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PubMed1997

Percent free prostate-specific antigen: entering a new era in the detection of prostate cancer.

The introduction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing into clinical medicine in 1986 revolutionized the management of patients with prostate cancer. The major limitation of this tumor marker stems from its inability to provide a clear distinction between benign prostate disease and prostate cancer, especially in patients with upper limit of normal or slightly increased PSA values. Recent research has established that PSA exists in the serum in several molecular forms. Patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia have more of the free form, whereas those with prostate cancer have more of a complexed form (PSA covalently bound to alpha 1-antichymotrypsin). Several investigations have now confirmed that determining percent free PSA (proportion of free PSA to total PSA) enhances the ability of PSA testing to distinguish between prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. In addition, percent free PSA seems to have the greatest clinical significance in patients whose total PSA values range from 2.5 or 3.0 ng/mL (lower limit) to 10.0 ng/mL (upper limit). When the total PSA value is in the normal range (2.5 or 3.0 to 4.0 ng/mL), percent free PSA makes PSA a more sensitive test (increases cancer detection). When the total PSA level is minimally increased (4.1 to 10.0 ng/mL), percent free PSA makes PSA a more specific test (eliminates performance of unnecessary prostate biopsies). Although further work remains, it seems that percent free PSA can substantially improve the clinical utility of the PSA test for detecting early, curable prostate cancer.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

[Comparison of tumor markers versus their relative values to prostatic volume in detecting prostate cancer].

Diagnostic utility of serum markers and their relative values to prostatic volume were evaluated using Receiver Operator Characteristics Analysis (ROC analysis) in 173 patients who underwent ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate gland. Seventy cases (40.5%) of prostate cancer were detected. As a whole, prostate specific antigen density (PSAD) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) were more useful than gammaseminoprotein density (GSMD), gammaseminoprotein (GSM) and prostatic acid phosphatase in diagnosing cancer judged by the area under the ROC curve denoting a test's diagnostic accuracy (p < 0.05). No significant difference was noted, however, between PSAD and PSA (p > 0.05). Prostate specific antigen density was more predictive for prostate cancer than PSA in a subgroup of patients with PSA levels of 2.0-10.0 ng/ml (p < 0.05). No advantage of PSAD was obtained in patients with intermediate PSA levels of 2.0-5.0 ng/ml or benign-feeling glands (p > 0.05). Higher sensitivity could be achieved by using Eiken PSA 2.0 ng/ml as a cutoff rather than the recommended value of 3.0 ng/ml. This helped to diagnose 5 more cases of prostate cancer who otherwise might have been missed if PSA cutoff of 3.0 ng/ml had been used. A PSAD cutoff of 0.15 has a sensitivity of 81.4%, a specificity of 87.4% and an accuracy of 85.0%. However, use of this cutoff for biopsy could result in unacceptable numbers of undiagnosed cases, including many potentially curable cancers. Though PSAD may enhance sensitivity and specificity in a certain group of patients, this gain is not sufficient to reliably define the group at highest risk of prostate cancer. Indication of biopsy should still be determined based upon PSA concentration rather than PSAD value.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Relationship between preoperative urine cultures and prostatic gland cultures in patients treated for benign prostatic hyperplasia].

