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PubMedDate not supplied

Visual discrimination and short-term memory for random patterns in patients with a focal cortical lesion.

Visual discrimination and short-term recognition memory for computer-generated random patterns were explored in 23 patients with a postsurgical lesion in one of the cortical hemispheres. Their results are compared with those of 23 age-matched volunteers. In a same-different forced-choice discrimination task, d' and log beta (measures of sensitivity and bias), as well as reaction time (RT) were determined. All participants viewed patterns defined either by luminance contrast or isoluminant red-green color contrast, the amplitude of which was adjusted to be 10 times the respective detection threshold level. Block patterns consisting of a 6 x 6 matrix of light and dark (red and green) checks were randomly configured on each presentation. They were presented in pairs, randomly in two visual quadrants for a duration of 200 msec. Three presentation conditions were used: simultaneous presentation of reference and test stimulus, sequential presentation with a short delay (interstimulus interval, ISI = 3 s), and sequential presentation with a long delay (ISI = 6 s). The results indicate that patients with a lesion in the occipitotemporal cortex, the superior temporal cortex and the frontal cortex were significantly impaired on both luminance-contrast and color-contrast pattern discrimination. Patients with damage in the anterior inferotemporal cortex showed no overall impairment. The results suggest that performance in visual discrimination and recognition memory tasks rely on distributed neural processes with more than one neocortical location.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of attention switching on encoding and retrieval of words in younger and older adults.

Two experiments examined the interaction between aging, attention switching, encoding process, and recognition memory using different versions of a cued attention switching paradigm. In Experiment 1, 30 younger and 35 older adults encoded words based on font color, meaning, or by explicit learning with a color response during performance of a choice-reaction time (RT) task. Attention switches were cued by means of stimulus location, and occurred on average every seven trials. In Experiment 2, attention switching was precued from a central fixation point and the number of critical switch trials was increased, occurring on average every four trials. Memory was assessed in both experiments by means of a forced-choice recognition task. Results indicated that, relative to color encoding, older adults benefited more than younger adults from semantic encoding, but less from explicit learning instructions. Attention switching disrupted encoding task performance of older adults more than that of younger adults, but recognition memory was generally unaffected. Results are discussed in light of theoretical models of aging memory that posit a role for executive control processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The alpha2 agonist, clonidine, improves spatial working performance in Parkinson's disease.

Previous work has shown that the dopaminergic defect in Parkinson's disease is involved, to some extent, in the "frontal"-like impairment in spatial working memory and attentional set-shifting functions. We investigated whether an alpha2 agonist, clonidine (0.5 and 2 microg/kg, per os), could alleviate spatial working memory and attentional set-shifting defect in Parkinson's disease patients. We observed that 2 microg/kg clonidine stimulated spatial working memory accuracy, but had no effect on attentional set shifting or visual recognition memory. Clonidine was also effective in stimulating spatial working memory after withdrawal of dopaminergic drugs, and when this was done, its effect was greater in severe Parkinson's disease patients. In contrast, clonidine failed to stimulate visual recognition memory. These results suggest that disrupted activation of alpha2 adrenoceptors may contribute to the impairment of spatial working memory in Parkinson's disease.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed2003

Aging and emotional memory: the forgettable nature of negative images for older adults.

Two studies examined age differences in recall and recognition memory for positive, negative, and neutral stimuli. In Study 1, younger, middle-aged, and older adults were shown images on a computer screen and, after a distraction task, were asked first to recall as many as they could and then to identify previously shown images from a set of old and new ones. The relative number of negative images compared with positive and neutral images recalled decreased with each successively older age group. Recognition memory showed a similar decrease with age in the relative memory advantage for negative pictures. In Study 2, the largest age differences in recall and recognition accuracy were also for the negative images. Findings are consistent with socioemotional selectivity theory, which posits greater investment in emotion regulation with age.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dementia with leukoaraiosis: clinical differentiation by temporoparietal hypometabolism on (18)FDG-PET imaging.

