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PubMed1986

A review of the use of primates in studying human schistosomiasis.

Rodents, useful models for studies of human schistosomiasis not ethically possible in man, are not satisfactory in every respect. Primates, in many ways better models than rodents, though too expensive for general use, remain invaluable for testing the relevance of rodent findings to man. Higher primates such as chimpanzees are ideal models but, as endangered species, should only be used for critical studies for which lower, nonhuman primates are unsuitable.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1987

Selected biohazards of naturally infected nonhuman primates.

The nonhuman primate is susceptible to a great number of microbiological hazards. Two groups of organisms, campylobacter and atypical mycobacteria, are important as examples of naturally occurring primate biohazards. This paper attempts to define these organism groups and their potential for problems in primates housed in natural environments. Efficient, continuous, and specific husbandry and veterinary management techniques must be employed to avoid potential disease outbreaks.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Neuronal migration and contact guidance in the primate telencephalon.

Over the last decade, evidence from experimental studies on neuronal migration in non-human primates has accumulated to the point where it can significantly amplify our understanding of the normal and pathological development of the human telencephalon. Systematic analysis of neuron genesis by the method of H3-thymidine autoradiography shows that in rhesus monkeys all neurons destined for the neocortex are generated near the surface of the lateral ventricle during a two-month period in the middle of gestation. Following their last cell division, young neurons migrate outwards across the cerebral wall to the developing cortical mantle, a journey that requires one to three days at early stages of neurogenesis, or more than two weeks towards the end of cortical development. From the very beginning, the basic columnar organization of the neuroepithelium favours radial migration. During later stages, when the primate telencephalic wall expands unevenly in thickness and surface area and begins to form primary fissures and cerebral promontoria, young neurons migrate to their cortical destinations in apposition to fascicles of radial glial fibres which span the full distance between the ventricular and pial surface. Furthermore, it appears that several generations of neurons all originate in the same restricted location at the ventricular surface, migrate along the same glial fascicles and consequently accumulate in the same radial cortical 'columns' in which, as a rule, somas of later generated neurons take positions external to the somas of their predecessors. It is proposed that fascicles of radial fibres (a) facilitate neuronal migration to the distant cortical plate through a complex assembly of closely-packed cells and processes that compose the developing primate telencephalon; (b) provide constraints which preserve a radial alignment of clonally related neurons in cortical columns; and (c) reproduce the mosaicism of the germinal ventricular zone at the expanded and curved cerebral surface.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Studies on the use of nonhuman primates to determine the DR status of the human hematopoietic stem cell.

Monoclonal antibodies that recognize monomorphic determinants of human DR are potentially useful for the in vitro elimination of malignant cells from marrow for use in autologous transplantation. While DR is expressed on normal hematopoietic progenitor cells and the cells of the majority of the hematologic and lymphoid malignancies, there is the possibility that DR may not be expressed on the hematopoietic stem cells responsible for marrow regeneration after transplantation. To resolve the uncertainty regarding the DR status of the human stem cell, we determined whether antihuman DR monoclonal antibodies recognized analogous antigens on nonhuman primate hematopoietic progenitor cells to determine an appropriate animal transplant model. We used antihuman DR plus C'-mediated lysis of marrow progenitor cells as an indicator of whether the analogous nonhuman primate cells express similar antigens. Using two potent C'-fixing anti-DR monoclonal antibodies separately (5F3, AMG-12), human progenitor cells are reduced by 90%-100%. The range of progenitor cell depletion varied more widely with the nonhuman primates studied: 80%-99% with cells from the chimpanzee, 48%-100% with cells from the orangutan, and 62%-100% with cells from the rhesus monkey. Despite this, the majority of animals yielded results identical to that seen with human cells. We concluded that autologous transplantation with DR-depleted rhesus bone marrow into a lethally irradiated animal would be a practical and expeditious means to determine the DR status of the cell responsible for marrow regeneration, and by inference the DR status of the human hematopoietic stem cell.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The Japanese Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science (TPC): an outline.