OBJECTIVES: 1.--Investigate the bacteriuria preoperative in patients who will be operate on for Being Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). 2.--Define the prevalence of the prostatic colonization or infection. 3.--Try to correlate the bacteriological findings of urine and prostate, and find the degree of concordance between the microorganisms which can be commonly found in urine and prostatic tissue. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Prospective series of 175 patients undergoing prostatectomy for obstructive symptoms. The protocol revealed, among others variables: the preoperative urine culture; the presence or the absence of catheter; and the quantitative bacteriological culture of prostatic tissue. The information could be analised and its results could be obtained later on. The analysis stages consisted of both a descriptive and an analytic study. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: 1.--Only 36 patients (20.6%) presented bacteriological increase of microorganisms (> or = 10(4) UFC/ml) in the preoperative urine culture. The Escherichia coli was the most common microorganism, followed by the Enterococcus faecalis, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and the Pseudomona aeruginosa. A single microorganism grew in 31 out of the 36 positive cultures. 2.--The prevalence of the infection or colonization of the prostatic tissue was 25.1% (44 patients). The most common isolated microorganism was the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus followed by the Escherichia coli and the Enterococcus faecalis, in concentrations of at least 10(4) UFC/gr of tissue in the 79.6%. A single microorganism was isolated in 32 out of 44 patients. 3.--The proportion of positive prostatic cultures, in patients with positive urine culture (38.3%), was significantly higher than the one obtained in patients with negative urine cultures (16.5%) (p < 0.0001). Nevertheless, 52.3% of the 44 patients with positive prostatic cultures had negative urine culture, and only 21 (58.3%) out of the 36 patients with positive urine cultures presented a bacteriological growth in prostate. The degree of concordance (Kappa index) between the microorganisms which were found in preoperative urine and prostatic tissue is low or none for the majority of them.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia in a Japanese population.

Recent studies have suggested that vitamin D is an important determinant of prostate cancer risk and inherited polymorphisms in the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene are associated with the risk and progression of prostate cancer. This study was conducted to explore the association of VDR gene polymorphisms with prostate cancer risk in Japanese men who are considered to be much less influenced by environmental risk factors for prostate cancer. We studied 222 prostate cancer patients, 209 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients, 128 male controls who were over 60 years old and without any evidence of prostate cancer or BPH, and 198 female controls. A PCR-RFLP method was used to determine three VDR gene polymorphisms in the 3'UTR characterized by restriction enzymes BsmI, ApaI and TaqI. In the BsmI polymorphism, heterozygosity or homozygosity for the absence of the BsmI restriction site was associated with one-third the risk of prostate cancer (P < 0.0001; odds ratio, 3.31; 95% confidence interval, 2.05-5.32) and with one-half the risk of BPH (P < 0.005; odds ratio, 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-3.22) compared with the male controls. The TaqI and ApaI polymorphisms did not show any significant association with either prostate cancer or BPH. The results indicate that the BsmI polymorphism in the VDR gene plays a significant role in protection against prostate cancer and BPH. Because of the racial difference in the strength of the linkage disequilibrium between the three polymorphisms, additional studies are required to apply the present results to other racial-ethnic groups.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2000

PSGR, a novel prostate-specific gene with homology to a G protein-coupled receptor, is overexpressed in prostate cancer.

PSGR, a new prostate tissue-specific gene with homology to the G protein-coupled odorant receptor gene family, has been identified. Here we report the characteristics of the predicted protein sequence of PSGR and its prostate tissue specificity and expression profile in human prostate cancer and matched normal tissues. Using multiple tissue Northern blots from over 50 different tissues, PSGR expression was restricted to human prostate tissues. Paired normal and tumor specimens from 52 primary prostate cancers, obtained by laser capture microdissection or manual microdissection, were analyzed for PSGR expression by semiquantitative and real-time PCR assays. The differential expression of PSGR between normal and tumor tissues was highly significant (P < 0.001), and 32 of 52 (62%) matched prostate specimens exhibited tumor-associated overexpression of PSGR. Of note, there was very little or no expression of PSGR in many normal specimens in comparison with the generally high expression of PSGR seen in matched tumor specimens. In situ hybridization assays showed restricted PSGR expression in the epithelial cells of the normal and tumor tissue sections. Restricted expression of PSGR in prostatic epithelial cells, overexpression of the PSGR in a significant percentage of prostate cancers, and the predicted protein sequence of PSGR with seven transmembrane domains provide a foundation for future studies evaluating the potential of PSGR as a prostate cancer gene expression marker and the utility of PSGR protein as a novel target for developing immunotherapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Prostate short-chain dehydrogenase reductase 1 (PSDR1): a new member of the short-chain steroid dehydrogenase/reductase family highly expressed in normal and neoplastic prostate epithelium.