Patients with dementia and leukoaraiosis may have either Alzheimer's disease (AD) with cerebrovascular changes or a form of vascular dementia (VaD). The presence or absence of the characteristic AD pattern of bilateral temporoparietal hypometabolism on (18)FDG-PET was used to differentiate 30 patients with progressive dementia and severe leukoaraiosis. Compared to 18 patients with the typical AD pattern (group I), the remaining 12 (group II) had better recognition memory, and greater difficulty with sustained attention and serial reversals. Better recognition memory, confluent periventricular leukoaraiosis, and poorer sustained attention distinguished all group II patients from group I. Dementia patients with severe leukoaraiosis and bilateral temporoparietal hypometabolism may have predominant AD; those who lack this pattern and have confluent leukoaraiosis may have a greater contribution from VaD. Copyrightz1999S.KargerAG,Basel

Aged↗
PubMed1995

[A study of the suggestibility effect on eyewitness testimony: discussion on the integration and the coexist hypothesis].

The purpose of the present study was to examine whether or not the eyewitness suggestibility effect might be obtained with a recognition memory and a source-monitoring test, when an original event consisted of many pictures. In this source-monitoring test subjects identified the source of their memories. Results showed that the suggestibility effect was obtained in the recognition memory but not in the source-monitoring test, suggesting that misleading postevent information did not impair memory of the original event. The results also indicated that the eyewitness suggestibility effect might be caused by misled subjects' decision rather than their integrated memory representation.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Further characterization of the executive memory impairment following frontal lobe lesions.

In this article we describe a 41-year-old man who, following an operation to repair a ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm, manifested the "hallmark" features of a dysexecutive memory impairment. Of particular note was the patient's apparently normal level of recognition memory but impaired recall on tasks matched for difficulty in control subjects. However, further testing revealed that the patient's recognition memory was not normal under all circumstances. Implications of these data for the interpretation and further investigation of the dysexecutive deficit are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Change in perceptual form attenuates the use of the fluency heuristic in recognition.

Four experiments (total N=295) were conducted to determine whether within-modality changes in perceptual form between the study and the test phases of an experiment would moderate the role of the fluency heuristic in recognition memory. Experiment 1 showed that a change from pictures to words reduced the role of fluency in recognition memory. In Experiment 2, the same result was found using counterfeit study lists that supposedly consisted of pictures or words. Experiments 3 and 4 showed that changes in the font used to present the study and test words also attenuated the contribution of fluency to the recognition decision when font change was manipulated between subjects, but not within subjects. Results suggest that the fluency heuristic is subject to metacognitive control, since participants' attributions of perceptual fluency depend on the perceived usefulness of fluency as a cue to recognition.

Cues↗
PubMed1998

Neural cell adhesion molecules, learning, and memory in the domestic chick.

The intermediate and medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) of the chick forebrain is a site of recognition memory for the learning process of imprinting. The results reported here demonstrate that neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) play a time-dependent role in this recognition memory. Dark-reared chicks were trained, tested, and assigned a preference score as a measure of learning. Chicks with high preference scores were designated good learners and those with lower preference scores, poor learners. Controls were untrained. Tissue was removed, 9.5 hr or 24 hr after training, from the left and right IMHV, hyperstriatum accessorium, and posterior neostriatum. Three major NCAM isoforms (180, 140, and 120 kDa) were assayed. At 24 hr only, there was in left IMHV significantly more NCAM (for each isoform) in good learners than in the other 2 groups, and also a significant correlation between the amounts of NCAM and preference scores for all isoforms; the amount predicted by each regression line at preference score 50 (no learning) did not differ significantly from the mean value for untrained controls. There were no learning-related effects in either the hyperstriatum accessorium or the posterior neostriatum.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Picture recognition vs. picture discrimination learning in monkeys with medial temporal removals.

Three monkeys with complete ablations of temporal-lobe limbic structures and three unoperated controls were compared in an automated testing apparatus for their ability to remember pictures presented between 1 and 180 seconds previously, as well as to learn picture discriminations in which successive trials with a given pair were separated by either 20 seconds or 24 hours. The operated animals were not impaired in picture discrimination learning under either condition and they were not impaired in picture recognition memory up to about 10 seconds. At 10 seconds and beyond, however, the operated animals showed rapid deterioration of picture memory. The results demonstrate that the limbic system's selective contribution to learning and retention uncovered initially with objects applies equally to pictures, this contribution being essential for recognition memory but not for discrimination habits. The results demonstrate further that, as in humans, temporal-lobe limbic structures are essential for recognition only when the retention test exceeds the immediate memory span of a few seconds.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Six regularities of source recognition.