The facilities and activities of the Japanese Primate Center at Tsukuba, Japan are described. The Center became partially functional in 1978 and was completed in 1979. The three main aims of the Primate Center are: to quarantine newly imported primate animals, to breed, and to study them.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1978

Foraging patterns of nonhuman primates and the nature of food preferences in man.

1) There are a variety of foraging and dietary patterns among primates; different species have generally obligate food habits. 2) There are a number of convergent dietary patterns among primates that are not taxonomically dependent; closely related species may have very different food habits, while the diets of unrelated forms may be quite similar. 3) At least at a general level, relationships exist between dietary patterns and alimentary tract adaptations. Further comparative studies of the histology of the gut tract of primates in conjunction with detailed and quantitative studies of the food habits of natural populations are needed to determine if more precise dietary/digestive tract relationships exist. Studies of this type should lead to a better understanding of digestive physiology. However, whether we can ever determine the "natural diet" of man by such comparisons, of course, still remains an unanswered question.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Use of nonhuman primates in cancer research.

A short historical review of the use of primates in cancer research is presented followed by a review of various forms of neoplasma observed in the oldest existing Primate Center. Special attention is paid to baboon lymphomas studied for the past two decades at the U.S.S.R. Primate Center at Sukhumi.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Biochemical studies of primate retroviruses.

In the present paper, recent biochemical studies of retroviruses carried out in our laboratory are summarized. Protein compositions, peptide maps of internal structural proteins, neighborhoods of major structural proteins, and serological properties of reverse transcriptases of type D virus isolates from human cells (including Graffi's isolate termed PMFV and also isolates from HeLa- and HEp-2 cells) were compared with those of type D viruses from Old World (Mason-Pfizer virus of rhesus monkeys, langur virus) and New World (squirrel monkey retrovirus) monkeys. The results provide various new informations on, and further demonstrate the diversity of primate type D viruses. Other studies showed that tumor promoting agents (phorbol ester TPA, indole alkaloid teleocidin) are able to considerably increase, in a transient manner, the production of type C and type D primate retroviruses in persistently infected human cells. From experiments demonstrating a disintegrating activity of chelating agents (EDTA, EGTA) and certain psychoactive drugs (including trifluoperazine) on various primate and nonprimate retroviruses it is concluded that divalent cations, probably Ca2+ ions, and possibly also cation-binding proteins are associated with retroviral membranes and that complexing of these components results in loss of viral infectivity.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1984

[Phylogenetic aspects of the Jacobson's organ and nasopalatine duct topography in insectivores, primates, Tupaia and Didelphis].

A comparative study was made of the anatomy of the skeletal structures of Jacobson's organs and the nasopalatine ducts in insectivores, primates, Tupaia and Didelphis. The adult animals investigated can be devided in 2 groups according to the topography of this region. Each group has its characteristic structures. Tupaia, although a member of the eutherian mammals, shows striking similarities to the marsupial Didelphis. The structure of the nasal region of both points towards an ancestral origin. The organ of Jacobson of those primates and insectivores which were studied, are quite different with respect to the anatomy of these skeletal structures. Closest similarities within these both orders are found in Erinaceus and primates. The other insectivores studied, Talpa and the shrews, differ from them in so far as their cartilages of the corresponding region are for the most part ossificated. It seems that this nasal part is of value in revealing early phylogenetic relations.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Electrophoretic polymorphism of proteins and the genetic divergence of primates].

The hypothesis suggesting that genetic distances between primate taxa are smaller than characteristic genetic distances between non-primate taxa having the similar level of phylogenetic affinity, due to the specific features of primate protein evolution, has been probed. To this end, genetic distances between green and rhesus monkeys representing different genera of one subfamily, and between humans and chimpanzees representing related families, have been calculated and compared. It has been shown that the former are 2-2,5 times smaller than the latter. It is pointed out in this connection that genetic distances reflect adequately the hierarchy of the above taxa, and the existing interpretation of the "paradox of genetic similarity" of man and apes needs to be corrected. To calculate genetic distances, we used both literature data and the results of comparative analysis of 9 electrophoretic gene markers of green and rhesus monkeys represented in this work. Differences in genetic variability of these species were detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of brain structure volumes in Insectivora and Primates. III. Main olfactory bulb (MOB).