Genes regulated by androgenic hormones are of critical importance for the normal physiological function of the human prostate gland, and they contribute to the development and progression of prostate carcinoma. We used cDNA microarrays comprised of prostate-derived cDNAs to profile transcripts regulated by androgens in prostate cancer cells. This study identified a novel gene that we have designated prostate short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 1 (PSDR1), that exhibits increased expression on exposure to androgens in the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. Northern analysis demonstrated that PSDR1 is highly expressed in the prostate gland relative to other normal human tissues. The PSDR1 cDNA and putative protein exhibit homology to the family of short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase enzymes and thus identify a new member of this family. Cloning and analysis of the putative PSDR1 promoter region identified a potential androgen-response element. We used a radiation-hybrid panel to map the PSDR1 gene to chromosome 14q23-24.3. In situ hybridization localizes PSDR1 expression to normal and neoplastic prostate epithelium. These results identify a new gene involved in the androgen receptor-regulated gene network of the human prostate that may play a role in the pathogenesis of prostate carcinoma.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Apoptosis and hormonal milieu in ductal system of normal prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

AIM: To study the apoptotic rate (AR) and the androgen and estrogen milieu in the proximal and distal ductal systems of prostate, in order to help exploring the effects of these factors on prostatic growth and the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). METHODS: The proximal and distal ends of the ductal system were incised from 20 normal prostate as well as the hypertrophic prostate tissue from 20 patients with BPH. The AR was determined by the DNA end-labeling method and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estrodiol (E2), by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in DHT and E2 density between the proximal and distal ends of the ductal systems in normal prostate. E2 appeared to be higher in BPH than in normal prostatic tissues, but the difference was statistically insignificant. In normal prostatic tissue, the AR was significantly higher in the distal than in the proximal ends of the ductal system (P < 0.05), while the AR of the proximal ends was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that in the BPH tissue. No significant correlation was noted between the DHT and E2 density and the AR both in the normal prostate and BPH tissues. CONCLUSION: The paper is the first time describing a difference in AR in different regions of the ductal system of normal prostate, while the hormonal milieu is similar, indicating a functional inhomogeneity of these regions. A low AR in the proximal duct, where BPH originates, and an even lower AR in the BPH tissue, suggesting the participation of apoptosis in the BPH pathogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of ofloxacin and norfloxacin concentration in prostatic tissues in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To compare the concentrations of two fluoroquinolones, ofloxacin (OFLX) and norfloxacin (NFLX), in the prostate glands of patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) after oral ingestion of both drugs for surgical prophylaxis. METHODS: Ten patients with clinical symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia undergoing TUR-P received 200 mg of both drugs per os simultaneously 2 hours before surgery. The concentrations of the drugs in the serum and prostate at the time of surgery were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Patients' clinical characteristics were evaluated, including findings from transrectal ultrasonography of the prostate, prostate specific antigen concentration, renal function tests, and post-operative status. RESULTS: Two hours after administration, the mean serum concentration of OFLX was 4.14 +/- 0.64 mg/L (range 0.27-6.37) and of NFLX was 1.10 +/- 0.22 mg/L (range 0.02-2.1). The concentration of ORLX in prostatic tissue was 4.10 +/- 0.79 micrograms/g (range 1.70-6.37) and of NFLX was 2.22 +/- 0.57 micrograms/g (range 0.63-4.35). The ratio of the prostatic tissue concentration (P) to the serum concentration (S) was 2.11 for OFLX and 5.71 for NFLX. The concentrations of both drugs exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for most gram-negative organisms, but NFLX may be unable to exceed the MIC90 of Enterobacter cloacae in some individuals. Leukocytosis and spiking fever developed after TUR-P in two of the 10 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Concentrations of OFLX were higher in both serum and prostatic adenoma tissues than those of NFLX (p < 0.001), while NFLX had better penetration into the prostate (P/S ratio) (p < 0.001). The results of this study indicated that the concentrations of both of these drugs exceeded the MIC for most gram-negative organisms.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Effect of circumcision on prostatic bacterial colonization and subsequent bacterial seeding following transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to compare the prevalence of prostatic bacterial growth between circumcised and uncircumcised males and determine whether the lack of circumcision results in a change in the incidence of bacterial seeding following prostate needle biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-six men (21 circumcised and 25 uncircumcised) undergoing ultrasound and biopsy to rule out prostate cancer were evaluated with questionnaires regarding previous history of urinary tract infection (UTI), any symptoms suggestive of UTI, and obstructive voiding symptoms. None of the patients received preprocedure antibiotics. Preprocedure and postprocedure urine samples, prostate biopsy core, and postprocedure blood samples were obtained for culture. After the cultures were obtained, patients received oral antibiotics. RESULTS: Patient characteristics between circumcised and uncircumcised patients were similar in terms of age, prostate-specific antigen level, voiding symptoms, history of UTI, prostate biopsy technique, and incidence of prostate cancer. The prevalence of preprocedure bacteriuria was slightly higher in the uncircumcised men (14 [56%] of 25 patients) vs. the circumcised men (8/21 [38%] patients), although this was not statistically significant (r = .2, p = .1). The prevalence of postprocedure bacteriuria was significantly higher (p = .04) in the uncircumcised men (12/25 [48%] patients) vs. the circumcised men (4/21 [19%] patients). No correlation was found between circumcision status and incidence of bacterial colonization in the prostate tissue. A statistically significant difference (p = .003) was found between the lack of circumcision and postprocedure bacteremia. CONCLUSIONS: Circumcision status does not effect the prevalence of bacterial growth in the urine and the prostate tissue. Uncircumcised men have a higher incidence of bacteriuria and bacteremia following prostate needle biopsies.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Evidence of determinant spreading in the antibody responses to prostate cell surface antigens in patients immunized with prostate-specific antigen.