In recent work, researchers have shown that source-recognition memory can be incorporated in an extended signal detection model that covers both it and item-recognition memory (A. Hilford, M. Glanzer, K. Kim, & L. T. DeCarlo, 2002). In 5 experiments, using learning variables that have an established effect on item recognition, the authors tested further implications of that extended model. The results establish 6 source-recognition regularities that support the model. An important regularity in that set is the linkage of source and item recognition: Any learning variable that increases item recognition increases source recognition.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Differences in mnemonic processing by neurons in the human hippocampus and parahippocampal regions.

Different structures within the medial-temporal lobe likely make distinct contributions to declarative memory. In particular, several current psychological and computational models of memory predict that the hippocampus and parahippocampal regions play different roles in the formation and retrieval of declarative memories [e.g., Norman, K. A., & O'Reilly, R. C. Modeling hippocampal and neocortical contributions to recognition memory: A complementary-learning systems approach. Psychological Review, 110, 611-646, 2003]. Here, we examined the neuronal firing patterns in these two regions during recognition memory. Recording directly from neurons in humans, we find that cells in both regions respond to novel stimuli with an increase in firing (excitation). However, already on the second presentation of a stimulus, neurons in these regions show very different firing patterns. In the parahippocampal region there is dramatic decrease in the number of cells responding to the stimuli, whereas in the hippocampus there is recruitment of a large subset of neurons showing inhibitory (decrease from baseline firing) responses. These results suggest that inhibition is a mechanism used by cells in the human hippocampus to support sparse coding in mnemonic processing. The findings also provide further evidence for the division of labor in the medial-temporal lobe with respect to declarative memory processes.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed2000

Electrophysiological evidence for the modulation of retrieval orientation by depth of study processing.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were employed to investigate whether brain activity elicited by retrieval cues in a memory test varies according to the encoding task undertaken at study. Two recognition memory test blocks were administered, preceded, in one case, by a "shallow" study task (alphabetic judgement) and, in the other case, by a "deep" task (sentence generation). ERPs elicited by the new words in each test block differed, the ERPs elicited in the block following the shallow study task exhibiting the more positive-going waveforms. This finding was taken as evidence that subjects adopt different "retrieval sets" when attempting to retrieve items that had been encoded in terms of alphabetic versus semantic attributes. Differences between the ERPs elicited by correctly classified old and new words (old/new effects) also varied with encoding task. The effects for deeply studied words resembled those found in previous ERP studies of recognition memory, whereas old/new effects for shallowly studied words were confined to a late-onsetting, right frontal positivity. Together, the findings indicate that the depth of study processing influences two kinds of memory-related neural activity, associated with memory search operations, and the processing of retrieved information, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Event-related potentials during delayed recognition of Wechsler Memory Scale-R paired associate learning.

The P300 is a component of cortical event related-potentials that has been linked to memory and recognition. This study examined P300 amplitude and latency during recognition of pairs of words from the WMS-R Verbal Paired Associate Learning subscale. After 24 subjects learned the pairs of words, they were shown pairs of words taken directly from the subscale that were combined to form matching or nonmatching pairs. This parallels the Delayed Recall subtest of the WMS-R. P300 amplitude was greater during recognition of matching word pairs and most prominent at central and parietal recording sites. P300 latency was shorter for matching than for nonmatching pairs. This points to a degree of psychophysiological validity of the WMS-R paired associate learning delayed recall task.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Psychometric properties of the web-based work-readiness cognitive screen used as a neuropsychological assessment tool for schizophrenia.