Volumes of the main olfactory bulb (MOB) in 76 species of Insectivora, Scandentia, Primates and Macroscelidea, and some of the laminar components in 34 species were measured. No statistically significant differences were found (1) between the two sides in the 162 individuals and (2) between males and females in the 19 species in which both sexes were examined. In interspecific comparisons the relative size (expressed by size indices) shows a definite tendency to decrease from Insectivora through prosimians and simians to man. The average indices were 100-64-10-3.6, respectively. Scandentia and Macroscelidea have the highest average MOB indices (135 and 166). The relative MOB size is discussed in relation to feeding and social behaviour. It was shown that MOB development is largely linked to dietary adaptations but that its importance in feeding behaviour is paralleled by a similar importance in social behaviour. Within each dietary type, MOB development is associated with the different characteristics of the occupied niche. Among Insectivora, ground-dwelling species occupy the upper, and semiaquatic species the lower positions in the size scale for the MOB. Among Primates, in closely related species, the nocturnal species have in general better developed MOBs than the diurnal species. The composition of the MOB is relatively stable, i.e. the laminar components (layers 1 + 2, 3, and 4-6) show no clear change in their percentage size from well developed to strongly reduced MOBs. Only in the diurnal simians are layers 4-6 relatively small. This corresponds with the general observation (obtained from light-microscopy) that the granular layer (layer 6) is reduced and decomposed in higher Primates, and especially in man.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Government regulation of nonhuman primate facilities.

Myriad international, federal, and state laws, regulations, rules, guidelines, and standards directly affect the activities of all nonhuman primate research facilities. Federal regulations alone encompass every aspect of facility operations. They govern the procurement, possession, handling, care, and utilization of nonhuman primates, the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of the facility, and the occupational and environmental protection afforded not only facility personnel, but also the general public. Proper management of a nonhuman primate facility depends on continual monitoring of constantly changing laws and regulations applicable to the type of facility operated and research conducted. An in-house compliance assurance program is necessary to assure conformance with pertinent regulations.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1980

Bacteriological findings in a nonhuman primate colony.

A 5-year review (March 1974-March 1979) of bacteriological findings in Old and New World Primates is discussed. Emphasis is on clinical findings in "sick" animals; the primary clinical problems being pneumonia, tuberculosis, intestinal disorders, and trauma infection. The isolation of infrequently encountered pathogenic organisms is discussed. Nonhuman primtes included in this study are baboons (Papio cynocephalus), chimpanzees (Pan sp.), capuchins (Cebus sp.), rhesus (Macaca mulatta), marmoset (Saguinus sp.), squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), and grivet (Ceropithecus aethiops). We believe, from the clinical isolations presented, that this report may serve as a guideline in determining the causative bacterial species of infection and illness in nonhuman primates and served as a basis for standardizing primate colonies.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The pathoparasitology of the alimentary tract and pancreas of nonhuman primates: a review.

A review of the literature concerning the gross and histologic lesions associated with protozoal and metazoal parasitism in the alimentary tract and pancreas of nonhuman primates is presented. In addition, the natural history, morphology, life cycle, methods for diagnosis, and potential for zoonotic disease are reviewed briefly for each parasite discussed. The parasite species reviewed in detail are those most common or most likely to produce lesions in the alimentary tract and pancreas of the nonhuman primate host. All parasites, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic, in each major group (protozoa: flagellates, sarcodines, sporozoans, neosporans, and ciliates; and metazoa: trematodes, cestodes, nematodes, acanthocephalans, and pentastomids) that have been reported in the nonhuman primate alimentary tract and pancreas are presented in tables.

Acanthocephala↗
PubMed1983

Conservation of myeloid surface antigens on primate granulocytes.