PURPOSE: Prostate cancer consistently remains a difficult clinical problem. The development of novel therapy strategies for effective control and treatment of prostate cancer is essential. The prostate represents a unique site for immunotherapy, in part because prostate-specific immunity would most probably be without significant long-term sequellae. Antibodies and cell-mediated immunity, induced by either active or passive immunization, represent potential means to specifically target prostate tumor cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The serum IgG response to cell surface antigens expressed on LNCAP [prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-positive] and PC-3 (PSA-negative) were analyzed in individuals with advanced disease receiving vaccinia- or fowlpox-expressed PSA (v-PSA or f-PSA, respectively) by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Sera from all seven patients in a Phase I study of v-PSA, collected prior to the third immunization, reacted with both prostate tumor cell lines. The majority of individuals (n = 12) in a Phase II trial of v-PSA and f-PSA developed sustainable antibody responses to cell surface antigens on the prostate tumor cell lines. The magnitude and kinetics of these responses were dependent on the immunization schedule. Of importance, the baseline serum of only one of nine patients tested had reactivity with nonprostate tumor cell lines. Sera from three normal males also lacked reactivity with prostate tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS: PSA vaccine constructs are immunogenic and induce antibody responses to a multitude of surface antigens on prostate tumor cell lines by epitope or determinant spreading after stimulation of the immune system by PSA immunization.

Cancer Vaccines↗
PubMed2002

The RASSF1A tumor suppressor gene is inactivated in prostate tumors and suppresses growth of prostate carcinoma cells.

We analyzed expression status of the recently identified tumor suppressor geneRASSF1A in primary prostate carcinomas and in prostate cell lines. We found complete methylation of the RASSF1A promoter in 63% of primary microdissected prostate carcinomas (7 of 11 samples). The remaining 4 samples (37%) were partially methylated, possibly because of contamination with normal cells. No promoter methylation was observed in matching normal prostate tissues. High levels of RASSF1A transcript and no methylation of RASSF1A promoter were found in explanted primary normal prostate epithelial and stromal cells. Complete silencing and methylation of RASSF1A promoter was observed in five widely used prostate carcinoma cell lines, which acquired the ability to grow in culture spontaneously, including LNCaP, PC-3, ND-1, DU-145, 22Rv1, and one primary prostate carcinoma immortalized by overexpression of the human telomerase catalytic subunit (RC-58T/hTERT). However, no silencing of RASSF1A was found in four other prostate carcinoma cell lines, which were adapted for cell culture after transformation with human papillomaviral DNA. Suppression of cell growth in vitro was demonstrated after the reintroduction of RASSF1A-expressing construct into LNCaP prostate carcinoma cells. Our data implicate the RASSF1A gene in human prostate tumorigenesis.

