subjects; for RPB and RPLF test-retest reliability ranged from r = 0.76 to r = 0.89 for COPD patients and from r = 0.70 to r = 0.91 for healthy subjects. Intrasubject mean absolute differences for repeated measures of V(E), VO2, RPB, or RPLF were low and there were no group differences (P > 0.05). Percent error for V(E) and VO2 ranged from 6 +/- 3 to 9 +/- 7%, and for RPB and RPLF ranged from 19 +/- 18 to 68 +/- 65% for both groups at each work rate. CONCLUSIONS: Submaximal exercise responses were reliable over a 1-month period, and measures of the physiological and psychophysical responses of COPD patients were as reliable as those of healthy subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Reliability and validity of Canada's Physical Activity Monitor for assessing trends.

PURPOSE: This investigation assessed the reliability and criterion validity of the Physical Activity Monitor, a telephone-interview adaptation of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (MLTPAQ), which is currently used to assess trends in the Canadian population. METHODS: A sample of 512 people aged 18 yr and older was selected by random-digit dialing for telephone interviewing in the reliability study. The Monitor questions were administered twice, 3 wk apart. For the criterion validity study, a sample of 148 people aged 18-69 yr was selected at random from households. Participants completed the Monitor questions by telephone and an in-home step test to estimate maximum oxygen uptake. Another random sample of individuals aged 18-69 yr participated in a comparison study of the Monitor against the 1988 Campbell's Survey of Well-Being (CSWB) instrument. All studies were conducted in the vicinity of Toronto, Ontario. Spearman correlations controlling for age and sex were calculated as a measure of association for the reliability, validity, and comparison studies. Validity estimates were further adjusted for body mass index and physical activity demands of work and chores. RESULTS: The Monitor instrument produced reliable estimates of total energy expenditure (P=0.90, P<0.0001) with criterion validity of 0.36 (P<0.0001). The association between estimates of total energy expenditure derived from the Monitor and CSWB instruments was 0.77 (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The Physical Activity Monitor has acceptable test-retest reliability and criterion validity. The research also demonstrated that for the purpose of population monitoring a change in data collection mode-telephone interview versus self-administration in households-can yield reasonably comparable estimates from two adaptations of the MLTPAQ.

Adult↗