Traditional neuropsychological tests have been essential in understanding the nature and magnitude of the cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. However, current health care practices demand a more cost-effective and time-efficient assessment tool. This study investigates the psychometric properties of the work-readiness cognitive screen (WCS), a web-based neuropsychological measure, as a tool for screening cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, and examines diagnostic group differences in cognitive functioning between those with schizophrenia and affective disorders using the WCS. Data from 185 outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 29 outpatients with a mood disorder was analyzed in this study. The 185 people with schizophrenia were further divided into higher- and lower-functioning groups to assess cognition as it relates to daily functioning. People with schizophrenia demonstrated cognitive impairment on the WCS measures of attention, working memory, immediate and delayed visual memory, and verbal recognition memory. The higher-functioning schizophrenia group tended to perform better on the WCS cognitive domains than the low-functioning group. Reliability ranged from moderate to high. Working memory was found to be the most significant factor distinguishing diagnostic groups. These preliminary studies suggest that the WCS is a useful, time- and cost-effective cognitive screening measure for schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Corpus striatum and traumatic brain injury.

The possibility of a 'subcortical' syndrome differentially affecting memory in traumatic brain injury (TBI) subjects was examined. Magnetic resonance imaging scans of 46 traumatic brain injured male patients were compared with those of 34 male control subjects. Surface area measurements of the corpus striatum were calculated for both groups. Results demonstrated no significant differences in corpus striatum surface area measurements. Additionally, TBI patients were grouped according to severity of injury, as well as degree of corpus striatum atrophy, and neuropsychological outcome was examined. There were modest (r = 0.35) but significant correlations between corpus striatum degeneration and the delayed recall trial and total score of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, but no other correlations between neuropsychological and corpus striatal surface area were significant. Because subcortical pathology may have a differential effect on memory, recognition and recall memory were further analysed, but no significant differences were found. TBI subjects with the smallest corpus striatum values did not test significantly different from TBI patients with normal corpus striatum values or differences in cortical atrophy, as determined by a ventricle-to-brain ratio. These findings suggest that there is not a unique pattern of subcortical pathology involving the corpus striatum in TBI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The role of memory biases in stereotype maintenance.

It has frequently been proposed that stereotypes are self-maintaining at least in part because people tend to better remember expectancy-confirming (versus expectancy-disconfirming) information about social groups. This memory bias is assumed to occur because stereotype-consistent behaviours and traits are more easily associated with the social group label in memory, and thus are more readily activated from memory when thinking about the group or about group members. The results of 26 experiments that studied memory for information describing members of existing social groups were meta-analytically investigated to assess the validity of this hypothesis. As predicted, this analysis revealed an overall consistency effect for both free recall memory and for recognition memory measures that were not controlled for guessing. Analysis of relevant moderating variables suggested that these effects were due to more strongly developed mental associations between expectancy-consistent (versus -inconsistent) information and the group label. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for stereotype maintenance, and for the process of stereotyping.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Triazolam-amphetamine interaction: dissociation of effects on memory versus arousal.

It is well-documented that benzodiazepine sedative/hypnotics produce robust dose-dependent memory-impairing effects. However, benzodiazepines also induce marked sedation, as reflected in changes in observer and subjective ratings of arousal and impaired psychomotor performance. Thus, it is possible that the observed amnestic effects are secondary to more global sedative effects, and do not reflect a specific, primary, benzodiazepine effect on memory mechanisms. This study was designed to use the non-specific stimulant d-amphetamine to dissociate the sedative and memory-impairing effects of the benzodiazepine triazolam. Across four sessions, 20 healthy adult volunteers received via oral capsule administration placebo, 0.25 mg/70 kg triazolam alone, 20 mg/70 kg d-amphetamine sulfate alone, and triazolam (0.25 mg/ 70 kg) and d-amphetamine (20 mg/70 kg) conjointly, in a double-blind, staggered dosing, cross-over design. d-Amphetamine significantly reversed the effects of triazolam on all participant rating and psychomotor performance-based measures of sedative effects, and selectively reversed the memory-impairing effects of triazolam on some measures (e.g. working memory assessed by a 2-back task, episodic memory assessed by free recall, metamemory), but not others (e.g. working memory assessed by a digit recall task, episodic memory assessed by recognition memory). Results suggest that benzodiazepines do have specific effects on memory that are not merely a by-product of the drugs' sedative effects, and that the degree to which sedative effects contribute to the amnestic effects may vary as a function of the particular memory process being assessed. In addition to enhancing the understanding of the mechanisms underlying benzodiazepine-induced amnesia, these results may also contribute to a better understanding of the complex relationship between specific memory processes and level of arousal.

Adult↗