Cell Division↗
PubMed2004

Elevated prostate-specific antigen levels up to 25 years prior to death from prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES: We tested the hypothesis that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels would be higher among prostate cancer deaths as compared with controls over time in the 25-year follow-up of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial of participants ages 35-57 at entry. METHODS: The initial stored serum samples were collected in 1973-1975 and the mean length of follow-up to prostate cancer death was 17 years. RESULTS: There were 63 prostate cancer deaths and 63 controls matched by age, clinical site, and length of follow-up. The mean PSA level for prostate cancer decedents was 2.84 ng/ml as compared with 1.10 ng/ml for controls (P = 0.002 for difference). There were nine men who died from prostate cancer and no controls with PSA levels > 4 ng/ml. Risk of prostate cancer death increased with increasing PSA levels, with increased risk observed even at moderate levels of PSA. Many of those with high PSA levels in 1973-1975 died from prostate cancer many years after the elevated PSA. CONCLUSIONS: PSA levels measured from blood obtained before the introduction of widespread PSA testing were a strong predictor of prostate cancer death over 25 years of follow-up. Studies of prostate cancer etiology and chemoprevention need to focus on middle-aged or younger men with longer follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

CA repeat polymorphism in the insulin-like growth factor-I gene is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) plays an important role in prostate growth, hyperplasia, and carcinogenesis. Circulating IGF-I levels may be modulated by a genetic cytosine-adenine (CA) repeat polymorphism in the promoter region of IGF-I. The association of the polymorphism with the risk of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was explored in 303 patients with prostate cancer, 219 patients with BPH and 262 controls. The number of CA repeats ranged from 15 to 22 in case and control subjects. The 19-CA-repeat allele (19-allele) was more frequently observed in both the prostate cancer and BPH patients compared with the controls (prostate cancer versus control: P<0.001; BPH versus control: P=0.001). Compared with non-carriers of the 19-allele, men homo-zygous for the 19-allele had a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer [age-adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.36, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.30-8.67, P=0.012] or BPH (aOR = 3.53, 95% CI = 1.32-9.46, P=0.012), and those heterozygous for the 19-allele also had an intermediate increased risk of prostate cancer (aOR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.25-2.53, P=0.001) or BPH (aOR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.14-2.43, P=0.009). A gene dosage effect for the aORs was found with an increasing number for the 19-allele (P<0.001 in prostate cancer and P=0.001 in BPH). No significant association was found between the presence of the 19-allele and the tumor stage and grade at the time of diagnosis. In conclusion, the 19-allele of IGF-I appears to increase the risk of prostate cancer and BPH with a gene dosage effect in the Japanese population.

Alleles↗
PubMed1989

[Electrophoretic study of protein secretion by the prostate gland in chronic prostatitis and pathospermia].

Disk electrophoresis of prostatic secretion proteins in polyacrylamide gel has been employed in examinations of 294 normal subjects and sterile patients with oligo- and asthenospermia in the presence of and without chronic prostatitis. The electrophoregrams have been examined visually; the electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of individual fractions relative to the length of the indicator run has been determined. Analysis of the electrophoretic picture, the microscopy findings of examinations of prostatic secretion and the ejaculate, and of the blood levels of sex and gonadotrophic hormones in the patients has revealed that the progress of the inflammatory process in the prostate is associated with a drastic decrease of the concentrations of prostatic secretion proteins with a high molecular mass and an increased level of low-molecular proteins. Abnormal spermatogenesis without prostatic inflammation is linked with a different pattern of prostatic protein levels. A specific electrophoretic picture is characteristic of congestive prostatitis, this helping to differentiate this condition from prostatic inflammations. High informative value and good reproducibility of disk electrophoresis of the prostatic secretion proteins recommend this method for wide use in practical andrology.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Zinc in prostatic physiopathology. I. Role of zinc in the physiology and biochemistry of the prostatic gland].