Monoclonal antibodies reactive with myeloid cell surface antigens were used to study evolutionary changes in granulocyte surface antigens from primate species. Certain of these granulocyte membrane antigens are conserved in phylogenetically distant species, indicating the potential functional importance of these structures. The degree of conservation of these antigens reflects the phylogenetic relationship between primate species. Furthermore, species of the same genus show similar patterns of binding to this panel of anti-human myeloid antibodies. This finding of conserved granulocyte surface antigens suggests that non-human primates may provide a model system for exploring uses of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of human myeloid disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Ecological niches and morphometric development of visual centers in primates].

Volumes of the lateral geniculate body and the tractus opticus from 12 species of Prosimians and 10 species of Simians were examined. The progression indices of the lateral geniculate Body do not differ significantly neither between Prosimians and Simians nor between diurnal and nocturnal Primates. Therefore, they cannot be considered as a criterion for phylogenetic development or for eco-ethological adaptations such as activity cycles. The progression indices of the tractus opticus, however, are higher in diurnal than in nocturnal Primates. The two-groups discriminant function based on the progression indices of the lateral geniculate body and the optic tract serves to establish a line which separates nocturnal from diurnal Primates. The lack of any correspondance in the progression of these two brain structures may be explained by the differential development of magnocellular and parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate body.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Phylogeny of complement components in non-human primates.

The antigenic properties and functional activities of complement components were analyzed in primates to determine their relative evolutionary development. The sera of eight different sub-human primate species were examined by double diffusion in agar and compared to a pool of human serum with rabbit and goat antisera to human complement components Clq, Cls, C4, C2 C3, C5, C6, C8, C9, properdin, factor B (B), and C1 inhibitor. There are no apparent antigenic differences in complement proteins between man and the apes except for C1q. Old world monkeys are antigenically deficient in Clq,C1s, C9, and variably deficient in C4, C3, and C8. New World monkeys are antigenically deficient in all components (measured) except C5, C6, and properdin factor B. Prosimians are antigenically deficient in all components. Functional analyses of complement components showed similar levels in man and primates, except in prosimians. There is a dissociation between hemolytic assays and antigenic analyses, suggesting that functional sites may be separate from antigenic sites.

Absorption↗
PubMed1994

Experimental fetal and transplacental Neospora infection in the nonhuman primate.

BACKGROUND: Neospora is a newly recognized Toxoplasma-like protozoan that causes spontaneous abortion and/or neonatal disease in a wide range of animals. The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of primates to Neospora infection. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: In experiment 1, two rhesus macaque fetuses were inoculated in utero at gestational day 65 with 1 x 10(6) culture-derived Neospora tachyzoites. A control fetus was given uninfected vehicle. The fetuses were removed by hysterotomy between 13 and 22 days postinoculation. In experiment 2, two pregnant macaques were inoculated intramuscularly and intravenously on gestational day 43 with a total of 1.6 x 10(7) culture-derived tachyzoites. A pregnant control macaque was given uninfected vehicle. The fetuses were removed by hysterotomy between 67 to 70 days postinoculation. Fetal tissues were collected for in vitro parasite isolation, histopathology, and Neospora immunohistochemistry. Fetal blood was examined for Neospora-specific antibody titers using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. RESULTS: Neospora infections were confirmed in all fetuses that received tachyzoites either directly or via transplacental infection. In experiment 1, infected fetuses had reduced amniotic fluid volumes, marked protozoal amnionitis and dermatitis, and a mild multifocal encephalitis. Infected fetuses from experiment 2 had a chronic multifocal necrotizing nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis with microcavitation, that was confined to the cerebrum, and a mild multifocal necrotizing amnionitis. In both experiments, Neospora tachyzoites were detected in association with lesions in fetal tissues by immunohistochemistry, and the parasites were reisolated in vitro. IgG Neospora antibody titers were detected in blood from all infected fetuses, whereas Neospora-specific IgM and IgA titers were found in one and three fetuses, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that nonhuman primates are susceptible to transplacental Neospora infection. The fetal lesions after transplacental infection are similar to those induced by transplacental Toxoplasma infections in primates.

Animal Diseases↗