To sum up the role of zinc in prostatic physiology and biochemistry: a) Zinc is found in normal prostate tissue in a greater concentration than in any other organ in the economy, ranging between 0.70 and 1 mgm/gm. of dry tissue. b) The concentration of prostate liquid and semen is greater than that in any other organic liquid. c) It appears that the prostate gland is a zinc storing organ (or deposit). d) The zinc concentration in prostatic tissue is directly proportional to the amount of alveolar tissue existing in the gland. e) It has been shown that the Zn concentration is greater in the nuclear sediment of the different subcellular fractions of the human prostate gland. f) The prostate gland seems to supply zinc to the human sperm and plays an important role in the metabolic activity of the spermatozoid. g) There seems to be a clear difference between the distribution and absorption of radioactive zinc in the different lobes of the prostate gland. h) Zinc also plays an important part in the enzymatic activity of the prostate gland and in the polymeric organization of the RNA and DNA and is vital for cell division. i) Prostatic Zn has a clear hormonal dependency.

Humans↗
PubMed1983

[Significance of an immunoenzyme assay of the prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PAP) (E.C.3.1.3.2.) in prostatic carcinoma. Methods and initial clinical results].

The usefulness of a new specific immunoenzymatic assay for the prostatic acid phosphatase for diagnosis and monitoring of prostatic carcinoma has been investigated. The results include 200 healthy men without urologic anamnesis, 50 patients suffering from prostatic adenoma, and 152 patients with prostatic carcinoma. Out of 152 patients with prostatic carcinoma 110 were so-called therapy-responders and 42 were patients with progression of prostatic cancer. The immunoenzymatic assay for PAP shows good results for the separation of patients with progressive prostatic carcinoma, from those patients with a stationary prostatic cancer as well as for monitoring of prostatic carcinoma. The diagnostic value of the test has been found significantly higher than that of previous tests with different substrates. As this method allows the direct measurement of the activity of the specific prostatic acid phosphatase in U/l there is no need to run a standard-curve. It is recommended to use different "normal ranges" for patients with and without therapy. For monitoring mainly intraindividual studies are requested.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1995

Prostate-specific antigen testing to screen for prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is a common cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in men. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement to screen for prostate cancer has been promoted as a way to reduce morbidity and mortality from prostate cancer. This paper examines the usefulness of PSA screening for asymptomatic prostate cancer, focusing on outcomes for all patients screened. The sensitivity and specificity of PSA testing for prostate cancer are low and have not been studied properly in asymptomatic men being screened for prostate cancer. PSA screening detects localized prostate cancer undetected by digital rectal examination in fewer than 1% of men screened. The effectiveness of early treatment of prostate cancer, compared with deferral of treatment until symptoms develop, is unproven, and good survival rates have been reported among patients who defer aggressive treatment. Complications of treating prostate cancer with radical prostatectomy or radiation treatment include death, impotence, urethral stricture, incontinence, and rectal injury. At the present time, there is insufficient evidence to support a policy of PSA screening, and its use should be discouraged until randomized controlled trials demonstrate benefit from PSA screening.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Enrofloxacin concentrations in dogs with normal prostate and dogs with chronic bacterial prostatitis.

Chronic Escherichia coli-associated prostatitis was induced in 16 dogs; 9 noninfected dogs served as controls; and all dogs were vasectomized. Two to 3 weeks after instillation of bacteria directly into the prostate, the urine or prostatic fluid or both from 13 of 16 dogs were culture positive. Enrofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent, was administered orally to all dogs during the third or fourth week after surgery, at a dosage of approximately 5 mg/kg of body weight, every 12 hours for 7 days. Serum and prostatic fluid concentrations of enrofloxacin were concurrently measured in all dogs on days 2, 4, and 6 at 2 hours after dosing. Serum and prostatic tissue concentrations of enrofloxacin were concurrently measured in all dogs on day 7, at 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 hours after dosing. When values for these samples were compared, using a two-factor ANOVA, significant differences were not found. Use of this dosing regimen of enrofloxacin resulted in prostatic fluid and prostatic tissue concentrations exceeding the minimum inhibitory concentration of most pathogens that cause bacterial prostatitis. In addition, prostatic fluid-to-serum and prostatic tissue-to-serum concentration ratios were greater than 1.0.

Analysis of Variance↗